Study of heat and mass transfer in indoor conditions for distillation

An indoor simulation study was carried out to evaluate heat and mass transfer relation for a semi-cylindrical metallic (opaque) condensing cover for higher yields at different operating temperatures under free and forced modes of operation. The objective is to design a distillation unit for higher yield for commercialization, particularly in India. Experiments have been conducted for the operating temperature range of 40°C to 80°C in a steady-state condition by using constant temperature bath. Data (temperature and yield) obtained from experimentation have been used to determine the values of coefficient C and n and, consequently, convective as well as evaporative heat transfer coefficients. It is inferred that a higher yield is obtained with an increase of temperature in the forced mode of operation as compared to that in the natural mode of operation due to a fast release of heat from the condensing cover.     

MELTING OF ICE AROUND A HORIZONTAL ISOTHERMAL CYLINDRICAL HEAT SOURCE

Processes during melting from a horizontal cylindrical heat source of uniform surface temperature embedded in ice have been studied experimentally. The volume of the melt and its shape were photographed at different times for various constant temperatures of the heat source. At early times and under all conditions, the melt occupied a cylindrical annulus. At later times free convective motion caused pear-shaped melt contours which pointed downward when the temperatures of the heat source were below 7°C and upward when the temperatures were above 8°C. Instabilities in cellular natural convection motion resulted in waviness of the interface. The location and magnitude of these ripples were found to depend on the temperature of the heat source and the melt layer thickness. Shadowgraph techniques were used to determine local heat transfer coefficients at the heat source surface.     

Effects of SSD and SSDHP on convective heat transfer coefficient and yields

The present study is focused on the analysis of a Simple Solar Distiller (SSD) and a Simple Solar Distiller Hybrid with Heat Pump (SSDHP) plants. Experiments have been conducted for 17 h as True Solar Time (TST) for climatic conditions of Gabès (southeast region of Tunisia), during the months of June and July 2006 for four configurations of the above-mentioned plants. Data obtained from experimental conditions are used to determine values of convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients as well as experimental and theoretical yields. It was found that the SSDHP configuration exhibits better results than the SSD one. In this case, the convective heat transfer coefficient is found equal to 2.373 W/m² °C and the experimental yield is equal to 1.8 l/m² h.     

Modeling Superheated Steam Vacuum Drying of Wood

A two-dimensional mathematical model developed for vacuum-contact drying of wood was adapted to simulate superheated steam vacuum drying. The moisture and heat equations are based on the water potential concept whereas the pressure equation is formulated considering unsteady-state mass conservation of dry air. A drying test conducted on sugar maple sapwood in a laboratory vacuum kiln was used to infer the convective mass and heat transfer coefficients through a curve fitting technique. The average air velocity was 2.5 m s^-1 and the dry-bulb temperature varied between 60 and 66°C. The ambient pressure varied from 15 to 11 kPa. Simulation results indicate that heat and mass transfer coefficients are moisture content dependent. The simulated drying curve based on transfer coefficients calculated from boundary layer theory poorly fits experimental results. The functional relation for the relative permeability of wood to air is a key parameter in predicting the pressure evolution in wood in the course of drying. In the case of small vacuum kilns, radiant heat can contribute substantially to the total heat transfer to the evaporative surface at the early stages of drying. As for conventional drying, the air velocity could be reduced at the latter stage of drying with little or no change to the drying rate.     

The development of enhanced heat transfer condenser tubing

Methods for manufacturing a variety of shapes of enhanced heat transfer condenser tubing have been developed. 32 different tubes have been studied, in a vertical orientation, for their overall heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. All experiments were conducted with atmospheric steam condensing on the outside of the tube and water in forced convective flow on the inside, the heated length of the tube being 45 ins. (114 cm). The results show that, on the condensing steam side, coefficients up to 6 times comparable smooth tube values were obtained, and on the forced convective side up to 2$\text{1}\text{2}$times. The results are linked to tube shape, and appropriate theoretical analyses are presented.     

