棕榈油甲酯制备生物润滑油三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸三酯的工艺研究

以棕榈油脂肪酸甲酯(fatty acid methyl ester,FAME)和三羟甲基丙烷(trimethylolpropane,TMP)为原料,经酯交换反应制备可用作生物润滑油基础油的三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸三酯(trimethylolpropane fatty acidtiester,TFATE)。通过比较FAME的转化率和TFATE在反应混合物中的含量,探讨了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、反应物物质的量比及真空度对反应的影响。最佳合成条件为:催化剂为三羟甲基丙烷钾(Trimethylolpropane mono potassium salt,TMP-K),催化剂添加量为TMP-K与TMP物质的量比0.02∶1,反应时间1 h,反应温度128℃,FAME与TMP物质的量比4∶1,反应压力为300 Pa,在此条件下,脂肪酸甲酯的转化率为91.78%,反应混合物中TFATE质量分数为90.11%。经分子蒸馏分离纯化后终产品TFATE质量分数为97.02%。     

大豆油和棕榈油制备生物润滑油基础油三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸酯的理化性质分析

按照美国材料与试验协会国际标准(ASTM)对大豆油和棕榈油制备的生物润滑油基础油三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸酯(TMPFAE)的理化性质进行测定。大豆油脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)与三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)分别按照物质的量比为4∶1、3.1∶1,棕榈油FAME与TMP按照物质的量比3.1∶1进行反应,用K2CO3作为催化剂合成三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸三酯(TFATE)。结果表明:棕榈油FAME转化率为76.95%,TMPFAE中TFATE含量为66.88%,大豆油FAME(nFAME∶nTMP=3.1∶1)转化率为74.83%,TMPFAE中TFATE含量为54.76%;大豆油TMPFAE低温性能较好,但是氧化稳定性较差,运动黏度和动力黏度较低;而棕榈油TMPFAE氧化稳定性好,但是低温性能差。     

响应面法优化微波条件下三羟甲基丙烷脂肪酸酯的合成工艺

以三羟甲基丙烷和油酸为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,探讨了反应时间、反应温度、微波功率、酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量等因素对三羟甲基丙烷油酸酯酯化率的影响.通过Design-Expert 7.1 软件中的响应面法对反应条件进行优化,确定最佳合成条件为:反应时间16.08 min,反应温度111.75 ℃,催化剂用量3.04%,酸醇摩尔比3∶1,微波功率637 W,在此条件下三羟甲基丙烷油酸酯的酯化率达到84.40%.在上述的最优条件下,分别合成三羟甲基丙烷月桂酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷豆蔻酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷癸酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷辛酸酯,其酯化率分别为80.97%、87.03%、80.73%和81.24%.     

氮-磷膨胀型阻燃剂的合成及表征

以亚磷酸二甲酯、甲醇钠、丙烯酰胺、氢氧化钠、三羟甲基丙烷为原料,合成氮-磷膨胀型阻燃剂,探究丙烯酰胺与三羟甲基丙烷的摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间对阻燃性能的影响.通过正交实验,确定最佳反应条件为丙烯酰胺与三羟甲基丙烷的摩尔比为1∶1.2,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为1h,此时阻燃剂的剩炭率为45.31％,膨胀高度为2.5...     

三羟甲基丙烷单烯丙基醚二辛酸酯改性硅油的合成及热性能表征

以三羟甲基丙烷单烯丙基醚二辛酸酯和低含氢硅油为原料,在氯铂酸催化下发生硅氢加成反应,合成了三羟甲基丙烷单烯丙基醚二辛酸酯改性硅油。根据反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和物料比n(辛酸酯)/n(低含氢硅油)对产物收率的影响设计了正交试验。在正交试验结果的基础上借助反应条件的单因素分析,确定了最佳反应条件:反应温度为110℃、反应时间为6 h,催化剂用量为50×10-6,物料比n(辛酸酯)/n(低含氢硅油)=1.0。采用红外光谱以及热重分析对产物进行表征,结果表明,三羟甲基丙烷单烯丙基醚二辛酸酯已经接枝到硅油主链中,并且产物具有良好的热稳定性。     

超声条件下缩水甘油基三甲基氯化铵改性PVA的研究

超声条件下用三甲胺(TMA)和环氧氟丙烷(EPIC)合成中间体醚化剂缩水甘油基三甲基氯化铵(GTA),用GTA改性聚乙烯醇(PVA)得到阳离子聚乙烯醇.合成GTA的优化条件为:反应温度20℃,n(EPIC)/n(TMA)=1:0.4,反应时间0.5h,GTA产率91.42%.合成阳离子聚乙烯醇的优化条件为:n(PVA)/n(GTA)=1.5:1,pH=7～8,反应1.5h,取代度(DS)=0.041.对产物进行元素分析和红外表征,结果表明制备的阳离子聚乙烯醇性能优良.     

红花籽油醇解法制备脂肪酸乙酯

通过红花籽油乙醇解反应制备脂肪酸乙酯.研究了反应时间、醇油摩尔比、催化剂(氢氧化钠)用量(占红花籽油质量)、反应温度对红花籽油乙醇解反应的影响.通过单因素实验确定的最佳反应条件为:反应时间60 min,醇油摩尔比7.5∶1,氢氧化钠用量0.5%,反应温度75℃.在此条件下产物中各组分含量分别为:乙酯94.5%,甘三酯0.3%,甘二酯1.0%,甘一酯3.6%,脂肪酸0.6%.     

酸性离子液体催化大豆油酸解反应

研究了酸性离子液体催化大豆油与辛酸、癸酸反应合成中长碳链结构脂的主要影响因素。对离子液体进行了筛选,考察了底物摩尔比(大豆油与辛酸癸酸混合物(摩尔比3∶1)摩尔比)、催化剂添加量、反应温度、反应时间对中碳链脂肪酸(MCFA)结合率的影响。以1-羧甲基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐为催化剂,利用单因素实验确定最佳反应条件为:底物摩尔比1∶8,催化剂添加量12%(以底物质量计),反应时间9 h,反应温度130℃。在最佳反应条件下,反应产物中MCFA的结合率为46.72%,辛酸、癸酸的结合率分别为30.04%、16.68%。通过考察辛酸、癸酸参与反应的难易程度可知,癸酸较辛酸更容易发生酸解反应。     

酸性离子液体催化合成中碳链甘三酯的研究

在无溶剂体系下,采用离子液体—1-甲基-3-磺丙基咪唑硫酸氢盐[Spmim][HSO4]催化甘油和中碳链脂肪酸(辛酸和癸酸混合物)酯化合成中碳链甘三酯.在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面设计对反应条件进行优化,得到最佳反应条件为:反应温度160℃,反应时间14.03 h,催化剂加入量(以脂肪酸和甘油的总质量计)0.74％,底物摩尔比(脂肪酸与甘油摩尔比)3.2∶1.在最佳工艺条件下,中碳链甘三酯的得率为92.90％,酯化率为95.48％,产物中甘二酯、甘一酯和游离脂肪酸含量分别为2.38％、0.21％和4.51％.     

超声条件下新型醚化剂环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵（GTA）的合成与表征

环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵（GTA）是新型高效醚化剂,可改性聚合物,制备阳离子聚合物,用途广泛。本文以三甲胺与环氧氯丙烷（EPIC）超声条件下反应合成GTA。实验得出GTA的最佳合成条件为：n（TMA）∶n（EPIC）=0.25,反应时间为1.5 h,反应温度为25℃,最佳溶剂为丙酮,GTA的产率为96.57%,熔点为138~139℃。通过元素分析和红外光谱对GTA进行了结构表征。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press