气体分离用管状炭分子筛膜

以无机陶瓷管为支撑体、热塑性酚醛树脂为原料,经高温炭化制备了炭分子筛膜。用低温N2吸附的方法测定了炭分子筛膜的比表面积,用扫描电子显微镜对膜的形貌和厚度进行了表征。考察了膜的气体透过率以及气体的理想选择性随温度的变化关系:H2、CO2、O2、N2和CH4的透过率随温度的升高而增大;理想选择性α(H2/N2)、α(CO2/N2)、α(CO2/CH4)随温度的升高而减小,而α(O2/N2)随温度的升高先增大后减小,在90℃左右气体选择性达到最大。最后由阿累尼乌斯公式计算了气体透过炭分子筛膜的活化能,进一步说明气体透过机理为活化扩散。     

炭-炭复合膜制备的探索研究

以煤沥青基炭分离膜为支撑体，采用聚合物溶液涂层或浸渍制备出了炭－炭复合分离膜，测试了高纯H2，CO2，N2和O2单组分在炭－炭基复合分离膜上的渗透速率，计算了各气体组分的理想分离系数。结果显示以聚乙二醇水溶液进行表面涂层制备的炭－炭复合膜，其气体分离性能与炭分离膜相比稍有提高，以酚醛树脂N，N－二甲基乙酰胺溶液和加有分散剂的酚醛树脂乙醇溶液涂层制备的炭－炭复合膜在分离性能上都有较大提高，尤其加有分散剂的酚醛树脂乙醇溶液涂层后可使H2／CO2的分离系数达16．0左右，而采用酚醛树脂乙醇溶液涂层和浸渍得到的炭－炭基复合膜的气体渗透速率和分离系数均下降。     

聚醚砜酮基炭膜的制备及其气体分离性能

采用浸渍涂膜法,以商用聚醚砜酮(PPESK)为前驱体制备了管式复合炭膜,考察了涂膜次数、改性剂及其加入量对所制备炭膜的气体分离性能的影响.结果表明,随着涂膜次数增多,气体分子的渗透速率逐渐减小而选择性呈增大趋势;加入改性剂后的复合炭膜渗透速率和分离系数均有不同程度的提高,表明改性剂不仅改善了涂膜液与支撑体之间的复合效果、减少涂膜次数,同时也促进了气体渗透速率的提高.利用扫描电镜对复合炭膜的微观形貌进行观测,可以看出,复合炭膜由支撑体和分离膜层2部分组成.膜表面很致密均匀,无明显缺陷,分离层薄而均一,厚度在5μm左右,且与支撑体结合紧密.     

分子筛碳膜的制备

以含六次甲基四胺的热塑性酚醛树脂的乙醇溶液为涂膜液,采用浸渍法在支撑体原膜上涂膜,干燥后一步碳化制备了分子筛碳膜,有效地解决了碳膜制备中分离层易产生针眼﹑裂纹的问题,扫描电镜显示分离层与支撑体结合良好,膜表面光滑无缺陷,所制碳膜H2/CH4的分离系数达到171, H2/N2的分离系数达到74. 实验发现,涂膜液性质、支撑体的孔径以及表面粗糙度、浸渍时间对碳膜的性能有显著影响. 碳膜分离气体的机理主要为分子筛分.     

自支撑石墨烯炭膜的制备及气体分离性能

通过溶剂蒸发法得到聚酰胺酸(PAA)与氧化石墨烯(GO)的复合石墨烯膜,并经600℃炭化制备了具有良好柔韧性的仿贝壳珍珠层结构的自支撑石墨烯炭膜。通过X射线衍射和场发射扫描电镜对薄膜微观结构进行表征,并测试不同PAA固含量制备的石墨烯炭膜对CO2和CH_4的分离性能。结果表明,炭化后,GO被还原成石墨烯,呈层状堆叠,堆叠的层间填充了空穴和残炭;石墨烯炭膜的CO2渗透通量和CO2/CH4分离理想选择性随PAA加入量增加,CO_2通量最高可达824 barrer,此时CO2/CH4理想选择性达38.9。石墨烯层骨架和碳分子筛构成石墨烯炭膜的气体传输通道,本研究成果为柔性自支撑气体分离炭膜的制备开辟了新思路。     

