铁路用钢轨及其制造技术

总结分析了货运铁路和客运铁路用钢轨的典型成分体系与性能,阐述了铁路用钢轨在冶炼、连铸、热轧等制造流程中存在的关键技术问题,以及该技术在国内外的新进展,着重分析了万能轧制技术制造铁路用钢轨的特点及其关键技术。从成分体系开发、制造技术等方面分析了国内铁路用钢轨的生产现状及质量水平。     

Growth of the production of rails from continuous-cast semifinished products of electrical steel

Since 2001, the Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Combine has produced 3.0 million tons of R65 railroad rails of continuous-cast steel made in electric furnaces. The combine has significantly improved all the most important quality indices of the steel during this period, and the service life of the rails has increased from 0.5·10⁹ to (0.8–1)·10⁹ tons gross. The combine has mastered the production of rails with superior cold resistance and rails suited of use in high-speed rail systems. It is beginning production of rails with a bainitic structure and rails made of hypereutectoid steels. All these results have been obtained through the construction of new production facilities and modernization of the combine’s existing equipment. Plans for future rail production include extensive reconstruction of the heat-treatment section of the rail-beam shop and reconstruction of the machine-tool bay, the latter involving replacement of part of the equipment. Arc steelmaking furnace No. 1 and two continuous casters will be rebuilt in the electric steelmaking shop. The ultimate goal is to increase the durability and reliability of the rails so as to put them on par with the best rails in the world.     

出口印尼900A淬火钢轨生产实践

研究制定了900A UIC54 kg/m淬火钢轨试制方案,通过对900A钢轨成分优化和淬火工艺调整,进行了批量生产。对900A淬火钢轨的生产进行了总结,并对钢轨性能进行了研究及评价。研究表明生产出的淬火钢轨尺寸精度、表面质量、力学性能、硬度等各项指标均满足相关标准以及用户的要求。     

淬火轨成分调整及工艺研究

通过研究目前铁路上使用的淬火轨,对包钢离线全长淬火钢轨成分进行调整,并制订了CPD3、CBNbRE热处理工艺参数,使淬火钢轨的综合性能明显提高.     

包钢取消降级品对重轨质量的影响

中国加快了高速铁路建设,铁路建设需要大量的钢轨,为了把握住铁路大发展、重轨销售形势良好的时机,提高重轨实物质量水平,满足市场对重轨的需求,2007年,包钢将重轨降级品改判为废品,同时针对重轨的主要缺陷采取了有效的控制措施,重轨质量得到提高,扩大了市场份额,产生了较高的经济效益。     

百米高速重轨CCS万能轧机中钢轨横移及定尺切断装置

介绍了百米高速重轨CCS万能轧机中钢轨横移及定尺切断装置设计的问题,然后对百米重轨CCS万能轧机后钢轨横移及定尺切断装置的设备组成、功能及布置进行了全面说明,并重点介绍钢轨及型钢分段工艺流程;最后阐述了百米重轨CCS万能轧机后钢轨横移及定尺切断装置对百米重轨及型钢生产具有重要意义。     

高速铁路钢轨质量评估

主要对“高速铁路钢轨质量评估”项目的总体情况进行综述,介绍高速铁路钢轨技术以及钢轨质量评估内容、方案、结果等,从钢轨母材及道岔钢轨的质量、钢轨焊接接头的质量、中国钢轨理化性能及标准与高速铁路发达国家的对比、钢轨和焊接接头的使用跟踪、高速铁路钢轨微观组织及伤损机制分析、钢轨生产稳定性评价等方面进行评估。结果表明：中国高速铁路钢轨、焊接接头及道岔轨的质量满足相关标准要求;中国高速铁路用钢轨的标准和质量与国外先进国家处于同一水平,满足了中国高速铁路大规模建设的需求;中国高速铁路钢轨性能优良、质量稳定,钢轨技术安全可靠,可保证高速铁路安全运营。     

满足高(快)速铁路要求加速攀钢钢轨技术开发

简要介绍了高（快）速铁路的发展,分析了高（快）速铁路对钢轨的要求。并在对比、分析了国内外钢轨质量、生产现状的基础上,就攀钢开发时速300km高速铁路钢轨提出了对策和措施。     

Differential heat treatment of rails

Experimental data are presented regarding the differential quenching of rails in air and the properties of the first batch of differentially quenched rail (length 100 m) subjected to certification tests. The prospects for the new class of rails are assessed.     

钢轨中大尺寸外来夹杂物分析

 钢轨中大尺寸外来夹杂物的存在危及行车安全。通过统计近几年钢轨批检验工作中检出大尺寸夹杂物案例,采用能谱分析化学成分,对夹杂物的来源进行了讨论。结果表明：中国钢轨生产厂技术改造后,尤其是铁路钢轨标准的技术要求提高之后,钢轨内部夹杂物的形态与特点发生了较大的变化;钢轨内的大尺寸外来夹杂物多由连铸系统引入;耐火材料卷入对钢轨疲劳性能影响较大;连铸结晶器保护渣卷入钢坯的情况需要引起钢厂的足够重视。     

加热炉半热滑轨的数值分析

在钢坯的加热过程中,为了有效地减弱或者消除钢坯的水管黑印,在加热炉的加热段和均热段一般采用半热滑轨或全热滑轨,滑轨端面温度对加热质量及钢坯在炉内的安全运行起着至关重要的作用,而端面温度取决于滑轨的高度和截面形状。结合工程实例,建立了相应的物理数学模型,采用数值分析的方法对不同高度下半热滑轨的温度场进行了计算,结果表明滑轨端面温度与其高度呈现出对数函数关系,在应用中梯形滑轨优于矩形滑轨。     

