高速机床主轴－轴承系统动态性能研究

为研究主轴－轴承系统的动态性能,以某型号精密卧式加工中心主轴系统为研究对象,通过偏心质量激励法测得主轴支承轴承刚度,采用Timoshenko梁单元对主轴进行有限元建模,系统地分析了主轴离心效应、轴承预紧力对于主轴动态性能的影响,并进行了实验验证。结果表明：提高预紧力可有效增加主轴轴承刚度,提高主轴动态性能。同时证明采用有限元法计算主轴轴承的刚度是一种行之有效的方法。     

基于CEEMDAN能量熵和马氏距离的齿轮箱轴承故障诊断方法

针对齿轮箱轴承信号非平稳性及其故障特征难以提取的问题,提出一种自适应白噪声平均总体经验模态分解（CEEMDAN）能量熵和马氏距离相结合的故障诊断方法。首先采用CEEMDAN方法对非平稳的轴承故障信号进行分解,获得若干阶表征信号特性的固有模态函数（IMF）分量;然后计算各IMF分量的自相关函数和相关系数,以滤除信号内的噪声干扰和对故障特征不敏感的IMF分量;最后计算各敏感故障特征分量的能量熵,将其作为特征参数形成状态特征向量,并使用马氏距离判别方法对轴承的工作状态和故障类型进行诊断。通过对实测不同工况以及不同故障程度的齿轮箱轴承信号的分析,证明了所提方法的有效性。     

复杂激励下变速箱箱体动态响应分析

动态响应分析用于确定结构承受随时间变化载荷时的动力响应,是工程技术中最普遍的分析内容。对于变速箱箱体来讲,由于运行时轴承处作用力是随时间不断变化且不规则的,因此很难建立准确的激励函数并进行动态响应分析。利用ADAMS建立变速箱传动系统的动力学仿真模型,通过多体动力学分析,得到箱体各轴承座处的动态力;在此基础上利用有限元ANSYS软件将轴承作用力施加到箱体上,并对箱体结构进行了动态响应求解,通过实验验证了该复杂响应分析的可行性。     

基于均布弹簧模型的电主轴有限元建模及动态特性分析

为了研究轴承刚度、结合面刚度等各个参数对电主轴动态特性的影响、验证弹簧模型在电主轴建模中的适用性,基于国产电主轴170XDS20Z11,使用有限元方法,利用Ansys workbench对电主轴单元进行建模。首先分别建立刀具、刀柄和主轴的模型,结合实验进行动静态特性的分析与验证;然后基于均布弹簧的模型对刀柄—刀具结合面、刀柄—主轴结合面和轴承进行建模,通过对实验数据的拟合得到了结合面弹簧的刚度数值,通过预测刀尖点频响函数的方法验证该模型的准确性。研究得出了轴承刚度和结合面刚度的最佳范围,证明了弹簧模型的准确性和实用性。     

基于时间序列分析的行星齿轮箱故障诊断

齿轮箱运转的环境会导致信号采集时产生强大的噪声干扰,提出时间序列的方法对齿轮箱进行故障诊断。采用时间序列分析对行星齿轮箱进行谱分析,通过与传统频谱分析比较可以看出,该方法具有较好的识别能力。通过Labview虚拟仪器设计的数据采集系统进行数据的采集提取特征信号,确定模型阶次为5阶,最后利用AR模型参数算法来确定其正常状态下齿轮参数容差范围,在阶次不变的情况下分析出故障信号的模型参数,与正常信号参数容差范围进行对比,从而对齿轮箱故障进行诊断,该方法在齿轮诊断方面效果较为显著。     

滚动轴承预紧力对其转子系统特性影响的理论及试验研究

为了改善滚动轴承-高速电主轴系统特性分析中对轴承只取其刚度和阻尼元素参与计算的情况,引入滚动轴承预紧力参数,建立用于轴承转子系统特性分析的滚动轴承预紧力约束方程,从理论上计算预紧力对系统刚度、临界转速和轴承性能的影响.以角接触球轴承-高速(60 000 r/min)电主轴系统为对象,设计一种预紧力测量方法,通过实验研究轴承预紧力对轴承转子系统的影响,结果表明测量结果与理论计算基本一致.     

改进的分布源边界点法的风电轴承辐射噪声计算

本文主要研究风力发电机滚动轴承辐射噪声的计算方法,针对分布源边界点法在计算轴承辐射噪声时把轴承当作整体建模来研究,从而造成其辐射噪声计算速度慢的问题,提出了一种改进的分布源边界点法的滚动轴承辐射噪声的计算方法。首先将子声源分解法与分布源边界点法相结合,推导出改进的分布源边界点计算方法;其次通过实验验证改进的分布源边界点法的计算精度;最后计算了风力发电机滚动轴承的辐射噪声,并与分布源边界点法对比,取得了良好效果。     

空气静压主轴有限元建模及动态特性研究

为提高空气静压轴承支撑的空气静压主轴的动态工作性能,文章利用Fluent计算出了空气静压轴承在不同供气压力下气膜刚度,利用Ansys Workbench中的轴承单元和弹簧—阻尼单元模拟轴承支承,对主轴系统进行了模态分析和动态响应分析,得到不同供气压力下主轴系统的固有频率、振型以及激振力作用下的位移幅频动态响应曲线。结果表明,随着供气压力的增加,轴承气膜刚度增加,且对主轴系统的低阶模态和高阶模态影响不同。另外随着气膜刚度增加,谐振频率逐渐增大、振幅减小,系统抵抗受迫振动能力逐渐增强。研究结果为提高空气静压主轴的动态性能提供了一定的理论依据。     

径向型超导轴承的计算和实验研究

针对应用于离心式氦气冷压机的径向型高温超导磁悬浮轴承,给出了永磁转子磁场计算和结构设计方法,并开展了轴承径向力和径向刚度的计算研究,搭建了超导轴承性能测量平台,开展了轴承转子空间磁场测量和轴承性能测试。计算和测试结果表明,磁场计算方法可行,且结果准确,在距离永磁转子外表面1 mm处的最大外磁场强度约为0.5 T。轴承径向力在场冷和零场冷条件下的计算结果均随转子偏心量的增大而增大,与测试结果在线性度和趋势上具有很好的一致性。本文实验轴承径向刚度测试值为362.4 N/mm,与场冷条件下的径向刚度计算结果334.594 N/mm接近。本文所述的径向轴承磁力计算方法可用于超导轴承径向刚度的定性计算和设计,对超导轴承的应用研究具有一定的指导意义。     

飞剪齿轮箱非线性有限元分析

针对某轧钢厂棒材曲柄飞剪齿轮箱焊接处产生的裂纹问题,采用有限元法进行计算。建立了箱体的整体装配模型,计算出10个轴承孔处的受力大小和方向,按正弦规律施加在轴承孔内表面;同时在各实际接触部位设置接触单元,并考虑螺栓的预紧力,对箱体进行机械应力计算。计算结果表明箱体整体静强度满足要求,正常工作时不会产生疲劳开裂,开裂原因需进一步分析箱体的动态杼『生确定。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。