钛表面钛钯合金层耐蚀性能及耐蚀机理研究

采用磁控溅射沉积钯膜层+热扩散技术在工业纯钛表面制备Ti-Pd合金层,研究了Ti-Pd合金层的耐蚀性能,用重量法评价了合金层的腐蚀速率,分析了不同样品经腐蚀后的表面形貌和成分。结果表明:Ti-Pd合金层在37%(质量分数,下同) HCl溶液和80%H_2SO_4溶液中的腐蚀速率比纯钛降低了2个数量级。Ti-Pd合金层经37%HCl腐蚀后,表面含有Ti、Pd、O元素,表面有微小的点蚀坑。Ti-Pd合金层经80%H_2SO_4腐蚀后,表面含有Ti、Pd、S、O元素,表面有亚微米级的点蚀坑。提出了Ti-Pd合金层的耐蚀机理:微量的Pd和Ti O2组成的钝化膜使表面腐蚀电位提高,产生耐蚀效果。     

TC4钛合金表面搅拌摩擦加工制备Ti-Cu阻燃改性层

在TC4钛合金基板表层开槽并预植入塑性的金属Cu粉体,采用搅拌摩擦加工工艺,利用Cu粉体与搅拌区钛基热塑性组织的反应扩散行为、β-Ti相稳定元素Cu对搅拌区α+β双相钛组织α/β相变行为的影响,在优化的加工工艺参数下制备TC4钛合金表面Ti-Cu合金化改性层,获得搅拌区内富β-Ti相区结构,基于Ti、Cu的二元反应扩散和固溶-析出等行为,生成了Ti_2Cu等Ti-Cu中间相,通过改变TC4基板表层的成分组成和物相结构,实现在普通TC4钛合金表层具有一定的阻燃性能。采用激光点烧蚀法对Ti-Cu改性层耐烧蚀性能进行评价,进而揭示改性层的阻燃机理:通过调控钛基体表层的α/β两相比例以提高搅拌摩擦加工冷却过程后的搅拌区β-Ti相占比,通过添加阻燃合金元素Cu在改性层内生成Ti-Cu中间相及Ti-Cu合金化层区。     

高温、短时Pd/Ti之间相互扩散行为的研究

为了研究高温下短时间Pd/Ti间的互扩散行为,在Ti表面利用磁控溅射技术沉积了Pd膜层,然后分别对Pd/Ti试样进行500℃/5 h,550℃/5 h,600℃/5 h和700℃/5 h高温处理,用XRD、SEM和EDS研究合金层的相组成、微观组织和元素分布。研究发现:当Pd/Ti试样经500℃/5 h处理后,Pd/Ti之间有极轻微的互扩散发生。当温度升高到550℃时,Pd/Ti间产生了连续的扩散层,随着温度升高,膜层之间的互扩散加剧。并且,当温度升高到700℃时,Pd/Ti之间形成了相图中除Ti3Pd5相和Ti3Pd相以外的其余各化合物相。还分析了Pd/Ti界面扩散反应动力学。结果表明,扩散层厚度的增加经历了一个由界面反应动力学控制到扩散控制的过渡。     

钛建材及表面处理技术

采用直流电弧激发燃烧法（DCSB法）测试Ti40,AlloyC和TC4合金在3种气氛条件下的相对质量燃烧速度。结果表明：与TC4合金相比，Ti40和AlloyC均具有较好的阻燃性能，用氮气来稀释空气能够降低钛合金的燃烧速率。用扫描电镜（SEM）与X射线能谱（EDAX）观察分析了合金的燃烧产物、界面与基体，发现：当Ti40和AlloyC燃烧时，V优先迁移至表层，因而燃烧区表层氧化层为富V贫Cr，而燃烧产物与基体界面附近氧化层则为富Cr贫V。Ti40与AlloyC界面的富Cr贫V混合氧化层非常致密，既可抑制氧扩散入基体，又可阻碍基体中的V扩散进入燃烧区。TC4燃烧时，虽然Al优先迁移至表面与氧反应生成Al2O3，但该氧化层不连续不能有效降低燃烧速度，Cr,V元素均对合金燃烧时界面氧化层的致密化有重要作用。     