From Laboratory Experiments to Design of a Conveyor-Belt Dryer via Mathematical Modeling

A conveyor-belt dryer for picrite has been modeled mathematically in this work. The necessary parameters for the system of equations were obtained from regression analysis of thin-layer drying data. The convective drying experiments were carried out at temperatures of 40, 60, 80, and 100°C and air velocities of 0.5 and 1.5 m/sec. To analyze the drying behavior, the drying curves were fitted to different semi-theoretical drying kinetics models such as those of Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Wang and Singh, and the decay models. The decay function (for second order reactions) gives better results and describes the thin layer drying curves quite well. The effective diffusivity was also determined from the integrated Fick's second law equation and correlated with temperature using an Arrhenius-type model. External heat and mass transfer coefficients were refitted to the empirical correlation using dimensionless numbers (J_h, J_D = m · Reⁿ) and their new coefficients were optimized as a function of temperature. The internal mass transfer coefficient was also correlated as a function of moisture content, air temperature, and velocity.     

COMPARISON OF CONVECTIVE, VACUUM, AND MICROWAVE DRYING CHLORPROPAMIDE

Drying kinetics of convective, vacuum, and microwave drying of a pharmaceutical product, chlorpropamide, has been investigated on a laboratory scale, in the temperature interval from 40°C to 60°C, and the range of microwave heating power from 154 W/kg_dm to 385 W/kg_dm.

The experimental data obtained were approximated with the “thin-layer” equation and a two parameter exponential model. In order to compare convective, vacuum, and microwave drying, effective diffusion coefficients and specific heat consumption were calculated for each drying method.

Higher rates and shorter drying times were achieved at a higher temperature and microwave heating power. The highest drying rates and the lowest specific heat consumption were achieved with microwave drying. This leads to the conclusion that microwave heating is the most appropriate method for drying of chlorpropamide. The quality of product was not changed for all applied methods.     

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON FLUIDIZED BED BEHAVIOUR

Most published correlations for the minimum fluidizing gas velocity have been derived from tests under ambient conditions and increasing discrepancy is found in their application over wider ranges of operating conditions. Up to 1000°C the Ergun equation is reliable but it requires a knowledge of the particle shape factor and bed voidage for its application. Bed voidage is found to vary with temperature for laminar gas flow conditions.

Paralleling changes in gas flow conditions with operating temperature are changes in bed-to-surface heat transfer coefficients. There is a distinct transition from the interphase gas convective to the particle convective component of heat transfer being the dominant mechanism as the operating temperature increases and Re_mf reduces through 12,5 at Ar ∼ 26000. This is thought to be a consequence of change in bed bubbling behavior.     

DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAZELNUT

Equilibrium moisture content isotherms for Spanish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) at different temperatures (30°C-80°C) were determined using static gravimetric method. Thin layer drying experiments were done with forced air circulation and were conducted with different operating conditions to determine the drying characteristics of hazelnuts. The effect of air temperature (30°C-70°C), air velocity (0.5 m/s - 2 m/s) and drying bed loading density (50 kg/m² - 150 kg/m²) on drying of unshelled and shelled hazelnuts was studied. Six mathematical models were used to fit the experimental equilibrium moisture content data, from which the G.A.B. model was found to give the best fit. Diffusion coefficients were determined by fitting experimental thin-layer drying curves to the Fick's diffusion model. Variation of the effective diffusion coefficient with temperature was of the Arrhenius type. The Page equation was found to describe adequately the thin layer drying of hazelnut. Page equation drying parameters k and n were correlated with air temperature and relative humidity.     

Heat transfer to walls in a high temperature fluidized bed of group II particles

High temperature heat transfer data in the particle diameter range 0.73 – 1.41 mm and temperature range 490 – 918 °C are presented. The original measurement method is based on an overall thermal balance over a 0.40 m² heat exchange surface. Experimental data are analyzed using results from the literature and a ‘particle-based’ heat transfer model. It is found that gas convective heat transfer is significant for the largest particles (1.41 mm) but it may be neglected for 1.18 mm particles at temperatures above 700 °C. An analysis of this result on the basis of Saxena and Ganzha's powder classification scheme is proposed. A general correlation based on Archimedes and Planck numbers is presented. It takes into account the interaction between radiation and conduction at high temperatures, utilizing the experimental results for beds of corundum particles (0.28, 0.425, 0.6, 0.73, 1, and 1.18 mm) in the temperature range 500 – 900 °C.     

