火灾下紧急逃生的虚拟现实系统开发与评估

在真实环境下进行火灾紧急逃生的研究是非常困难的,这不仅需要花费高昂的费用,同时可能对实验参与人员造成人身伤害。随着计算机技术的发展,虚拟现实系统成为研究人在火灾情况下紧急逃生问题的有效工具。本文研究和开发了一种用于火灾情况下紧急逃生研究的虚拟现实系统。在硬件方面,本系统采用6屏环绕式的成像方式,通过具有特殊设计的旋转座椅与虚拟场景进行交互;在软件方面,本系统实现了火、烟雾、爆炸等视觉效果,以及火警警报、爆炸声、燃烧声等听觉效果。更重要的是,本系统通过烟雾发生器在真实环境下产生烟雾,给用户以真实的嗅觉及视觉刺激,从而营造出更具沉浸性的火灾场景。通过20名用户的主观评价对本系统的使用效度进行评估。本系统可以用于评估建筑物布局,研究火灾中人的行为特征以及评价不同干预方法对火灾逃生效果的影响等。     

高层建筑住宅火灾疏散策略研究

城市高层建筑群迅速增加,给消防工作带来新的挑战,火灾一旦发生易造成大量人员伤亡,为了使人员能够在可用的疏散时间逃生,最大限度的减少灾害损失,本文利用火灾模拟系统针对不同火灾场景,推算各火灾场景的可用疏散时间,并基于Pathfinder疏散模拟软件,构建楼梯与消防电梯结合的疏散策略:(1)高层建筑物应配备消防电梯;(2)在可疏散时间内,火源在高层建筑的中部及以上位置时,最高两层的人员应采用消防电梯疏散;(3)火源在低楼层位置下全部人员应采用楼梯疏散。     

噪声敏感建筑隔声与声舒适性要求

住宅声学性能将在心理、生理和社会上影响住户,声学舒适性是高要求敏感建筑设计和施工中的重要考虑因素。文章对比分析了中国和欧美等国家隔声指标和要求的差异,发现国内住宅空气声隔声指标比国外的指标要求低4～10 dB;楼板撞击声压级比国外的要求高3～25 dB,最大偏差达到-25 dB。考虑到城市化进程的不断推进,城镇居住密度和容积率的不断增大,以及多高层居住建筑的大量应用,以预期满意度50%～67%为目标,建议住宅声学设计标准在现有的标准和规范基础上提高5 dB左右,以期改善住宅的声学品质和住户的声学满意度,而后期开展相应的声学社会调查,改善居住声学环境是十分必要的。     

建筑火灾中远程交互模式对寻路绩效的影响

火灾搜救团队在高层建筑火灾中信息交互手段受限且缺乏理论支持。本文根据空间信息的传递方式选取3种交互模式：1） 语音;2） 建筑平面图及规范语音;3） 视频。实地模拟高层建筑火场进行实验,记录并分析参试者逃生时间与路程。结果表明,在语言沟通方式下,逃生时间与逃生所走的总距离最长。在建筑平面图及语音沟通方式下,逃生时间与逃生所走的总距离最短。在动态环境下,建筑平面图及规范语音的交互模式使得寻路更高效且更准确。     

经验因素与车道类型对汽车驾驶员变道决策的影响

目的考察驾驶经验与车道类型对驾驶员变道决策的影响以及不同经验驾驶员的眼动注意搜索模式。方法使用Tobii眼动仪和驾驶场景视频收集了35名驾驶员的变道决策反应时、变道频率及眼动数据。结果驾驶经验与车道类型对驾驶员变道决策反应时交互作用显著;驾驶经验、车道类型与兴趣区对驾驶员总注视时间交互作用显著,同时驾驶员前方视野总注视时间对其边侧车道变道决策反应时有负向预测作用。结论中间车道条件下,实习驾驶员变道决策反应时更慢;边侧车道条件下结论相反;中间车道条件下,实习驾驶员对于侧视镜的总注视时间更长;边侧车道条件下,实习驾驶员对于前方视野的总注视时间更长;边侧车道条件下,实习驾驶员对于前方视野注视时间越长,变道决策反应时越快,这可以被视为实习驾驶员变道决策反应时更快的主要视觉注意机制。本研究对驾驶员改善变道行为和安全驾驶具有重要意义。     

基于高层老年人照料设施的消防管控技术应用

由于建筑高度及服务于老年群体的特殊性,导致高层老年人照料设施在火灾疏散逃生和灭火救援方面存在着较大难度,极易造成群死群伤恶性火灾事故。尤其是2015年"5.25"河南省平顶山市鲁山县老年公寓特别重大火灾事故发生后,老年人照料设施,特别是高层(建筑高度大于24 m)老年人照料设施的消防管控技术成为社会共同关注的课题。     