Improving the reduction and ladle treatment of Electrosteel for rail production

Research in the electrosmelting shop at OAO EVRAZ ZSMK indicates that, if inert gas is injected into molten rail steel in the ladle for 122 min, rather than 63 min, the quantity of nonmetallic oxide inclusions may be reduced, without impairing overall rail quality. Industrial experiments show that replacing MnS18 silicomanganese with FeMnSi30HP silicomanganese in the reduction of rail steel is economically effective in the electrosmelting shop at OAO EVRAZ ZSMK. The assimilation of carbon and silicon is increased by 4 and 13%, respectively. The mechanical properties and macrostructure of rails obtained by this experimental technology match those of the steel currently produced. According to the calculation results, the use of FeMnSi30HP ferroalloy provides savings of 13.99 and 32.64 rub/t for rails of category T1 and NE, respectively.     

UIC54钢轨的研制与生产

为参与国际市场竞争，武钢研制开发了UIC54钢轨。通过分析大量钢轨成分与基体硬度对应关系，合理设计化学成分，确定工艺路线与工艺参数，优化孔型设计参数，并对钢轨生产的各工序制定严格的内控目标与措施，确保了出口巴基斯坦UIC54钢轨的研制成功，性能全部达到新铁标的要求，完善了大型厂钢轨产品系列。     

Experimental Study of the XY-Friction Pendulum Bearing for Bridge Applications

The XY-friction pendulum (XY-FP) bearing is a modified Friction Pendulum (Earthquake Protection Systems, Inc., Vallejo, Calif.) bearing that consists of two perpendicular steel rails with opposing concave surfaces and a connector. The connector resists tensile forces, provides for independent sliding in the two principal directions of the isolators, and ideally, permits unhindered rotation about its vertical axis. Experimental studies on an XY-FP seismically isolated truss-bridge model were undertaken to study response under tridirectional excitations and to evaluate the use of XY-FP bearings for bridges. A truss bridge model was tested on a pair of earthquake simulators using acceleration orbits and near-field earthquake histories. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the XY-FP bearings as an uplift-prevention isolation system: the XY-FP bearings simultaneously resisted significant tensile loads and functioned as seismic isolators. The bidirectional horizontal response of the small-scale XY-FP isolation system was coupled due to the internal construction of the small-scale connectors that joined the two rails of each XY-FP bearing and the limited free-to-rotate capacity of the XY-FP bearings due to misalignment of the isolators during installation.     

抗拉强度1200 MPa贝氏体钢轨的开发及其在铁路上的应用

 对鞍钢生产的贝氏体钢轨组织及性能的稳定性进行了全面的分析研究,针对钢轨矫直残余应力比较高的特点,重点进行了断裂韧性、疲劳裂纹扩展速率、残余应力等方面的研究,结合钢轨试铺考察了残余应力对钢轨的影响。研究结果表明：贝氏体钢轨组织形态及性能稳定,并具有较高的强韧性。对试铺的观测结果表明：其耐磨及表面耐剥离性能优于热处理珠光体钢轨。     

Improving the Out-of-Furnace Treatment of Wheel Steel by Using an Integrated Technology

It has been shown that a new out-of-furnace treatment complex can be used in the open-hearth shop of the Vyksa Metallurgical Plant to make wheel steel that fully satisfies the existing requirements of the Russian Ministry of Railroads. The improved technology is distinguished by lower consumption indices due to the conservation of ferroalloys and alloying materials, shortening of the treatment, and stabilization of the conditions under which it is administered. Use of the technology makes it possible to obtain metal that meets present-day standards on product quality.__________Translated from Metallurg, No. 3, pp. 34–38, March, 2005.     

国外钢轨涡流检测技术现状

叙述了涡流检测法原理和利用涡流法检测钢轨表面缺陷的几种方法；同时介绍了国外几个钢轨生产厂研究开发的涡流检测装置。     

GB2585—2007铁路用热轧钢轨标准综述

GB／T2585-2007铁路用热轧钢轨于2008年2月1日正式实施。本文简单介绍了我国重轨工艺装备与使用状况发生的重大变化、标准的沿革和修订背景,重点介绍了标准的主要技术指标的变化,对企业执行标准有指导作用。     

连铸坯轧制钢轨低倍组织特征研究

本文主要对包钢连铸坯轧制钢轨低倍组织结构作了初步的讨论分析，并与模铸锭轧帛钢轨低倍组织结构进行了比较，此外还简要介绍了自生产以来，连铸坯轧制中易出现的有害缺陷。     

Constraints on nest site selection: A comparison of predator and flood avoidance in four species of marsh-nesting birds (Genera: Catoptrophorus, Larus, Rallus, and Sterna).

Nest site characteristics associated with flood and predator avoidance were compared for four nonpasserine species of marsh-nesting birds: clapper rails, willets, laughing gulls, and common terns. Species with short nests, willets and terns, minimized flood damage by nesting on higher ground than did gulls and rails that build tall nests. Species with dispersed, cryptic nests had taller surrounding grass than did open-nesting colonial species. Total nest height was similar for species with tall nests and for terns whose short nests were elevated by placement on mats of dead Spartina grass. Willets had lower nest heights than the other species, probably because the inverse relation between grass height and ground height in the salt marsh makes it difficult for willets to find sites with high enough ground for flood avoidance while still retaining high enough grass for nest crypticity. Ground height for common terns and grass height for gulls and rails appear to be cues used in nest site selection. Nests of each species in which these characteristics were maximized were more successful in a major tidal flood. Laughing gulls and clapper rails appear to be more specialized salt marsh nesters than the other two species. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)