球墨铸铁疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展机制的探讨

用电子显微断口分析和裂纹扩展途径的金相观察,探讨了不同珠光体和铁素体相对量的球墨铸铁的疲劳断裂机制,特别是疲劳裂纹萌生及早期扩展机制。结果表明：疲劳裂纹容易在石墨球和基体之间的界面萌生和扩展,石墨球边及基体中的次生裂纹对da/dN的影响有两重性。在疲劳裂纹萌生及早期扩展阶段,铁素体基本以周期解理和细条纹为主,珠光体基体为渗碳体解理和铁素体片上的疲劳条纹,80%珠光体球铁为上两种机制的混合。疲劳裂纹早期扩展速度为△K (th)所控制,疲劳裂纹孕育期N 0为σ s和△K (th)所控制。光棒或钝缺口下的N 0主要取决于σ s,尖锐缺口试样的N 0主要取决于△K (th)。在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,铁素体为疲劳条纹,珠光体为条纹与解理,80%珠光体中牛眼铁素体为条纹和晶间断。疲劳条纹的宽度能反映da/dN的变化,但两者往往不一致。疲劳裂纹快速扩展为条纹与静断特征混合,快速扩展速率受K (1c)的大小所控制。     

碳化物对冷轧条件下轧辊中裂纹行为的影响

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜研究碳化物对冷轧过程中高铬铸铁及高钒高速钢轧辊中裂纹行为的影响。结果表明,裂纹萌生及扩展与碳化物的精细结构、碳化物与基体界面结构及碳化物形态有关。高铬铸铁中的M7C3具有层错结构,轧制过程中M7C3内部易于造成位错塞积而萌生裂纹,经短距离扩展后形成贯穿的主裂纹,导致轧辊迅速失效。高钒高速钢中的VC内部弥散分布着大量富钼的纳米级MC型碳化物,起到钉扎VC内部位错的作用,促使形成位错环而吸收轧制能量,裂纹不易在VC内部萌生,而主要萌生于VC与基体界面,并沿球形VC的表面扩展,扩展到VC侧面时出现裂纹钝化现象。VC与基体界面的部分共格关系能够延缓界面裂纹萌生,VC良好的形态有助于裂纹钝化,提高轧辊的抗疲劳性能及寿命。     

优化组织球铁的力学性能及其微观断裂行为

根据球铁断裂过程中石墨及石墨-基体界面的微观力学行为,对球铁组织进行优化设计.以强相(马氏体)或强韧相(奥氏体-贝氏体组织)环包围石墨,基体组织为马氏体或奥氏体-贝氏体组织,加上适量的铁素体,并通过快速加热短时保温后淬火或等温淬火获得.实验结果表明,优化组织球铁具有很高的强韧性.采用扫描电镜动态拉伸观察优化组织球铁断裂过程,发现微裂纹在石墨-基体界面萌生并沿界面扩展,马氏体环或奥-贝环阻碍界面裂纹的萌生与扩展,基体中的硬相和软相分别提高球铁的强度和韧性,这些都有利于提高优化组织球铁的强韧性.     

铁素体球墨铸铁中石墨的微观破坏机制

采用原位显微观察方法对拉伸及冲击截荷下的铁素体球墨铸铁中石墨损伤破坏机制进行研究,分析石墨球的形态、分布对裂纹萌生和扩展等微观机理的影响.结果表明:在拉伸载荷下当石墨球均匀分布且间距大于石墨平均尺寸时,石墨球与基体界面脱离,且石墨球内部产生径向裂纹或贯穿整个石墨的裂纹;当石墨球聚集分布且间距小于石墨平均尺寸时,石墨球与基体之间裂纹连接形成尺寸较大的裂纹.在冲击载荷下,石墨球存在"洋葱状"开裂及内部径向开裂等补充破坏机制.在拉伸和冲击载荷下不规则石墨球均存在明显层状撕裂现象;快速封闭的奥氏体壳可保持石墨球圆整且周围铁素体晶粒均匀分布;慢封闭的奥氏体壳导致石墨畸变,周围铁素体晶粒分布不均匀.     

