烟仓害虫的发生与防治

烟仓害虫对储存期烟叶及其制品造成了很大为害。对最常见的两种烟仓害虫烟草甲和烟草粉螟的发生与防治作了介绍。防治方法主要包括加强仓储管理、高温和低温杀虫、化学药剂防治、使用烟叶保护剂和加强虫情监测等     

济南地区烟草甲和烟草粉螟成虫的发生动态

2003~2004年期间,利用性诱剂对济南卷烟厂室内和室外烟叶库的烟草甲和烟草粉螟两种害虫进行了监测。结果表明:烟草甲和烟草粉螟越冬代成虫羽化起始时间在4月中下旬,春、秋季两次化学药剂熏蒸对烟草甲和烟草粉螟的发生量影响较大,熏蒸后的虫口密度较小,但随着时间的推移,虫口密度逐渐增加,8月底至9月初发生量达到高峰。室外库烟草甲有两个羽化高峰,烟草粉螟有3~4个羽化高峰,室内库烟草粉螟有3个羽化高峰。由于受环境的影响,不同年份烟草甲和烟草粉螟羽化的高峰期有所不同。     

储粮害虫在线监测及其结果的评价利用

介绍讨论了近期发展中的储粮害虫在线监测技术及研发状况,包括利用探管诱捕器在线诱捕监测、利用表面诱捕器在线诱捕、通过二氧碳浓度变化在线监测、利用摄像头在线监测等。提出了利用诱捕器在线监测储粮害虫时,监测结果以一定时间内诱捕到的害虫数量(头/7 d,或头/3 d)评价;利用摄像头远程监测时以间隔时间内设定面积内的害虫数量(头/格.7 d,或头/格.3 d)评价;在粮堆内二氧化碳浓度异常且高于邻近测点3倍以上,或某点二氧化碳浓度在1 000 m L/m3以上时进行粮堆害虫检查。对于诱捕器和摄像头的监测结果,以发生害虫数值最高点代表粮堆中的害虫发生情况。     

“SERRICO”诱捕烟草甲虫的观察

“SERRICO”系日本生产的一种利用雌性烟草甲虫的性激素诱捕雄性烟草甲虫的诱捕器(trap)。它由食物诱剂、性诱剂和粘板组成,每一只诱捕器能控制100m~2的仓库,有效期为三星期。早在70年代美国昆虫学家曾提出烟草甲虫的性激素问题,到1979年日本中心研究所经过分离、提纯,确定了性诱剂的化学结构式,并命名为“SERRICORNIN”,目前日本已开始工业化合成。1984年内在所贮保实验室进行了初步观察试验。     

烟草甲虫雌性信息素的合成及应用

本试验合成出了两种烟草甲虫雌性信息素的有效成份:4,6-二甲基-7-羟基-壬烷-酮-3(A)和2,6-二乙基-3.5-二甲基-2,3-二氢吡喃(B)。利用GC-MS对产物进行结构定性,并作了各项合成条件试验,用合成产物和甲虫食物引诱剂制成了烟草甲虫诱捕板,经过活性试验,B的诱捕能力较A的好,与进口产品相同。这种诱捕板无毒、无残留、无污染,可用作虫情预测、预报,对虫口的繁殖也有一定的控制作用。      

广州小麦粉成品车间书虱年度发生跟踪监测研究

采用瓦楞纸板诱捕器,对小麦粉成品车间2017年3月至2018年2月期间书虱的发生情况进行跟踪监测,并利用地质统计学等高线绘图技术统计分析小麦粉成品车间书虱发生部位以及与温湿度的关系。年度跟踪监测表明,在小麦粉成品车间累计诱捕到书虱25 131头,呈非均匀分布。书虱诱捕数量与车间内温湿度有密不可分的关系,其发生部位主要为麸皮打包间、麸皮打包间和成品仓交接区域、自动打包机和皮带输送机区域、卸粮口区域,且具有长期持续存在向周围扩散虫害的危险。在实际生产中可根据书虱发生部位开展有针对性的防治措施。     

巧克力工厂的虫害控制管理

针对巧克力工厂的虫害分析,安装适当的诱捕器进行定期监测,配合虫害控制地图管理,同时制订工厂各区域的虫害限值,当虫害数量超过限值必须进行相应的整改,最终将虫害降到可控范围内。     

利用麦蛾茧蜂防治面粉仓库蛾类害虫的效果研究

为评价麦蛾茧蜂防治仓储蛾类害虫的实仓效果,在面粉仓库利用信息素粘胶诱捕器和地质统计学等高线绘图技术,构建了粉斑螟危害分布评价方法,研究了连续释放麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟防治效果以及面粉仓库粉斑螟种群的时间空间变化情况。实仓试验从2016年4月开始,采用信息素粘胶诱捕器监测仓内粉斑螟的数量,结束于2018年4月。麦蛾茧蜂从2017年4月至2018年4月持续释放。结果表明,面粉仓库粉斑螟的热点区域主要为麸皮打包间、麸皮打包间和面粉成品仓结合部位、卸粮口,其中麸皮打包间可能为粉斑螟发生的源头。麦蛾茧蜂释放后,粉斑螟热点区域的范围不断缩小,发生的数量不断降低,其数量由4452头降低至1518头,降低了65.9%。利用麦蛾茧蜂防治面粉仓库中粉斑螟等蛾类害虫效果显著,麦蛾茧蜂防治蛾类害虫的应用是可行的。     

