Impolite landscapes? The influence of local economic and cultural factors in garden history: a case study of tyne and wear

The study of garden history derives from roots planted firmly in art history. As it has matured as a subject it has gradually begun to look more broadly at what constitutes an historic landscape and make links with other disciplines of landscape study. This paper reports on a study of parks and gardens in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear. It argues that to understand the garden history of this area, traditionally unfashionable and essentially industrial, a restricted art historical approach is inadequate. An understanding of a complex web of economic and cultural factors is required. Issues which emerged in the research are explored through a series of themes based on site types.     

On the nature of virtuous change in cultural landscapes: Exploring sustainability through qualitative models

Cultural landscapes are internationally valued resources, yet face endemic threats. Often the 'drivers for change' result in a loss of valued qualities, and are associated with 'vicious circles' of landscape deterioration. The way in which landscape may represent an integrative framework for research and policy is noted. It is argued that a key objective of research and policy should be to promote 'virtuous circles' in which social capital and economic entrepreneurship valorize distinctive landscape characteristics, leading to a situation of mutual reinforcement between human activity and environmental capital. Particular attention is given to qualitative models of virtuosity in the landscape. Positive feedback loops in the landscape are illustrated by reference to current examples of integrated rural projects. The further development of formal models as a basis for reinstating virtuous circles is advocated as a basis for the future planning and understanding of cultural landscapes.     

Culture is new nature: comparing the restorative capacity of cultural and natural landscapes

Is the cultural landscape a restorative environment for mental stress? What is the restorative potential of cultural landscape, compared to the natural landscape? And what factors determine the restorative potential of cultural or natural landscape? These questions have not been studied previously. To fill the gap the present study conducts an experiment to compare the restorative capacity of cultural and natural landscapes in China, and explores the driving forces of 15 landscape characteristics on the restorative quality of the two landscape types. The results show that there are no significant differences of restoration between cultural and natural landscape. The 10 photographs representing cultural landscape have a bigger standard deviation (lower consensus) of restorative capacity than the 10 photographs representing natural landscape. More water features and the flat terrain are the significant promoters for the restoration of cultural landscape. Abundant colours, which usually imply a higher diversity of plant species, are vital to enhance the restorative capacity of natural landscape.     

From aspiration to implementation — the establishment of the first national nature reserves in Britain

Much has been written on the initiatives leading up to the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, but relatively little on the ways in which the National Parks Commission and Nature Conservancy subsequently established themselves amongst other user-interests in the countryside. This paper disputes the general assumption that the Nature Conservancy operated in a largely apolitical climate, acquiring and managing nature reserves on essentially scientific criteria. Particular attention is given to the assumptions on which the statutory powers of the Nature Conservancy were granted, the changing political context within which the Nature Conservancy acquired its network of nature reserves, and the changing understanding of the management needs of nature reserves. Consideration is also given to the attempts made to give tangible effect to the concept of enhancement and enrichment in the distinctive landscapes of nature reserves. Insights from archival evidence help to explain the urgency with which 'conservation research' came to be promoted by the early 1960s, and place in clearer perspective the more overtly political influences exerted on nature conservation in later decades.     

Wildlife conservation in the cultural landscapes of the central Andes

The inhabited areas of the central Andean highlands are cultural landscapes, long dominated by land uses associated with subsistence agriculture. The wildlife remaining in these landscapes includes rare and endangered species, useful species, and those that can cause economic losses to local residents. Despite a general lack of relevant scientific investigations, it is important that wildlife concerns be included in rural development and nature reserve projects. This is best done by a three-prong approach that (1) improves the coverage, protection, and management of national parks and nature reserves; (2) integrates the control and management of wildlife into development projects focused on Andean communities; and (3) promotes species-specific programs that target endangered, useful or nuisance species of special concern.     

重庆历史文化遗产保护观念的发展

从回顾重庆历史文化遗产保护观念的发展历程开始,分析了当前对历史文化遗产保护观念影响的几大主要因素,并力图制定出相关的解决措施,从而明确重庆历史文化遗产保护观念的重要性.     

历史文化名城中有形文化保护浅析

针对历史文化名城面临的众多现实问题,以祁县老城为例,在总结前人经验教训的基础之上,对古城采取了不同的处理方法,达到“有形文化”保护与城镇建设的有机平衡。     

Usages of the “cultural landscape” concept in Norwegian and Nordic landscape administration

This paper summarizes the results of an analysis of differing usages of the concept of “cultural landscape” and related concepts in Norwegian and Nordic government policy and applied research documents. The analysis indicates how inconsistent or unclear use of concepts can hinder interdisciplinary and intersectorial communication. The role of rhetoric, the changing usage of concepts over time and different value loadings for similar concepts are exemplified. Confusion arises partly because previously separate academic discourses, based on separate but overlapping sets of values, have come together in a common discourse promoted by the application of research to government policy. The principal participants in this discourse are agricultural interests, nature conservation interests, cultural heritage interests and local planning interests.     

