间苯二甲胺的生产技术与应用进展

综述了间苯二甲胺(MXDA)的生产技术与应用进展。工业上以间二甲苯为原料,经气相氨氧化制得间苯二腈(IPN),再通过催化加氢制得MXDA,该合成路线第一步间二甲苯氨氧化制备IPN的技术已经趋于成熟,第二步IPN催化加氢制备MXDA可采用釜式间歇加氢或固定床连续加氢工艺。日本三菱瓦斯化学公司是目前全球最大的MXDA生产商,采用固定床连续加氢工艺,合计生产能力50 kt/a,国内IPN合计生产能力32 kt/a左右,MXDA生产能力6.5kt/a。MXDA除部分用于合成环氧树脂固化剂、间二甲苯二氰酸酯外,主要用于生产尼龙MXD6,具有广阔的市场前景,是国内亟待发展的重要的精细化工中间体。我国应重点围绕加氢催化剂,固定床连续工艺流程和分离工艺开展研究,形成具有自主知识产权的MXDA生产工艺,提高产品市场竞争力。     

非晶态Ni-M-P催化剂用于间氯硝基苯加氢的研究

采用化学还原法制备了Ni-M-P (M=Cu, Ca, Zn, Sn, Co)非晶态合金催化剂,用X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等方法对催化剂的组成、结构及形貌进行了表征,以间氯硝基苯液相催化加氢合成间氯苯胺为目标反应,对所制备催化剂性能进行系统评价,以解决催化加氢合成间氯苯胺过程中的氢解脱卤问题.研究结果表明,在所制备的三元非晶态合金催化剂中,在不加脱卤抑制剂的情况下,反应温度110 ℃、氢气压力1.0 MPa的反应条件下,当Ni:Co = 1:1(摩尔比)时,Ni-Co-P表现出较高的加氢性能和抑制脱卤性能,间氯硝基苯的转化率可达到99.0 %,间氯苯胺的选择性也达到了99.3 %,其转化率和选择性较其它三元催化剂和Ni-P催化剂有较大提高.从催化剂的微观结构和电子效应等方面讨论和解释了添加第三组分金属对Ni-P非晶态合金催化剂催化性能的影响.     

超声波对浸渍法制备Co-Fe/硅藻土选择加氢催化剂的影响

以天然多孔性的硅藻土为载体,分别采用超声浸渍和普通浸渍制备了Co含量为12%(质量比)、Fe/Co=0.2(mol/mol)的负载型催化剂,并将其用于肉桂醛选择加氢制肉桂醇的反应。运用SEM、热分析、PLS等表征手段对催化剂的理化性质进行了分析,考察了浸渍方法对催化剂活性金属分散度的影响。加氢实验结果表明,与普通浸渍法相比,超声浸渍法制备的负载型Co-Fe/硅藻土催化剂的催化活性中心明显增多,对肉桂醛选择加氢表现出较好的催化活性和选择性。催化剂表征表明,超声浸渍法制备的负载型Co-Fe/硅藻土催化剂金属分散度明显提高,催化剂与载体的相互作用力增强,催化剂的晶体缺陷数增加,反应活性中心增加,有利于催化性能的提高。     

硫化铂族金属加氢催化剂的研究进展

硫化铂族金属催化剂为可提高有机液相加氢反应选择性的高效催化剂,能提高含羰基、羟基和卤素等官能团化合物催化加氢反应的选择性,应用广泛。综述了国内外负载型Pt和Pd等硫化贵金属催化剂的制备方法,包括采用H_2S和Na_2S无机硫化以及Ph_2S和DMSO(二甲基亚砜)等有机硫化剂进行硫化;综述了Pt和Pd硫化贵金属催化剂在有机液相催化加氢体系中的应用;并对硫化Pt族金属催化剂的硫化机理和催化机理进行探讨,展望了硫化贵金属催化剂的应用前景。     

乙烯基乙炔选择加氢制丁二烯工艺研究

采用硝酸钯二水化合物(Pd(NO_3)_2·2H_2O)通过等体积浸渍法制备负载型Pd催化剂,在其催化下,乙烯基乙炔(MVA)选择加氢制丁二烯;研究负载型Pd催化剂的制备工艺以及MVA选择加氢制丁二烯的工艺条件,并对催化剂的催化性能及加氢效果进行表征。结果表明:以氧化铝(α-Al_2O_3)为载体,负载Pd质量分数为0.08%,还原温度400℃时,制备的负载型Pd催化剂(Pd/α-Al_2O_3)结晶良好,对载体结构的影响不明显,催化剂的孔结构比较均匀,对MVA选择加氢反应的催化性能好;在MVA选择加氢催化剂评价装置上,在Pd/α-Al_2O_3催化下进行MVA选择加氢反应,较佳工艺条件为反应温度30℃、MVA空速100 mL/(h·g)、炔氢比1.2,反应的主要产物为丁二烯,MVA转化率达到50%,丁二烯选择性达到85%。     