基于图像处理的储粮低密度虫害监测系统的设计与验证

为解决高害虫密度储粮处理成本昂贵和现有监测系统实时性和移动性不足等问题,采用Web技术,结合自主设计的粮虫诱捕器,建立了储粮低密度虫害实时监测系统。树莓派控制诱捕器采集害虫图像并进行图像处理得到图像中害虫的数量,再将数据传至云端服务器,用户通过Web客户端获取历史以及实时的害虫图像和害虫数量。在实验室用该系统监测了赤拟谷盗密度为0.5、1、2、3、4、5头/kg的稻谷,通过系统捕获第一只害虫的时间来评价其灵敏度,24 h内对害虫的捕捉率验证系统用于低密度虫害监测的可行性,并以人工直接计数结果为参考计算了系统计数的准确率,结果表明：系统灵敏度高,在低密度害虫条件下对害虫的捕捉率高于61.98%且诱捕器捕捉的害虫数与稻谷中的害虫总数存在显著线性关系,系统计数准确率为90.26%。因此,该系统可用于低密度虫害的实时监测。     

食料对烟草甲药剂敏感性及共生菌和解毒酶活性的影响

从食料-昆虫-药剂三者的关系出发,研究了由甘草、麦粒和烤烟3种食料饲养的烟草甲幼虫对药剂敏感性及其体内共生菌数量和酶活性的变化。结果表明,取食不同食料的烟草甲幼虫对供试杀虫剂的敏感性有较明显的差异,以麦粒饲养的烟草甲幼虫耐药性最强,烟草和甘草饲养的较弱。麦粒饲养的烟草甲幼虫中肠处的共生菌数量明显多于其它2种食料饲养的。同时,食料也不同程度地影响了烟草甲幼虫体内的解毒酶活性。     

烟草甲研究进展

综述了近10年来烟草甲生物学、生态学及防治技术的研究新进展,并对近年来研究的热点类似酵母的胞内共生菌在烟草甲体内的作用、天然产物和物理技术在烟草甲防治中的应用以及烟草甲对PH3产生抗药性等作了重点介绍。     

一些植物提取物对烟草甲虫生物活性的影响

测定了不同浓度的植物提取物在244、8和72 h后对烟草甲成虫的触杀毒力和驱避毒力。初步研究结果表明,筛选出的巴豆乙醇提取物、巴豆丙酮提取物、巴豆乙酸乙酯提取物、巴豆石油醚提取物、草乌丙酮提取物、草乌乙酸乙酯提取物、草乌石油醚提取物、驱虫草乙醇提取物、驱虫草丙酮提取物、川乌石油醚提取物、百部乙醇提取物、百部丙酮提取物、百部乙酸乙酯提取物、百部石油醚提取物、茵陈蒿乙醇提取物、茵陈蒿丙酮提取物等对烟草甲成虫有较好的触杀毒力;巴豆乙酸乙酯提取物、巴豆石油醚提取物、天南星科植物乙酸乙酯提取物、天南星科植物石油醚提取物、百部乙酸乙酯提取物、高良姜石油醚提取物、山鸡椒乙醇提取物、山鸡椒石油醚提取物等对烟草甲成虫有较好的驱避毒力。     

“棉烟灵”防治烟青虫、斜纹夜蛾和烟蚜试验

20 0 0 - 2 0 0 1年进行了利用病毒制剂“棉烟灵”防治烟青虫、斜纹夜蛾和烟蚜研究。结果表明 ,“棉烟灵”对烟青虫有较好防效 ,对斜纹夜蛾无效。“棉烟灵”加辛硫磷的混剂对烟蚜有兼治作用。“棉烟灵”在田间的持效达 36d左右 ,药效呈线性递减 ,每天递减率为 3.14 % ,防效与烟青虫幼虫密度无关。依靠烟青虫幼虫的移动来实现病毒的扩散范围有限 ,幼虫感染病毒后的第 5d达到死亡高峰。     

侧柏叶对烟草仓储害虫烟草甲和赤拟谷盗的毒杀作用

为有效防治烟草仓储害虫,进行了新型植物防护剂的开发研究。通过熏蒸和触杀试验测试了侧柏叶挥发油及单体成分活性,并通过GC/MS分析了侧柏叶挥发油的化学成分。结果显示:①GC/MS分析共鉴定出侧柏叶挥发油成分34种,占总成分的93.28%,其主要成分为:α-蒎烯(15.08%)、雪松醇(12.63%)、3-蒈烯(9.68%)和石竹烯(9.02%)。②通过生物活性筛选,侧柏叶挥发油对烟草甲和赤拟谷盗触杀的半数致死量分别为50.45和48.59μg/头;对二者熏蒸活性的半数致死浓度为145.40和39.25 mg/L。③从侧柏叶挥发油中得到3种活性成分:α-蒎烯、β-水芹烯和4-萜烯醇。因此,侧柏叶挥发油及其活性单体对烟草甲和赤拟谷盗均具有一定的触杀和熏蒸活性。      

