Assessment of progressive collapse-resisting capacity of steel moment frames

In this study the progressive collapse-resisting capacity of steel moment resisting frames was investigated using alternate path methods recommended in the GSA and DoD guidelines. The linear static and nonlinear dynamic analysis procedures were carried out for comparison. It was observed that, compared with the linear analysis results, the nonlinear dynamic analysis provided larger structural responses and the results varied more significantly depending on the variables such as applied load, location of column removal, or number of building story. However the linear procedure provided more conservative decision for progressive collapse potential of model structures. As the nonlinear dynamic analysis for progressive collapse analysis does not require modeling of complicated hysteretic behavior, it may be used as more precise and practical tool for evaluation of progressive collapse potential of building structures.     

Influence of Semi‐Rigid Connections and Local Joint Damage on Progressive Collapse of Steel Frameworks

Abstract: Semi‐rigidly connected steel frames are more vulnerable than rigidly connected frames to resist progressive collapse due to abnormal loading events. This article extends the threat‐independent method for progressive‐failure analysis of rigid frames to analysis accounting for semi‐rigid connections. The influence of joint damage caused by disengagement of member(s) is also considered in the analysis, and the degree of damage is modeled by a health index. A compound element model is employed to include the contributions of nonlinear behavior of beam‐to‐column connections, connection and member‐end damage, member inelasticity, member shear deformation, and geometrical nonlinearity to structural response. Four beam collapse modes are illustrated for the progressive collapse analysis associated with debris loading generated when disengaged structural components fall onto lower parts of the structure. The impact effect is taken into account for the quasi‐static nonlinear analysis by utilizing an impact amplification factor according to GSA and DoD guidelines. Any progressive collapse occurring thereafter involves a series of collapse events associated with topological changes of the frame. The analysis procedure is illustrated for the progressive collapse behavior of two planar steel frames. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is potentially an effective tool for the progressive collapse analysis of semi‐rigid steel frames under abnormal loading events.     

对减轻钢结构逐步破坏的改造方法的效应评估

根据GSA和DoD为预防结构逐步破坏而制订的规范中所推荐的APM方法,对提高重力荷载下,钢结构抗弯能力的三种改造方法的有效性进行了分析。主要采用的是三维非线性动力分析法。分析模型为6×3跨的18层钢结构,这个结构曾由于底层突然移除一根柱而遭受到破坏。对跨长为5,6,7·5,9m的4个建筑进行了分析。分别采用三种方法改造结构并对其进行了评估,即增加梁的强度、增加梁的刚度以及同时增加梁的强度与刚度。通过分析改造后梁的转角、约束力和位移延性这三个性能指标的增强效应,来评估相应改造方法的有效性。     

Design of special truss moment frames considering progressive collapse

In this study the progressive collapse resisting capacity of the Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF) was investigated. To this end STMF with various span lengths, numbers of story, and lengths of special segment were designed. Their performances against progressive collapse were evaluated based on arbitrary column removal scenario. It was observed that all the model structures designed per the AISC Seismic Provision collapsed as a result of plastic hinge formation at special segment when a column was suddenly removed. A design procedure was developed based on the energy balance concept to prevent progressive collapse. The model structures redesigned using the developed design procedure turned out to remain stable after a column was suddenly removed and satisfy the acceptance criteria of the GSA guidelines.     

柱贯通梁柱节点非对称钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁框架结构抗连续倒塌性能研究

建筑结构竖向连续倒塌破坏大多数由侧中柱破坏引起,而侧中柱两侧结构的抗侧刚度不同,易导致结构沿侧中柱发生非对称破坏.已有文献中对非对称连续倒塌研究相对较少,鉴于此,以非对称双半跨单柱子结构为研究对象,设计了1种钢筋混凝土柱-钢梁(RCS)结构全螺栓连接的柱贯通节点子结构,采用静力加载试验模拟结构在侧中柱失效工况下的非对称...     

Effect of retrofit strategies on mitigating progressive collapse of steel frame structures

In this study, the effect of three retrofit strategies on enhancing the response of existing steel moment resisting frames designed for gravity loads is investigated using Alternate Path Methods (APM) recommended in the General Services Administration (GSA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) guidelines for resisting progressive collapse. The response is evaluated using 3-D nonlinear dynamic analysis. The studied models represent 6-bay by 3-bay 18-storey steel frames that are damaged by being subjected to six scenarios of sudden removal of one column in the ground floor. Four buildings with bay spans of 5.0 m, 6.0 m, 7.5 m, and 9.0 m were studied. The response of the damaged frames is evaluated when retrofitted using three approaches, namely, increasing the strength of the beams, increasing the stiffness of the beams, and increasing both strength and stiffness of the beams.The objective of this paper is to assess effectiveness of the studied retrofit strategies by evaluating the enhancement in three performance indicators which are chord rotation, tie forces, and displacement ductility demand for the beams of the studied building after being retrofitted.     