高镍奥氏体蠕墨铸铁活塞耐磨环的耐磨性与热疲劳性

研究了汽车用高镍奥氏体蠕墨铸铁活塞耐磨镶环的石墨形态、耐磨损及热疲劳性能的影响规律,为活塞耐磨镶环工件的合理选材提供试验依据。分析结果表明,针对高镍合金蠕化剂为0.4%-0.6%(Ni含量12%-15%)的蠕化效果良好,蠕虫状石墨形态较稳定,耐磨损及20-500℃热疲劳试验条件下,蠕墨铸铁镶环相比于原灰铸铁镶环的耐磨损及热疲劳性能更为优良。热疲劳试验中的微裂纹起源于石墨相边缘,主裂纹通常是沿着石墨和基体的界面扩展。     

蠕化状态对高镍蠕墨铸铁耐磨镶环热疲劳性能的影响

研究了蠕化状态对汽车活塞耐磨镶环中蠕墨铸铁的石墨形态、耐磨损及热疲劳性能的影响规律,为实际工件的合理选材提供依据。试验结果表明,发现蠕化剂为0.4%-0.6%(Ni含量12%-15%),蠕化效果良好,蠕虫状石墨形态较稳定,耐磨损及20-500℃热循环试验条件下,蠕墨铸铁和球墨铸铁性能优良,高镍灰铸铁次之,中镍对比试样最差,且微裂纹总是起源于石墨相,主裂纹通常是沿着石墨和石墨间的基体扩展。     

双频复合疲劳的裂纹萌生及扩展

针对典型承受高、低周双频复合载荷的水轮机叶片、电机转子用钢进行了低周疲劳、高低周双频复合疲劳的裂纹萌生及扩展规律的探讨。在频率比确定的条件下,载荷比是影响双频疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展的一个重要因素。随着载荷比的升高,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命大大缩短,裂纹扩展速率加快,疲劳断口呈现明显的周期特征。高、低周双频复合疲劳载荷各自的独特作用以及高、低周载荷在裂纹尖端引起的塑性区的交互作用是造成疲劳断口独特形貌的主要原因。     

脉冲放电截止热疲劳裂纹的亚临界扩展

对３Ｃｒ２Ｗ８Ｖ模具热疲劳裂纹进行脉冲放电,裂纹尖端熔化形成焊点,使裂尖钝化,阻止了热疲劳裂纹的亚临界扩展。脉冲放电能使裂尖处的组织和性能发生有利的变化,显著地 提高裂尖处裂纹萌生所需的能量和扩展功,截止了亚临界裂纹的继续扩展。     

蠕墨铸铁疲劳特性的研究

对在四种热处理方法下的蠕墨铸铁试样进行门槛值和裂纹扩展速率的测试,并对其进行分析和比较.其结果表明,不同的基体组织对蠕墨铸铁的门槛值和低速区的裂纹扩展速率有比较明显的影响,门槛值随相对韧度增大而增大.不同的石墨形态对门槛值的变化影响不大,且仍然可以维持在较高的水平.不同载荷比下的低速区裂纹扩展速率区别较大,但随着平均载荷的升高,载荷比的影响有减小的趋势,中速区载荷比的影响较小.文中给出不同载荷比下的蠕墨铸铁门槛值和裂纹扩展速率经验公式.     

铸铁气蚀破坏机制

从铸铁基体组织，石墨形态，合金元素等方面探讨铸铁气蚀性能的影响因素，分析空化的力学冲击作用与气蚀时的材料受力情况，研究铸铁气蚀裂纹核的形成与扩展乃至导致铸铁气蚀破坏的过程，剖析球墨铸铁的气蚀特点。     

Effect of structural features on erosion resistance of cast irons

Erosion resistance of four types of cast iron of different microstructures and graphite morphologies (viz., grey cast iron, compacted graphite iron, spheroidal graphite iron and austempered ductile iron) was evaluated in three different erosive media. Results indicate that austempered ductile iron has the highest erosion resistance in all three media, followed by spheroidal graphite iron, compacted graphite iron and grey cast iron, in that order. Graphite morphology has a significant effect on the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-water and iron oxide-oil slurry. However, the matrix microstructure determines the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-oil slurry. The parameter H/E (which is the ratio of the Brinell hardness number to Young's modulus of the material) has been found to be a good indicator of erosive wear in quartz-oil slurry.     