Experimental study of rehydration kinetics of potato cylinders

The rehydration characteristics of potato cylinders were examined. Samples were pre-dried in a convective oven (60 °C) or in a microwave oven (250, 440 or 600 W), and subsequently rehydrated in a water bath at temperatures between 20 and 80 °C. Fick's Second Law of Diffusion was used to describe the rehydration kinetics. The process was characterized by two effective diffusion coefficients (D₁, D₂), or two stages. The effect of temperature on D was interpreted using the Arrhenius relationship. The rehydration kinetics were dependent on temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio, sample dimensions (diameter and diameter-to-length ratio), pre-blanching, drying method (convective or microwave) and pre-soaking (ionic surfactants and NaCl). Agitation and non-ionic surfactants did not effect the rehydration process.     

Effect of inclination on the heat transfer performance of fluted tubes with and without drainage discs

On a pilot-plant, an inclined fluted tube of 3-in in diameter was tested to determine the effect of tube orientation on the condensing heat transfer performance. These tests were made on fluted tubes with and without drainage discs. The drainage disc spacing was 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm, while the angle of inclination with vertical were 15, 30 and 45°. The Wilson-plot technique was utilized in the evaluation of experimental data.The results for the inclined tubes were compared with vertical orientation. Heat transfer performance of the inclined fluted tube with drainage discs is significantly greater than that of vertical one. However, the condensing coefficients for fluted tube without drainage discs are higher in vertical orientation compared to inclined one. Therefore, it is not recommended to use tubes without drainage discs in inclined orientation.     

Viscosity B coefficients of alkyl carboxylates

Viscosity B coefficients of aqueous solutions of sodium carboxylates namely sodium formate, acetate, propionate, n-butyrate, n-pentanoate, and trichloroacetate have been determined at 30, 35 and 40°C by studying the relative viscosity of these solutions and the subsequent use of Jones-Dole's equation. The temperature coefficient, dB/dT, for each solution has also been obtained graphically from these data. The results have been interpreted in terms of the effect of “local” structure of water of these largely hydrophobic solutes. An attempt has been made, in this context, to correlate the B coefficient with the corresponding heat of transport, a thermal diffusion parameter.     

RIB ORIENTATION EFFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE IN FORCED CONVECTIVE BOILING

The effects of rib orientation to the direction of flow on the heat transfer performance of ribbed surfaces in forced convective boiling have been investigated experimentally. Test surfaces were manufactured from a stainless steel plate of 1.60 mm thickness on to which transverse rectangular ribs were machined. Rib height, length and spacing were kept constant at 0.50 mm, 1.00 mm and 0.50 mm respectively and rib orientation to the direction of flow was varied from 0° to 135°. In order to ensure good reproducibility of the experimental data, the effects of surface roughness were isolated by providing a constant surface micro-roughness for all test specimens and the effects of aging were also isolated. Experimental data are reported for heat transfer from ribbed surfaces to water boiling at atmospheric pressure for velocities ranging from 0.2 m/s to 1.4 m/s and inlet subcoolings from 5° to 30°C.     

TRANSIENT NATURAL DRYING-INDUCED BOUNDARY LAYERS

This work presents a methodology far obtaining heat and mass transfer coefficients for problems involving natural convection along a flat plate. In order to simulate drying conditions, a set of data has been obtained for the temperature range between 20 and 98° C and for various absolute humidities, both of the wall and ambient. It is shown that for drying at temperatures above 80° C, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers change very appreciably with respect to values obtained at smaller temperatures. The simulated results show that even for very low temperature differences, the transient period in natural convection along a flal vertical plate is smaller than 3s.     

Influence of Impingement Temperature and Nozzle Geometry on Heat Transfer—Experimental and Theoretical Analysis

Based on the earlier studies the most common empirical correlations in the literature predict the impingement heat transfer coefficients rather well at low (close to 100°C) temperatures, but get inaccurate at higher temperatures. Impingement temperatures used in paper drying applications are typically 300 to 700°C, and there has been a need to improve the existing heat transfer correlations at high temperature area. This study presents experimental results of impingement heat transfer measurements with a laboratory-scale heat transfer test rig. Five nozzle configurations were measured. The parameters varied in the investigation were nozzle-to-plate distance, nozzle open area, nozzle diameter, impingement velocity and impingement air temperature. Regression model of heat transfer was developed based on the measurement data. A correction factor including the impingement and heat receiving surface temperatures is proposed. The correction factor can be used to improve the existing correlations at large jet to heat receiving surface temperature differences.     

