12种苜蓿叶片表面微形态结构的比较

应用扫描电子显微镜对苜蓿的12个品种叶片表面气孔、表皮毛和蜡质微形态进行了观察比较.结果显示:不同品种苜蓿叶片表皮气孔开度和密度﹑表皮毛长度和密度、蜡质形态均有较大的差异.4、7和11号品种上下表皮气孔开度比较小;除4号品种叶片的上表皮有表皮毛外,其它品种均无表皮毛的存在,4、5、12号品种的下表皮毛密度较大、表皮毛较长;不同品种苜蓿的上表皮均有蜡质覆盖,且4、9和10号品种蜡质覆盖较密集,下表皮中只有2、4、5、6、7、9号品种存在蜡质,且2、5、6和7号品种蜡质覆盖较密集,叶片表面蜡质出现线状、螺旋桨状、垂直片状、网状和棒状5种形态.气孔的开度和密度及表皮毛的长度和密度、蜡质的分布与苜蓿的抗旱性强弱存在一定的相关性.     

6个灰楸无性系叶片表皮微形态特征比较

为加快灰楸高抗品种选育进程,优化灰楸引种栽培管理方案.本研究采用扫描电镜技术对灰楸6个无性系叶片表皮微形态进行了观察.结果表明:灰楸无性系间表皮蜡质纹饰特征、蜡质纹饰分布量、气孔器类型、气孔器尺寸等微形态特征均有较大差异.07027、07028和07069无性系气孔器长度和宽度均较大,07027和07069无性系蜡质纹饰呈细条状,且分布量明显小于其他系号.07032和07040无性系气孔尺寸和开度较为适中,蜡质纹饰呈皱褶粗条状,大量密集于气孔器周围.此外,07032和07040无性系具有明显的气孔下陷特征.07029无性系气孔尺寸显著最小,蜡质纹饰分布较多,但非腺毛分布较为稀疏.根据与抗性相关的叶片解剖形态特征综合评价了灰楸无性系抗逆性,发现07032和07040无性系叶片微形态表现出优良的抗旱或抗寒能力,初步认为07032和07040无性系为灰楸优良高抗无性系.     

木立芦荟发育过程中叶表皮角质膜和蜡质的变化

应用扫描电镜观察了不同发育阶段的木立芦荟叶表面角质膜、蜡质的形态结构。结果显示,在木立芦荟叶发育的早期,叶表面只有一层薄的角质膜,没有蜡质。随着叶的发育,角质膜逐渐增厚,在角质膜表面逐渐形成瘤状蜡质突起。当叶发育成熟时,表面覆盖有厚的角质膜,角质膜上分布有密集的瘤状蜡质。在叶表皮上分布有下陷的气孔,气孔上方的角质膜和蜡质呈筒状围绕在气孔四周。由于木立芦荟叶表气孔下陷,又覆盖着厚的角质膜和密集的蜡质．能有效地减少水分散失和增强叶片反射光辐射的能力,因此,芦荟能适应干旱、强光照的环境。     

黑龙江苹果亚科植物叶表皮形态结构的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江苹果亚科14种植物叶表皮微形态进行比较研究。结果显示:(1)叶表皮细胞呈多边形或无规则形,垂周壁式样呈平直或弓形、浅波纹、深波纹;(2)除无毛花楸无表皮毛外,其它均具有表皮毛,类型均为单细胞不分支非腺毛;(3)叶表皮纹饰呈均匀分布蜡质纹饰和仅气孔周围有蜡质条纹;(4)气孔器均在下表皮分布,且气孔器类型为轮列型、无规则型或不典型辐射型;气孔外拱盖为单层或双层,内缘近平滑或不规则波状;保卫细胞两极仅在水榆花楸、毛山楂、黑果栒子和全缘栒子中出现"T"型加厚。研究表明,该亚科下5属间的叶表皮微形态特征存在一定差异,属内种间在气孔器、表皮毛以及表皮纹饰特征上存在一致性,为属间的系统分类和演化提供了形态结构的依据。     