Experimental investigation of asymmetrical reinforced concrete spatial frame substructures against progressive collapse under different column removal scenarios

The progressive collapse resistance design approach is generally applied in the context of a “column‐removal” scenario to assess the structural vulnerability to progressive collapse. To obtain a better understanding of the complex progressive collapse resistance of 3D asymmetrical column‐beam‐slab systems, five one‐third scale 2 × 2 bay asymmetrical reinforced concrete (RC) spatial frame substructure specimens were tested to analyze their collapse mechanisms under five different column removal scenarios, namely, an interior column removal scenario (INT), an exterior column removal scenario in the asymmetrical direction (EXT‐X), an exterior column removal scenario in the symmetrical direction (EXT‐Y), a corner column removal scenario at the long bay (COR‐L), and a corner column removal scenario at the short bay (COR‐S), which are among the most critical scenarios for analyzing structural resistance against progressive collapse. The test results showed that INT had the highest progressive collapse resistance capacity among the scenario substructures and exhibited two progressive collapse‐resisting mechanism stages: a primary mechanism stage (beam and compressive membrane mechanism) under small deformations and a secondary mechanism stage (catenary and tensile membrane mechanism) under large deformations in both the X‐direction and the Y‐direction. In EXT‐X and EXT‐Y, the collapse resistance was mainly provided by the double‐span beam at both the primary mechanism stage and the secondary mechanism stage. In COR‐L and COR‐S, the tensile membrane mechanism could not be mobilized, as the single‐span beams in both the X‐direction and the Y‐direction behaved like cantilevers. Additionally, the asymmetrical span design reduced the resistance of the structure against progressive collapse.     

考虑楼板影响的RC框架结构连续性倒塌动力响应分析

针对当前钢筋混凝土（RC）结构连续性倒塌的研究大多忽略楼板的影响,且使用零初始状态分析结构柱失效后的连续性倒塌与实际情况不相符的问题,采用非线性动力分析方法,以有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,应用基于UMAT二次开发接PQ-Fiber的本构关系,研究了结构在角柱失效后楼板对结构抗连续性倒塌的影响及拆柱时间和初始状态对剩余结构动力响应的影响。结果表明:考虑楼板影响的结构动力响应明显小于不考虑楼板影响的情况,可见楼板对结构抗连续性倒塌能力提高显著;拆柱时间小于剩余结构自振周期的1/4时,拆柱时间越小,结构动力响应越明显,对结构抗连续性倒塌危害也越大;对比不同初始位移和初始速度状态下结构的动力响应,不考虑初始状态的结构连续性倒塌分析低估了初始状态对结构变形的影响。     

Assessment of progressive collapse potential in corner floor panels of reinforced concrete buildings

The Department of Defense (DoD) document, UFC 4-023-23, which provides technical guidance for mitigation of progressive collapse, classifies buildings based on the desired level of protection. Medium and high levels of protection categories require the use of the Alternate Path (AP) method to investigate the capability of the structural system to transfer loads safely from a notionally removed column to the remaining structural elements. Certain columns and structural elements at prescribed locations must be investigated to determine the structural bridging capabilities over the removed column. Transfer of loads from a notionally removed corner column to the adjacent structural elements can impose significant stress/deformation demand on structural elements supporting the corner panel. When the panel area exceeds the floor damage limits, the panel and its structural elements must be designed to support the additional load or the loads must be transferred to adjacent columns. This paper investigates the implementation of UFC 4-023-23 to protect against progressive collapse of corner floor panels when their dimensions exceed the damage limits. A case study of a reinforced concrete building is analyzed, designed, and investigated using the AP method.     

Loss-of-stability induced progressive collapse modes in 3D steel moment frames

This paper deals with the progressive collapse analysis of a tall steel frame following the removal of a corner column according to the alternate load path approach. Several analysis techniques are considered (eigenvalue, material nonlinearities, material and geometric nonlinearities), as well as 2D and 3D modelling of the structural system. It is determined that the collapse mechanism is a loss-of-stability-induced one that can be identified by combining a 3D structural model with an analysis involving both material and geometric nonlinearities. The progressive collapse analysis reveals that after the initial removal of a corner column, its two adjacent columns fail from elastic flexural-torsional buckling at a load lower than the design load. The failure of these two columns is immediately followed by the failure of the next two adjacent columns from elastic flexural–torsional buckling. After the failure of these five columns, the entire structure collapses without the occurrence of any significant plastification. The main contribution is the identification of buckling-induced collapse mechanisms in steel frames involving sequential buckling of multiple columns. This is a type of failure mechanism that has not received appropriate attention because it practically never occurs in properly designed structures without the accidental loss of a column.     