Hybrid solar still by heat pump compression

Our study is related to an experimental work and modelling of a simple solar still (SSS), green house type, asymmetrical and a hybrid system of a solar still connected to a heat pump (SSSHP). Simple solar stills have in general very low efficiency and our study aims in improving that incorporation by heat pump. This will increase vapor condensation, improve efficiency and consequently the output per m² of still surface area. Data obtained from our experimental research are used to determine convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients such as the experimental and theoretical efficiencies. The nom of the hybrid system is HSSHP. Daily output increased from 2 l/m² for the SSS up to 12 l/m² for the HSSHP and average efficiency increased from 20% to 80%.     

Effect of condensing cover material on yield of an active solar still: an experimental validation

An attempt has been made to evaluate inner and outer glass temperature and its effects on yield. Numerical computations have been performed for a typical day in the month of December, 2005, for the climatic condition of New Delhi (latitude: 28°35´ N; longitude: 77°12´ E and an altitude of 216 m above mean sea level). Higher yield was observed for an active solar distillation system as compared to the passive mode due to higher operating temperature differences between water and inner glass cover. The parametric study has also been performed to find out the effects of various parameters, namely thickness of condensing cover, collector absorbing surface, wind velocity and water depth of the still. It is observed that there is significant effect on daily yield due to change in the values of collector absorbing surface, wind velocity and water depth. For all the cases, the correlation of coefficients (r) between predicted and experimental values have been verified and they showed fair agreement with 0.90 < r < 0.99 and root mean square percent deviation 3.22% < e < 22.64%. Effect of condensing cover materials, namely copper and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), on daily yield have also been investigated and compared.     

填充泡沫铜圆管内R32单相流动换热

在泡沫金属纤维两端布置电极,采用电加热方法,实验测量了填充泡沫金属的管内R32流体和泡沫金属纤维的温度分布,得到了泡沫纤维与流体之间的对流传热系数。实验条件为：实验段管径5 mm,泡沫铜孔隙率0.95,孔隙密度15、45 PPI,流体温度280~325 K,热通量1~18 kW·m^-2,质量流速20~200 kg·m^-2·s^-1。实验及模拟结果表明：泡沫纤维与单相R32的对流传热系数随Re、泡沫铜的孔隙密度的增大而增大。基于流体外掠光滑圆管换热实验数据的Zukauskas经验关联式的预测值与泡沫金属纤维和R32流体之间的对流传热系数的实测值偏差为-35%~-67%,即该关联式不适用于泡沫金属纤维与流体之间的对流传热系数的预测。     

INFLUENCE OF DESIGN AND OPERATING CONDITIONS ON THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OF A TWO-STAGE ADSORPTION CHILLER

This article aims at clarifying the possible design and operating conditions for silica gel-water adsorption refrigeration cycles driven by near-ambient temperature waste heat sources (between 45 and 75°C) with relatively small regenerating temperature lifts (15 to 45 K). A two-stage silica gel-water advanced adsorption chiller is introduced and a simulation model of the chiller was developed to analyze the influence of operating and design conditions on the system performance (coefficient of performance, COP, and cooling capacity). It was hypothesized that the proposed chiller can be driven by low temperature waste heat at 55°C to produce effective cooling. Simulation results show that the operating conditions such as cycle time and hot and cooling water inlet temperature have an influential effect on cooling capacity and COP. COP is proportional to cycle time and heat transfer coefficient as well as inversely proportional to the cooling water inlet temperature, while there are optimum values of hot water temperature and silica gel weight for maximum COP. Cooling capacity mainly improves with the addition of silica gel weight and decreases as cooling water temperature increases. Simulation results also revealed that the system performance can be improved significantly by setting the design and operating conditions optimally.