极危孑遗蕨类中华水韭叶结构的系统学意义

水韭属是濒危的孑遗植物,是研究古生态及其物种演化的活化石。本文用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察了中华水韭叶片的结构特征,首次报道了:(1)通气道横隔细胞在同一平面以5~7个放射状短臂相互连接,且细胞表面有数百个微纤毛;(2)叶表皮为复表皮;(3)光合细胞以5~7个短臂在3D空间相互连接;(4)叶脉不分支,管胞的环纹与初生壁间另有连接结构,管胞周围有薄壁细胞紧密包围;(5)舌足与叶肉嵌合处各有表皮;(6)自气孔下室观察了气孔器的内侧结构,为气孔研究拓展了视野。认为水韭属叶片的超微3D结构具有稳定的特殊性和复杂性,与近源的石松科及卷柏科相差甚远,证明水韭有孤立的演化路线。     

肉豆蔻科（Myristicaceae）3属国产种类的叶表皮形态观察

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了肉豆蔻科（Myristicaceae）国产3属9种植物的叶表皮,研究各种的叶表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、表皮蜡质纹饰及表皮毛的具体特征,测量并统计了气孔器类型、气孔密度等指标。结果显示：所观察的种类表皮细胞排列都很整齐,表皮细胞多边形或不规则形,垂周壁垂直或呈波状。表皮细胞覆盖角质层且仅远轴面具气孔,气孔器类型多为平列型,2～5个副卫细胞,在红光树属发现4气孔或5气孔集生的现象;有些种具星状毛。肉豆蔻科植物气孔器、角质层纹饰和表皮毛特征在属之间差异比较明显,可以作为划分属的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。     

不同光强与光质对“达赛莱克特”草莓叶片形态结构的影响

为了揭示光环境对‘达赛莱克特’草莓叶片形态结构的影响,本研究利用不同透光率的遮阳网和不同光质膜对该品种草莓的生长进行处理,采用常规石蜡制片技术对叶片的形态结构进行了观察。三种光强与五种光质膜处理使叶片变大、变薄,增加了叶形状比,减小了上表皮厚度;70%遮阴及红膜处理上表皮细胞的长宽比增加,而50%、90%遮荫及白膜处理则减小;遮荫与各色滤膜处理均抑制了栅栏组织的形成;除了白膜处理栅栏组织细胞长度明显高于对照外,其余各处理其长度都小于对照。该研究揭示了随遮荫强度的增加叶厚、叶形状比及栅栏组织的厚度和栅栏细胞的长度递减;结合各有色膜的透射率的测定结果,蓝膜降低叶片厚度和增加叶形状比,黄膜降低了栅栏组织的厚度和栅栏细胞的长度。     

番荔枝属不同品种叶表面微形态的电镜观察

应用扫描电子显微镜对番荔枝属九个番荔枝品种的叶表面角质、蜡质、表皮毛、气孔等微形态进行了观察比较.结果显示：它们之间的叶表面表皮毛、角质、蜡质和气孔等微形态均有较大的差异.秘鲁番荔枝、AP杂交番荔枝、无核番荔枝上下表面均具有单列丝状毛,气孔只分布于下表面;普通番荔枝、圆滑番荔枝、粗鳞番荔枝叶表面均无表皮毛;秘鲁番荔枝、AP杂交番荔枝、普通番荔枝、粗鳞番荔枝上下表皮角质呈不规则的岛状突起,而圆滑番荔枝、无核番荔枝表面角质较平,角质膜形状不甚清晰;以上所述番荔枝叶表面都覆盖有密厚的针晶状蜡被;除圆滑番荔枝的气孔有副卫细胞外,其它气孔只有保卫细胞而无副卫细胞;刺番荔枝、山刺番荔枝、牛心番荔枝的叶表皮毛为短棍棒状,其表皮角质细胞呈乳突状或波状突起;山刺番荔枝的棒状毛顶端钝圆,而刺番荔枝与牛心番荔枝的棒状毛顶端尖锐;刺番荔枝和山刺番荔枝只有下表皮才具有棒状毛,其气孔形状近似圆形,孔口略内陷于表皮层,牛心番荔枝表面角质呈不规则波状突起,气孔细长稍突.由于这些不同的叶表面微形态是长期受各物种原产地的气候、环境条件影响所形成的,因此研究番荔枝品种的叶表面微形态结构,对正确引种和推广番荔枝果树种植有着重要的意义.     