A study on the effects of artifacts on fatigue limit of ductile Cast Iron with ferritic structure

In this study, fatigue tests were performed to examine the effects of micro drill hole on fatigue limit of as cast and austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) using the rotary bending fatigue tester. As results, micro drill holes (diameter≤0.4mm) did not influence the fatigue limit of ADI, compared to annealed ductile cast iron; the critical defect size of crack initiation, in ADI was larger than as cast. If the $\sqrt {area} s$ of micro drill hole and graphite nodule in ADI are comparable, crack initiates at the graphite nodule. When the ruggedness developes through austempering treatment process, microstructure on crack initiation at micro drill hole is tougher than that of as cast ductile cast iron.     

The influence of surface oxidation on the wear resistance of cast iron

This paper reports a study of the influence of surface oxidation on the wear resistance of ductile iron, grey iron and vermicular iron during dry sliding friction. The mechanisms of wear are also reported. This study shows that the effect of surface oxidation (formed under normal atmospheric conditions) on the wear rate depends on the complex functions of graphite morphology and matrix structure. Generally the presence of surface oxidation decreases the wear rate of grey iron but increases the wear rate of ductile iron and vermicular iron when the cast iron has high hardness. This trend is reversed for low hardness cast iron.     

The fatigue behavior and delamination properties in fiber reinforced aramid laminates

The fuselage-wing intersection suffers from the cyclic bending moment of variable amplitude. Therefore, the influence of cyclic bending moment on the delamination and the fatigue crack propagation behavior in AFRP/A1 laminate of fuselage-wing was investigated in this study. The cyclic bending moment fatigue test in AFRP/A1 laminate was performed with five levels of bending moment. The shape and size of the delamination zone formed along the fatigue crack between aluminum sheet and aramid fiber-adhesive layer were measured by an ultrasonic C-scan. The relationships between da/dN and K, between the cyclic bending moment and the delamination zone size, and between the fiber bridging behavior and the delamination zone were studied. As results, fiber failures were not observed in the delamination zone in this study ; the fiber bridging modification factor increases and the fatigue crack growth rate decrease ; and the shape of delamination zone is semi-elliptic with the contour decreasing nonlinearly toward the crack tip.     

基于疲劳短裂纹行为的疲劳寿命估算方法

在疲劳短裂纹形成和扩展行为基础上，提出了一种疲劳寿命估算方法。计算结果表明，该方法具有满意的预测精度。     

A study on the determination of closing level for finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using 4-node isoparametric elements can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. The crack opening level for the constant mesh size increases linearly from initial crack growth. The crack opening level for variable mesh size, is almost flat after crack tip has passed the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level using the variable mesh size proportioning the reversed plastic zone size with the opening stress intensity factors presents a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of stress ratios.     

一种基于裂尖损伤区的裂纹扩展模型

提出了“裂尖损伤区”的概念,通过解析闭合模型对裂尖损伤区的应力应变历程进行了分析,应用累积损伤理论建立了一个用于分析变幅载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的模型。应用本模型计算了不同载荷谱下的裂纹扩展寿命,通过与试验结果的比较,表明本文的方法具有精度高、经济实用的特点,适合工程应用。     

基于红外热成像的镁合金疲劳裂纹扩展的研究

采用红外热成像技术监测疲劳裂纹扩展过程中试件表面温度的变化情况,对AZ31B镁合金板材室温下的疲劳裂纹扩展特征进行研究。分析疲劳裂纹尖端温升值与裂纹长度的对应关系,试件表面温度分布差异与裂纹扩展趋势的关系,探索镁合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的规律。试验结果表明,疲劳裂纹扩展过程中,镁合金表面温度变化经过一个升温、降温的过程,在稳定扩展阶段,温度变化不大,在快速扩展阶段,温度呈明显上升趋势。三组试件最高温升值分别为A试件10.89℃、B试件15.19℃、C试件12.37℃。裂纹尖端及其附近组织观察发现,裂纹尖端发生转向,裂纹总体为穿晶断裂,并伴随少量沿晶断裂,在裂纹附近区域有少量塑性变形。疲劳试件表面的最高温度区域与材料的疲劳损伤机制相关,该区域对应材料的应力集中区,是疲劳微裂纹形成与扩展的部位,温度变化与试件的最终断面相吻合。