基于多尺度建模的高铁站雨棚结构抗连续倒塌分析

高速通过的失控列车是高铁站雨棚结构的倒塌风险源,对雨棚结构进行抗连续倒塌分析具有重要意义。为兼顾有限元分析的精度和效率,引入一致多尺度有限元结构建模方法,通过算例验证其应用于结构倒塌动力分析的合理性与准确性。以某高铁站的2个雨棚结构为背景,选取易受失控列车影响的区域建模,利用LS-DYNA建立多尺度模型。采用拆除构件法分析拆除柱后剩余结构的非线性动力行为,以考察雨棚结构的抗连续倒塌性能。结果表明:对于钢结构屋盖雨棚而言,拆除边柱、次边柱和中柱后,拆柱点竖向位移分别为17.6、13.1、12.4 mm,对应的梁端转角依次为0.001 5、0.001 1、0.001 1 rad,均小于规范限值0.009 6 rad,即钢结构屋盖雨棚在3种拆柱情形下均未发生倒塌; 对于钢筋混凝土屋盖雨棚而言,拆除边柱和次边柱后,结构均发生了局部坍塌,但坍塌未延续,即不会发生连续倒塌; 拆除中柱后,拆柱点竖向位移为88.6 mm,对应的梁端转角为0.007 7 rad,小于规范限值0.04 rad,即钢筋混凝土屋盖雨棚结构变形较小,未发生倒塌。     

Progressive collapse of multi-storey buildings due to sudden column loss—Part II: Application

The companion paper presents the principles of a new design-oriented methodology for progressive collapse assessment of multi-storey buildings. The proposed procedure, which can be implemented at various levels of structural idealisation, determines ductility demand and supply in assessing the potential for progressive collapse initiated by instantaneous loss of a vertical support member. This paper demonstrates the applicability of the proposed approach by means of a case study, which considers sudden removal of a ground floor column in a typical steel-framed composite building. In line with current progressive collapse guidelines for buildings with a relatively simple and repetitive layout, the two principal scenarios investigated include removal of a peripheral column and a corner column. The study shows that such structures can be prone to progressive collapse, especially due to failure of the internal secondary beam support joints to safely transfer the gravity loads to the surrounding undamaged members if a flexible fin-plate joint detail is employed. The provision of additional reinforcement in the slab over the hogging moment regions can generally have a beneficial effect on both the dynamic load carrying and deformation capacities. The response can be further improved if axial restraint provided by the adjacent structure can be relied upon. The study also highlights the inability of bare-steel beams to survive column removal despite satisfaction of the code prescribed structural integrity provisions. This demonstrates that tying force requirements alone cannot always guarantee structural robustness without explicit consideration of ductility demand/supply in the support joints of the affected members, as determined by their nonlinear dynamic response.     

Progressive collapse‐resisting capacity of modular mega‐frame buildings

In this study, the progressive collapse‐resisting capacity of modular mega‐frame structures consisting of a few identical subsystems was investigated based on column‐loss scenario. Four types of mega‐frame structures were designed as basic analysis model structures. According to pushdown analysis results, the mega‐frame structure with four corner columns did not satisfy the design guidelines for progressive collapse regardless of the number of subsystems when one of the first‐story mega‐columns was removed. To enhance the resistance against progressive collapse, we redesigned the basic model structure with four mega‐columns by adding additional floor trusses in the transfer floors, adding moment‐resisting frames at the perimeter and adding vertical mega‐bracing. The pushdown analysis results showed that the schemes with additional mega‐braces were most effective in increasing the progressive collapse‐resisting capacity of mega‐frame buildings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Progressive collapse resisting capacity of tilted building structures

In this study, the progressive collapse resisting capacities of tilted buildings are evaluated on the basis of arbitrary column removal scenario. As analysis model structures both regular and tilted moment‐resisting frames, structures with outrigger trusses, and tubular/diagrid structures are designed, their progressive collapse resisting capacities are evaluated by nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. It turns out that the tilting of the structures requires increased steel tonnage due to the increased p‐delta effect. In addition in the tilted structures the plastic hinges are more widely distributed throughout the bays and stories when a column is removed from a side or a corner of the structures. With the analysis results, it is concluded that the tilted building structures, once they are properly designed to satisfy a given design code, may have at least an equivalent resisting capacity for progressive collapse caused by sudden loss of a column. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土抗震框架连续倒塌行为分析