六种城市行道树叶表皮重金属元素含量及形态结构的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线能谱仪(EDS)对哈尔滨6种城市行道树叶表皮重金属(铬、镍、锌、铜、铅、镉)含量和形态结构特征进行了观察和分析。结果表明:交通流量大的路段、交通流量相对较小的路段、公园中的行道树叶表皮重金属含量(Cu、Zn除外)呈下降趋势;垂榆(Ulmus pumila var.pendula)中Cr元素含量较高,榆叶梅(Prunus triloba)Ni元素的含量较高,旱柳(Salix matsudana)Cd元素含量较高,小叶丁香(Syringa microphylla)和紫丁香(S.oblata)Pd元素含量较高。行道树叶表皮具有脊状突起和不规则排列的气孔;仅旱柳下表皮蜡质表层较厚;家榆(U.pumila)具有纤毛,小叶丁香具有腺毛,榆叶梅具有单细胞不分支的毛。通过对行道树叶表皮的重金属元素含量分析及形态结构的观察,探讨了城市行道树对重金属元素颗粒吸滞能力,为城市防污绿化树种的选择、生物监测和环境质量评价提供科学理论依据和参考价值。     

‘麦香’桃叶片变色期色素含量及超微结构的变化

本文以桃的栽培品种‘麦香’（Prunus persica‘mai xiang’）为试材,在8月中旬其叶片由绿变紫红时,对其不同叶位的叶片色素含量进行了测定;以叶色维持绿色不变的品种‘照手姬’桃（Prunus persica‘terutehime’）为对照,并观察了这2个品种的叶片细胞超微结构。结果表明：当花色苷与总叶绿素、类胡萝卜含量的比值约为1∶3.86∶0.43时叶片开始转为淡紫色;当三者含量的比值达到1∶1.70∶0.18时,‘麦香’的整个叶片转变为紫色;当三者的比值大于1∶1.35∶0.16时,叶片的紫色加深变为紫红色。超微结构研究发现,‘麦香’的顶端嫩叶与‘照手姬’的存在显著差异,‘照手姬’桃叶绿体基粒片层清晰,而此时‘麦香’叶绿体基粒片层已表现出明显的松散,线粒体膜有降解现象,而且在上表皮细胞和栅栏组织的液泡中已存在不明物质,这种幼龄期表现的衰老迹象,可能是‘麦香’桃的早熟性决定的。在基部叶片的超微结构中,两品种都出现了相似的衰老现象,即叶绿体片层结构严重扭曲并出现解体现象、嗜锇颗粒增多变大、线粒体外膜解体,内嵴混乱。此外’麦香’叶片中还显示出特有的结构：栅栏组织细胞的液泡和上表皮细胞出现大量絮状或粒状的黑色物质。本实验结果表明,‘麦香’桃叶片的成色取决于花色苷和总叶绿素的比例,‘麦香’桃在变色期合成花色苷,然后可能运输到栅栏组织的液泡和上表皮细胞,使叶片呈现紫红色。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks     

Call for Papers—Feature Topic,Vol.12,No.7,2015

正Information Centric Networking Information-Centric Networking(ICN) is an emerging direction in Future Internet architecture research,gaining significant tractions among academia and industry.Aiming to replace the conventional host-to-host communication model by a data-centric model,ICN treats data content as the first