新的关于建筑逃生和撤离计划的国际标准能够拯救人们的生命

一项新的ISO标准将有助于确保建筑发生火灾时，居住者在试图撤离的时候不用为了理解逃生计划和逃生标志费很大的劲。《ISO23601：2009，安全鉴定——逃生和撤离计划标志》，建立了建筑中标注的逃生计划的设计标准，逃生计划包含在遇到火灾时该如何保存生命、逃生、撤离和拯救建筑中居住看的重要信息。     

关于高层建筑地下防水工程施工监理探讨

近年来,由于某些地下结构防水工程质量较差,导致地下室漏水事件时有发生。地下室漏水不仅给居民生活的居住环境造成不利影响,如果地下混凝土结构长期渗水,一方面会使混凝土中的钙大量流失;另一方面会使混凝土中的钢筋锈蚀,从而破坏了地下混凝土结构的整体性,进而影响了主体结构的稳定性和使用寿命。因此做好高层建筑物地下结构的防水,不仅会给住户带来一个舒适的生活环境,而且对主体结构的使用寿命也是百年大计的事。     

规则隔震结构等效简化模型的研究

在Kelly等人研究的基础上,以结构周期、总基底剪力和总基底弯矩相等为等效准则,将多自由度结构简化为与之等效的两自由度模型结构。通过对一些规则结构的数值模拟分析,给出了这个模型结构系统参数的简化计算公式。这样对简化后的等效模型结构应用振型分解反应谱法,可求出原结构考虑高阶振型影响的结构最大地震反应。其计算简单、可不依靠计算机进行。而将这种等效方法应用于高层隔震结构,可较准确的对其最大地震反应进行预测。计算实例也证明了,这种等效方法是简便可行的。这为高层隔震结构实用设计方法的研究提供了基础。     

不同自动化场景对管制员眼动行为影响研究

目的为了确保航空安全,研究不同自动化水平下的管制员信息获取行为,确定不同自动化水平下管制员眼动行为差异。方法根据空中交通管理系统发展历史和趋势,将自动化水平分为三个级别(无自动化、低自动化、高自动化),模拟不同级别的自动化场景设置了多组实验,采集了管制学员的眼动行为数据,研究了不同场景下管制员眼动行为的差异。结果对比无、低度自动化场景,高自动化场景下管制员拥有较短的注视持续时间、较少的注视点个数、较低的注视熵和较慢的平均眼跳速度,但是具有较高的条件熵和较长的眼跳持续时间;注视熵和条件熵呈现负相关关系。结论在不同自动化水平下,管制员视觉搜索模式有所不同,在高度自动化系统下,管制员视觉搜索行为更无规律,需要注意管制员视觉搜索行为上的变化给航空安全所造成的影响。     

单纯热烟浮力作用下竖井结构内火灾烟气温度变化规律研究

热烟浮力对高层（超高层）建筑竖井结构内火灾烟气蔓延规律具有较大影响。该文采用现场实验、理论分析及场模拟相结合的研究方法,通过设置8个不同火灾场景,分别测试了不同火源功率条件下不同时间以及不同竖井高度处的温度变化情况,最终总结出单纯热烟浮力作用下竖井结构内的烟气温度变化规律,为高层建筑实际防火设计及人员疏散提供理论基础和...     

Anthropomorphic motion control of a gantry robot in assembly cells

Abstract

The demand for flexible production systems in which the flexibility at assembly processes is increased by new forms of human-robot collaboration rises. Besides occupational safety the transparency of the robot’s actions and the mental effort are of special importance. Based on the fact that anthropomorphic features of a robotic system can improve its acceptance, anthropomorphic movements of a gantry robot in an assembly cell are compared to conventional point-to-point movements. Results of a study with 20 male participants, in which the influence of these movements of the gantry robot on mental effort, prediction time and prediction accuracy was investigated, are presented in this paper. Results show that the participants could predict the target position of the presented movement significantly faster and more accurately when the gantry robot was controlled by the anthropomorphic motion primitives (α?=?0.05). The mental effort ratings show in general reduced values for the anthropomorphic movement, but this effect is statistically not significant.     

火灾后型钢混凝土梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

通过4个火灾后型钢混凝土柱-型钢混凝土梁节点试件及2个常温未受火对比试件的低周反复加载试验,研究火灾后该类节点的滞回特性、延性、耗能性能、承载力与刚度退化规律,分析了受火时间、轴压比对火灾后该类节点的抗震性能的影响。结果表明:火灾后试件与常温未受火试件的破坏过程和破坏形态基本一致。经历火灾损伤后,型钢混凝土梁柱节点的滞回曲线仍然饱满,但试件承载力降低、变形增大、延性减弱,受火时间越长,承载力下降程度越高、变形增加程度越大、延性系数越小。反复荷载下型钢混凝土梁柱节点的强度出现衰减,加载初期的衰减系数随位移的增大而减小,加载后期的衰减系数随位移的增大总体保持稳定,体现出良好的抗荷载循环能力。与常温未受火试件相比,高温后试件加载初期的刚度降低、等效阻尼比增大,受火时间越长,刚度降低和等效阻尼比增大的程度越高。随着加载的进程,高温后试件的刚度与常温未受火时间刚度逐渐趋向一致,但等效阻尼比相比常温未受火试件减小,受火时间越长,减小程度越高。轴压比对火灾后节点的抗震性能产生一定影响,随着轴压比的增大,试件强度和刚度有所提高,但延性下降。     

Behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete columns in fire

This paper presents the results of a research program on the behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete columns in fire. Several fire resistance tests on fiber concrete columns with restrained thermal elongation were carried out. The percentage of steel reinforcing bars on the testing columns varied in function of the percentage of steel fibers being always the total amount of steel (steel fibers + steel reinforcement) similar. The aim of this research was to study the possibility of replacing the longitudinal reinforcement bars on the concrete columns by steel fibers. Furthermore, polypropylene fibers were also used on the concrete in order to enhance the fire behaviour of the columns and avoid the concrete spalling. Polypropylene fibers under fire action will create a network of micro-channels for the escape of the water vapour.     

Traffic sense--which factors influence the skill to predict the development of traffic scenes?

A study was conducted to evaluate the skill to predict the development of traffic situations. A stop-controlled intersection was filmed over several days, and 12 scenes with varying traffic complexity were selected. In half of the scenes, the traffic rules were violated, in half of the scenes, the rules were observed. A total of 36 participants were asked to watch the scenes and predict how the scene would most likely develop in the 2s after the film was paused. Additionally, the participants rated how certain they were about their prediction, and how complex and dangerous they assessed the scenes to be. With the method used here, experienced drivers were not found to make more correct predictions of situational development, and no difference in skill to predict could be found between genders. Nevertheless, more experienced drivers were more certain in their judgements and evaluated the situations on average as less complex and dangerous than did less experienced drivers. Scenes in which the traffic rules were violated were more difficult to predict correctly. The scenes in which the participants predicted violations were rated as more complex and dangerous. It is concluded that the low-cost method used here is more useful for examining which scenes are generally easy or difficult to predict and how they are experienced subjectively than to investigate differences in performance for different driver categories.     

磁悬浮运动中电磁铁磁滞特性的非线性影响研究

超精密磁悬浮运动控制中,电磁铁铁心及衔铁导轨中存在的磁滞特性是导致电磁力难以实现精确控制的重要原因之一.研究磁滞特性对电磁力的非线性影响规律并建立其非线性模型具有重要意义.通过研究磁悬浮精密运动中电磁铁磁滞特性对气隙处磁感应强度的影响,分析了带气隙磁路磁滞特性建模原理,建立了包含Jiles Atherton模型的电磁铁磁浮力非线性模型,并采用粒子群优化算法对该模型参数进行实验验证.结果表明,磁悬浮精密运动中电磁铁磁滞特性不容忽视,采用经参数辨识得到的新模型比采用传统模型计算得到的气隙磁感应强度值更精确、更接近实测值.研究结果为提高磁悬浮精密运动中电磁力的精确控制提供了重要参考价值.     

Differing types of cellular phone conversations and dangerous driving

This study sought to investigate the relationship between cell phone conversation type and dangerous driving behaviors. It was hypothesized that more emotional phone conversations engaged in while driving would produce greater frequencies of dangerous driving behaviors in a simulated environment than more mundane conversation or no phone conversation at all. Participants were semi-randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) no call, (2) mundane call, and, (3) emotional call. While driving in a simulated environment, participants in the experimental groups received a phone call from a research confederate who either engaged them in innocuous conversation (mundane call) or arguing the opposite position of a deeply held belief of the participant (emotional call). Participants in the no call and mundane call groups differed significantly only on percent time spent speeding and center line crossings, though the mundane call group consistently engaged in more of all dangerous driving behaviors than did the no call participants. Participants in the emotional call group engaged in significantly more dangerous driving behaviors than participants in both the no call and mundane call groups, with the exception of traffic light infractions, where there were no significant group differences. Though there is need for replication, the authors concluded that whereas talking on a cell phone while driving is risky to begin with, having emotionally intense conversations is considerably more dangerous.     

基于多尺度建模的钢管混凝土组合框架耐火性能数值模拟

钢管混凝土组合框架在局部火灾作用下可能会出现由于受火柱破坏而引发的结构连续性倒塌破坏。在合理选取钢材与混凝土的热-力本构模型的基础上,合理选取了组合框架中梁柱构件单元模型及其相互作用模型,基于ABAQUS软件用多尺度建模方法建立了局部火灾作用下三层三跨钢管混凝土平面组合框架的数值模型,对4种典型火灾工况下结构整体变形、内力分布、破坏机制等进行了分析研究,并在此基础上进行了不同火灾工况下组合框架的耐火极限计算。结果表明:框架中间层受火时,由于周围构件的约束作用明显而使得其耐火极限最大。