氢在钛晶体中扩散行为的第一性原理

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算H原子在Ti晶格中占据不同位置的体系能量。通过对体系能量变化的分析,探求H原子在Ti晶格中的扩散路径和能量势垒,分析室温下H原子在不同Ti晶体结构中的扩散行为与难易程度。结果表明:H原子在α-Ti晶格中从八面体间隙与四面体间隙共用面扩散、迁移,而在β-Ti晶格中则从两相邻四面体间隙共用面扩散、迁移。H原子在β-Ti晶格中扩散迁移所需克服的能量势垒比在α-Ti晶格中扩散迁移所需克服的能量势垒小、更容易进行扩散。在α+β钛合金中,处于β相四面体间隙中的H原子在扩散过程中将起到主导作用。     

银基钎料活性钎焊C/SiC-Ti55与Al2O3-Ti55接头界面组织

以Ag-28Cu和Ag-9Pd-9Ga两种银基钎料钎焊C/SiC复合材料和Al2O3陶瓷与Ti55钛合金接头,考察了钎料和钎焊工艺对接头焊缝组织形貌变化影响. 结果表明,采用Ag-28Cu钎料在850～920 ℃温度区间钎焊C/SiC-Ti55和Al2O3-Ti55接头均在陶瓷基体近钎焊界面区域开裂,原因为Ti55合金中Ti元素大量溶解扩散并与铜反应生成的大量脆性Cu-Ti化合物恶化焊缝塑性. Ag-9Pd-9Ga钎料则可以获得完整接头,钎焊过程中Pd,Ga元素在Ti55侧钎焊界面富集并与Ti元素反应生成PdTi, Ti2Ga, Ti4Pd化合物的反应层,有效抑制了元素往焊缝中的溶解扩散.     

Ti60Cu14Ni12Sn4Nb10合金等温退火过程中的相变研究

通过水冷铜模吸铸法制备出了Ti60 Cu14 Ni12Sn4 Nb10复相合金.对合金在不同温度下等温退火过程中的相转变及显微结构演化进行了研究.结果表明,该合金的显微组织主要由β-Ti枝晶相、纳米晶化相和少量非晶相组成.在450℃退火时,合金中有ω-Ti和面心立方结构的Ti形成;而在550℃退火时ω-Ti消失,同时由于非晶相发生了晶化,基体中有TiNi相析出,该晶化相在高于715℃时,转变为稳定的Ti2Ni相;当温度达到795℃时,合金中的β-Ti枝晶相转化为α-Ti.     

钛表面辉光等离子制备Ti-Pd合金层耐蚀性能分析

采用辉光等离子冶金技术在纯钛表面制备了Ti-Pd合金层,并对Ti-Pd合金层的耐蚀性进行了研究。结果表明:合金层在100℃的NaCl饱和溶液+HCl溶液以及40℃下8.6%H2SO4溶液中的耐缝隙腐蚀性能优于Ti-0.2Pd合金;在室温80%H2SO4的条件下,腐蚀速率仅为0.682mm/a,是Ti-0.2Pd合金的18.2%;在室温30%HCl的条件下,表面Ti-Pd的腐蚀速率仅为0.004mm/a,是Ti-0.2Pd合金的12.5%。     

冷喷涂制备γ-TiAl表面Ti(Al,Si)_3扩散涂层的高温氧化行为（英文）

通过冷喷涂Al-20Si合金涂层及后续热扩散处理在γ-Ti Al合金表面制备Ti(Al,Si)_3扩散涂层。对涂层进行900°C下1000 h等温氧化和120次循环氧化来测试其抗氧化性能。通过扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射以及电子探针分析涂层氧化前后的组织和相转变。结果表明:该扩散涂层具有良好的抗氧化能力,其氧化增重只有基体合金的四分之一。由于在氧化过程中涂层与基体发生互扩散,氧化后的涂层退化为3层:Ti Al2内层、由Ti(Al,Si)_3和富Si相组成的中间层以及多孔层。     

钢、钛基材上火焰喷焊Ni基耐磨覆层的比较

本文分别在钢(45碳素钢、1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢)和钛(Ti6A14V钛合金)基材上实施了NiCrBSi粉末的火焰喷焊,用SEM-EDAX和XRD研究了覆层的元素分布、界面相和表层相组成.结果表明:钢基材与覆层之间几乎没有发生元素扩散,基材元素扩散到覆层中的距离不到3 μm,而钛基材与覆层之间发生了剧烈的元素扩散,基材元素扩散到覆层表层(距离约1 mm).钛基材与覆层之间的界面上生成大量的低熔点物相NiTi2,而扩散到覆层表层的钛元素改变了表层的相组成,增加了表层的非平衡度和硬度.基于相图对导致覆层出现巨大差异的机理进行了讨论.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.