Y型沸石/炭杂化膜的制备及其气体分离性能

以聚酰胺酸为前驱体,Y型沸石为掺杂物,经高温炭化制备了Y型沸石/炭杂化膜.通过纯组分气体(H2,CO2,O2,N2)的渗透实验对杂化膜的气体渗透性能进行测定,并使用透射电镜,X射线衍射对杂化膜的微结构进行表征.研究了沸石的含量以及炭化温度对杂化炭膜的气体渗透性能和微结构的影响.结果表明,随着膜内沸石含量的提高,Y型沸石/炭杂化膜的气体渗透性能明显提高,而随着炭化温度的升高,Y型沸石/炭杂化膜的渗透系数降低,选择性提高.与纯炭膜相比,Y型沸石/炭杂化膜在保持高O2N2选择性的前提下,其渗透性能显著提高.炭化温度为700℃,沸石含量为15%,Y型沸石/炭杂化膜O2的气体渗透系数为501 bareer,O2/N2选择性为15.6.当炭化温度超过800℃以后,杂化膜中的沸石晶体结构被破坏,其气体渗透系数接近纯炭膜的气体渗透系数.因此,保持沸石孔道结构的完整是制备高性能沸石/炭杂化膜的关键因素之一.     

用于CO_2分离的[bmim][Tf_2N]-PAN共混膜制备及性能

咪唑类离子液体对CO2有良好的溶解性,利用其进行气体分离可以同时提高膜对CO2的选择性和渗透性。利用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺([bmim][Tf2N])离子液体对CO2具有较高的溶解选择性,将[bmim][Tf2N]和聚丙烯腈(PAN)共混制备膜液,涂覆在聚丙烯(PP)支撑层上,利用溶剂蒸发法制备共混复合膜。结果表明,[bmim][Tf2N]的添加对复合膜气体分离性能有明显提高,在离子液体质量分数达到50%后,离子液体逐渐变为连续相,增加了CO2气体的传递通道;气体渗透性能显示其CO2渗透速率可达34.76 GPU,CO2/N2和CO2/CH4理想选择性分别可达49.51和25.14;在随后改变操作压力和测试温度的实验中发现,增大跨膜压差和测试温度均有利于复合膜渗透速率的提升。     

Ru-La2O3/γ-Al2O3催化CO选择性氧化反应

采用浸渍法制备了Ru-La2O3/γ-Al2O3复合氧化物催化剂,在固定床微反装置中考察了催化剂中稀土La的掺杂量、氧气量、原料气中水和CO2含量以及空速等工艺条件对Ru-La2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂在CO选择性氧化反应中催化性能的影响.结果表明,Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂添加质量分数10%的La2O3后的催化性能较好,且具有较好到抗湿性和抗CO2能力.在原料气组成为65%H2,25%CO2,1%CO,9%He,氧气的分压与CO分压相等,气体流速为100 mL/min和气体空速为10 000 h-1的条件下,在110～170℃进行CO选择性氧化,CO转化率大于99%,CO的出口浓度小于100 μL/L,满足了质子交换膜燃料电池对富氢气体中CO浓度的要求.     

Au/Fe2O3催化剂上CO选择氧化反应性能的研究

采用共沉淀法、沉积-沉淀法和浸渍法制备了1.5%Au/Fe2O3催化剂,考察了不同方法制备的Au/Fe2O3催化剂对富氢气体中CO选择氧化反应性能的影响。结果表明,浸渍法制得的催化剂在40℃~60℃时CO的转化率为100%;共沉淀法与沉积-沉淀法制得的催化剂在80℃以下CO的转化率均为100%;沉积-沉淀法制得的催化剂在100℃时CO的转化率依然高于95%。上述三种催化剂CO氧化反应的选择性均高于40%,且在CO完全转化时选择性在50%以上。     

分子量和NaY添加量对炭分子筛膜CO2分离性能的影响

以均苯四甲酸酐(PMDA)和二氨基二苯醚(ODA)为原料,通过改变反应时间和反应温度制得不同分子量的聚酰胺酸(PAA),然后通过原位掺杂Na Y制得炭分子筛膜(CMSMs),用于CO2分离性能研究。考察了前驱体分子量及无机填料对CMSMs气体分离性能的影响,同时测试了混合气分离性能,并研究了CMSMs的老化过程。结果表明,PMDA和ODA在0～5℃下反应6. 5 h后合成的PAA分子量最大,为13. 55×104,其对应的CMSMs的CO2渗透系数和CO2/N2选择性分别为291 Barrer和30. 5。随着Na Y含量的增加,CMSMs的CO2渗透系数逐渐增加,而CO2/N2选择性先增大后减小;当Na Y掺杂量为6%时,所制备的CMSMs的气体分离性能达到最优(CO2渗透系数为699 Barrer,CO2/N2选择性为47. 6)。混合气分离性能测试表明,CMSMs的气体分离性能略低于纯气。在70 d的老化测试中,CMSMs气体分离性能表现出良好的稳定性,表明其具有一定的工业应用价值。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。