糠醛直接合成γ-戊内酯的研究进展

综述近年来由糠醛催化加氢制备γ-戊内酯的研究进展,讨论外部加氢和转移加氢两种催化加氢方式的金属催化剂.外部加氢方面,主要总结了以2-丙醇、2-丁醇为供氢体,采用ZSM-5催化剂、Sn-Al-Beta沸石催化剂、改性β分子筛和负载型β分子筛催化剂催化糠醛转化制备γ-戊内酯;转移加氢方面,主要以MFI分子筛负载硅铝酸盐催化剂、Zr-Al-beta催化剂、ZrPO-X催化剂等为例总结了糠醛直接转换合成γ-戊内酯.糠醛催化加氢直接制备γ-戊内酯的方法,不仅可以充分利用糠醛生产高附加值下游产品,也为γ-戊内酯生产创造一条新路径.     

制备工艺对负载型Pd催化剂催化加氢性能的影响

介绍了Pd催化剂催化加氢反应的机理,以及Pd催化剂在工业加氢反应中的应用现状和研究进展。重点讨论了负载型Pd催化剂的制备方式、载体、助催化剂等因素对其催化加氢性能的影响,以期为新型负载型加氢Pd催化剂的研究和开发提供参考。     

间苯二甲胺合成工艺研究

以间苯二甲腈为原料,雷尼镍为催化剂,进行催化加氢制间苯二甲胺,探讨了各种因素对反应结果的影响,即:间苯二甲腈原料纯度、催化剂、反应助剂、反应温度、反应压力及反应溶剂等对催化加氢反应的影响。提出间苯二甲腈催化加氢制间苯二甲胺工艺的最佳控制条件。指出对原料间苯二甲腈的纯化及催化剂的研究是今后间苯二甲腈催化加氢制备间苯二甲胺实现工业化的研究重点。     

硫化钼催化剂用于催化多环芳烃芘的加氢反应

高温煤焦油的高温馏分中含有丰富的多环芳烃化合物,通过催化加氢可将多环芳烃转化成燃料油加以高值、多元利用。首次利用泡沫镍为载体制备了硫掺杂的钼基催化剂,应用于煤焦油高温馏分中多环芳烃芘的催化加氢反应,揭示了硫化钼催化剂的构效关系。通过SEM和XRD表征,考察了负载在泡沫镍上的活性金属钼的结构、分布与分散性,实验结果表明,金属钼的活性物种呈现超薄的纳米片状结构,具有良好的分散性,在载体上均匀分布,有效提高了催化加氢反应的性能;通过XPS和TEM表征,表明了硫掺杂催化剂的活性物种为MoS₂,并产生了高价态的氧化钼,共同作用于芘的催化加氢反应;硫的掺杂提供了硫空位,产生了更多活性位点,从而提高了催化剂活性;通过催化加氢反应,系统地考察了反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间、催化剂质量、硫脲添加量对催化加氢反应性的影响,实验结果表明,在反应温度为300℃,氢气压力为6 MPa,反应时间为2 h,催化剂质量为0.5 g,硫脲添加量为2 mmol时,MoS₂-2/NF催化剂的芘转化率是未掺杂硫的MoO_x/NF催化剂的芘转化率的2.43倍,并且...     

分子筛负载铂催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂解反应行为

四氢萘是多环芳烃加氢转化的产物或者中间体,其加氢裂解行为和规律的研究在重芳烃转化和脱除领域有着重要的意义。采用等体积浸渍法制备得到了氧化铝负载贵金属(Pt,Ir和Pd)催化剂和酸性分子筛(MOR和ZSM-5)负载铂双功能催化剂,考察了它们催化四氢萘加氢裂解的反应行为。氧化铝为载体时金属催化剂表面主要发生加氢及脱氢反应,其中金属Pt表现出最高的加氢和脱氢活性。双功能催化剂上四氢萘发生加氢裂化、异构化、氢转移及烷基化等复杂反应,金属Pt通过氢溢流作用提高了分子筛Br?nsted酸活性从而提高催化剂加氢裂解活性和选择性,但过量金属Pt会加剧苯环加氢而不利于单环芳烃的生成。分子筛孔道的限域作用对四氢萘的反应活性及产物分布有重要影响,相比Pt/ZSM-5催化剂,Pt/MOR表现出更高的裂解活性及异构化选择性。Pt/MOR催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂解主要通过异构-裂解路径进行,异构化活性及异构体构型决定了裂解活性及产物的分布。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.