以某抗震设防框架为研究对象,采用SAP2000有限元软件,依次拆除底层纵向边柱、横向边柱、角柱和内柱,研究抗震框架的倒塌破坏行为。以做功平衡原理建立了柱失效处梁配筋调整计算公式,并进行了配筋调整设计。结果表明:7度和8度抗震设防的框架结构仍会发生连续性倒塌,但是抗倒塌能力随着设防等级的提高而提高,抗震设计不能够完全替代抗倒塌设计;柱失效导致结构发生连续坍塌破坏的危险性由小到大依次为内柱、横向边柱、纵向边柱、角柱;梁铰机制在结构抗倒塌中的作用尤其重要,倒塌破坏时以梁的弯曲破坏为主,剪切破坏较少出现;线弹性静力分析计算的供需比最大值一般出现在失效柱上一层的相邻梁上,而非线性静力分析的最大破坏出现在与失效柱相连的梁上,但是二者对结构可能的失效位置判断基本一致。     

Dynamic increase factor for pushdown analysis of seismically designed steel moment-resisting frames

The independent threat scenario of sudden column loss under localised damage is usually considered in progressive collapse assessment. The effect of the sudden removal of a column is like the sudden application of the gravity load on the structure when significant deformations occur. This conventional approach is based on the simplifying but realistic hypothesis that the peak dynamic response can be assessed with reasonable accuracy using the nonlinear static response. In this approach, amplified gravity loads are applied to the bays that are affected by the removed column to compensate for the dynamic effects corresponding to the real load redistribution. The paper investigates the dynamic increase factor to be considered in the nonlinear pushdown analysis of seismically designed steel moment-resisting frames. The influence of the fundamental parameters involved in progressive collapse analysis was highlighted. The effect of various design variables, such as the number of stories, the number of bays, the location of the removed column and the level of seismic design load was investigated. The dynamic increase factor was estimated in a way to generate the best match of the peak dynamic responses through the nonlinear static analysis. Finally, the values obtained were expressed as a function of the vertical displacement at the location of the removed column and then compared with the GSA formulation based on the ductility factor.     

Progressive collapse resisting capacity of braced frames

In this study, the progressive collapse potential of braced frames was investigated using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. Eight different bracing types were considered and their performances were compared with those of a special moment‐resisting frame designed with the same design load. According to the pushdown analysis results, most braced frames designed per current design codes satisfied the design guidelines for progressive collapse initiated by loss of a first story interior column; however, most model structures showed brittle failure mode caused by buckling of braces and columns. Among the braced frames considered, the inverted‐V type braced frames showed superior ductile behaviour during progressive collapse. The nonlinear dynamic analysis results showed that all the braced structures remained in stable condition after sudden removal of a column, and their deflections were less than that of the moment‐resisting frame. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Collapse analysis of steel moment frames with various seismic connections

Seismic connections with high ductile capacity are generally considered to be effective for resisting seismic loads. However, additional studies are still needed to evaluate the performance of seismic connections during progressive collapse. In this study the progressive collapse resisting capacity of the Reduced Beam Section (RBS), Welded Cover Plated Flange (WCPF), and Welded Unreinforced Flange-Welded Web (WUF-W) connections, which are seismic connections recommended by the FEMA/SAC project, was investigated. For progressive collapse analysis, two types of steel moment frame buildings were considered; one designed for high-seismic load and the other designed for moderate-seismic load. The vertical displacement at the point of column removal and the plastic hinge rotation at beam ends were checked by using an alternative load path method proposed in the guidelines. The analysis results showed that the performance of the Cover Plate connection turned out to be the most effective in resisting progressive collapse, especially in structures located in moderate-seismic regions.     

多层钢框架抗连续性倒塌分析

自1968年英国Ronan Point公寓倒塌事件以来,国外已经对连续倒塌问题进行了四十多年的研究,并编制了相关设计规范;而我国规范目前尚未规定详细抗连续倒塌设计方法。参考美国公共事务管理局编制《联邦办公楼和大型现代建筑连续性倒塌分析和设计指南》（GSA2003）提供的设计方法和流程,利用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用拆除构件法,对一榀钢框架进行了连续倒塌分析,得出此框架满足抗连续倒塌相应要求以及相应的受力特性和位移特点。     

Evaluation of wind load integration in disproportionate collapse analysis of steel moment frames for column loss

The design of steel structures, in most cases, depends majorly on the level of wind loads which are prescribed by codes and regulations and are used in the structural analysis due to the fact that steel structures being light and ductile systems are strongly affected from a slight difference in the values of wind loading. During the last decades, disproportionate collapse analysis has become of major interest mainly due to the increasing number of failures occurring in that pattern. Commonly accepted guidelines and methods of analysis have been produced, the most dominating of which being the Department of Defense Facilities criteria or DoD. In the DoD, as well as in other criteria, the event of a column loss is suggested as the modeling scenario which has to be sustained by a structural system in order to be robust. However, all the guidelines so far have disconnected the column loss analysis from wind loads and have only performed it for gravity loading. This paper presents the dynamic time history disproportionate collapse analysis of steel frames, including various levels of wind loading. Interesting aspects are discussed through the parametric analysis of five different numerical examples of moment resisting frames.