Developing sequential sampling plans for classifying Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera, Anobiidae) status in a cigarette factory

This paper presents sequential sampling plans for classifying the pest status of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) based on complete counts from insects caught in sex pheromone traps in a cigarette factory. The sampling plan used 26 pheromone traps. As the adult population follows the negative binomial distribution, a sequential sampling plan was developed using the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT). Iwao's confidence interval method was also employed to analyse results. The sampling plan was implemented to assist management decision-making based on the economic threshold of 5 insects/trap/week.The results show that, using SPRT or Iwao's methods, managers can make decisions using only seven and six traps, respectively, with a minimum risk of incorrect assessment.     

不同虫态的烟草甲对磷化氢的敏感性及其电导率的测定

就不同虫态的烟草甲对PH3敏感性以及CO2效应进行了研究,测定了不同虫态的烟草甲匀浆液的电导率.结果表明,烟草甲对PH3的敏感性,以成虫最强,蛹和幼虫次之;CO2对PH3气体有增效作用.烟草甲的电导率以成虫最小,蛹和幼虫无明显差别,PH3处理后,烟草甲的匀浆液电导率上升,但加入CO2后,电导率则下降.     

A black mutation of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

A black body colour mutation of Lasioderma serricorne (F.), thought to be the first reported for this species, is characterized by autosomal semi-dominant inheritance. The exoskeleton of the adult mutant is black in homozygotes and dark brown in heterozygotes unlike the reddish-brown colour of the normal adult. The mutation is also visible during the latter part of each larval and the pupal stadium. The sexual vigor of mutant males, as determined by the proportion of mating attempts, matings and inseminations, was not different from that of normal males, and the average numbers of offspring produced by mutant and normal females did not differ significantly.     

Studies on insect infestation in chocolates

The ability of stored-product pests including the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, the rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and the almond moth, Ephestia cautella, to infest chocolates under packaged and unpackaged conditions was investigated in the laboratory at 25±1 °C and 65±5% r.h. Four types of chocolates were investigated: milk, nut, dried fruit and nut, and wafer chocolates. Adults (beetles only, 20 per replicate) or eggs (30 per replicate) were released on unpackaged and packaged chocolates and infestation levels (number of living adults and larvae) were determined 45 days later. When adult beetles were released on unpackaged chocolates, the degree of infestation varied depending on the species and the type of chocolate. The highest infestation observed in unpackaged chocolate was that of O. surinamensis in wafer chocolate (mean 138.4). When eggs were released on unpackaged chocolates, the most numerous species was E. cautella in dried fruit and nut chocolate (mean population=180.8). With packaged chocolates exposed to adults or eggs, insect infestation was nil or negligible (mean population <6.0). Although infestation levels were low, infestations were found in 50% of treatments over all. Damage to the packaging material along the folds or edges was observed in infested chocolates. The study has shown that milk, nut, dried fruit and nut, and wafer chocolates can support insect infestation and therefore, insect-proof packing of the chocolates and storage under hygienic conditions are important to avoid customers’ complaints.     

昆虫保幼激素类似物"双氧威"对烟草甲的生物学效应

采用点滴法测定了"双氧威"对烟草甲幼虫的生物活性,同时进行了室内防治试验和实仓防治试验.结果表明"双氧威"对烟草甲幼虫的急性触杀活性不明显,但存在着显著的类保幼激素的后续效应,对烟草甲有极强的抑制作用.在用药量10～20 mg/kg的浓度下处理烟叶10个月后,对烟草甲和烟草粉螟的防治效果达到100%.     

Insecticidal effect of six entomopathogenic nematode strains against Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The insecticidal effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae), Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, Jackson and Klein (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) and two strains of Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was examined under laboratory conditions. The nematodes were applied at the following doses: 0 (control), 100, 1000, 5000, 10,000 and 20,000 infective juveniles (IJs) per ml, corresponding to 0, 10, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 IJs per insect, and their infectivity was tested at 27 °C and 70% r.h. after 4 and 8 days of exposure. Adult emergence and progeny production was evaluated 4 and 8 weeks after the initiation of the bioassays. In the case of L. serricorne adults, one strain of S. carpocapsae caused 15.6 and 58.9% mortality after 4 and 8 days exposure, respectively, in semolina treated with 20,000 IJs per ml. On the other hand, larval mortality of L. serricorne did not exceed 19% in all treatments tested. Similarly, larval mortality of T. confusum was low, reaching 15.2 and 22.4% after 4 and 8 days exposure, respectively, at the highest dose tested. This is the first report on the effect of entomopathogenic nematodes against the cigarette beetle L. serricorne. Further experimental work is required to optimize the conditions under which these entomopathogenic nematodes could be used for the effective control of stored-product pests.