浅谈文物建筑与历史地段保护

探讨了对待历史遗产的态度已经成为社会文化的焦点，通过对文物建筑与历史地段保护问题的分析，指出其在经济发展中存在的误区，以给我国的历史遗产保护工作一些启示。     

Silent meadows: The uncertain decline and conservation of hay meadows in the british landscape

The environmental impacts of British agriculture have been a popular focus in recent years within Landscape Research. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the case of hay meadows, an important feature of the landscape in cultural, agricultural and ecological terms, and one which has been threatened with decline. The paper considers the factors which have marginalized hay meadows in the discussion of agri-environment relations, showing that the lack of definitive data on hay meadows, government funding for more intensive farming practices, and the ephemeral nature of hay meadows have contributed to their 'silent' decline. Drawing on a case study of the Peak District in the UK, the attempts of current agri-envrionment schemes to encourage 'traditional' management, and the problems associated with the use of this term and its connotations, are considered.     

区域文化景观旅游带动地坑院建筑保护

介绍了地坑院的旅游潜在特征,对地坑院建筑的区域文化成景作用进行了阐述,并对地坑院建筑景观的旅游开发与保护进行了探讨,从而使地坑院代表的区域文化与其传承的聚落文化得到延续。     

The design of landscapes at child-care centres: Seven Cs

Key criteria, called Seven Cs, identified from phase one of a five-year multidisciplinary study, are described. This study asked, what are the precise outdoor physical factors that contribute to early childhood development and quality play at child-care centres, and to what degree do these factors currently exist at the centres under study? The child-care setting provides an instrumental context for understanding children and landscape interactions. The Seven Cs criteria were derived from a comparison of 12 sample outdoor play spaces at child-care centres in Vancouver, Canada, with findings from a review of the literature concerning landscapes designed for children. Landscapes designed for children's use should consider developmental and play needs, and the unique contributions that landscapes can offer on a daily basis. Seven Cs earmark important physical dimensions of designed landscapes for children that can potentially enrich future designs at child-care centres. The goal is to provide a set of criteria that will allow the city of Vancouver Community Service and Social Planning Department to evaluate landscape design proposals for new child-care centres and to inform the existing set of Design Guidelines which the city is revising.     

浅谈大地艺术景观中的自然观

从大地艺术景观的取材、表现内容以及反映的思想意识等方面,阐述了凝结在大地艺术景观中浓郁而朴素的自然观,指出大地艺术景观创作所诠释的自然情愫,以及被融入的生态理念,给艺术及景观创作带来了新的生机。     

Ten major premises for a holistic conception of multifunctional landscapes

The object of this paper is to present 10 major premises serving as a holistic conception for research on multifunctional landscapes (MFLs). Such a theory should become an integral part of the conceptual foundation of transdisciplinary goal-oriented and mission-driven landscape research. Based on a dynamic systems view, emerging from the recent paradigm shifts and insights from findings on complexity and wholeness, MFLs should be conceived as tangible, mixed natural and cultural interacting systems. They are the concrete, self-transcendent and self-organizing Gestalt systems of our total human ecosystem. Ranging from the smallest mappable ecotope to the global ecosphere landscape, they should be studied, upscaled, managed and evaluated with a biperspectivable systems view. For this purpose MFLs have to be treated simultaneously as products of material, natural biogeophysical systems and as mental, cognitive noospheric systems. This can be achieved with the help of innovative transdisciplinary approaches and research methods, in close cooperation among landscape researchers from natural sciences, social sciences, the humanities and the arts, as well as the professionals involved in all phases of land use decision. By adopting such a transdisciplinary and integrative approach towards the landscape as a whole, landscape ecologists could take part in such joint studies and projects, not only as narrow specialists in their own field of expertise as ecologists or geographers. They could help bridge the gaps between all biological and human ecological aspects, related to land use. Thereby they could play a useful role in ensuring the future of healthy, attractive and stable MFLs as part of the creation of post-industrial symbiotic relations between human society and nature.     

中原思想文化影响下的中国城市景观设计研究

以中原思想文化为落脚点,对中国城市景观设计进行了分析,提出了如何保留地域文化之意,走现代创新设计之路的方法,从而解决当今我国城市景观建设中存在的一些问题。     

喀什历史文化名城保护与老城区危旧房改造

分析了喀什的历史文化价值,探讨了老城区危旧房改造的必要性,研究了危旧房改造和历史文化名城保护的关系,提出了危旧房改造中采取的保护历史风貌的措施,从而取得既保护文物和古都风貌又推进危旧房改造的双赢结果。     

樱花的文化内涵及其园林应用

介绍了樱花的品种,陈述了中日樱花文化内涵的差异,总结了樱花在园林中的应用形式、应用原则及园林应用的主要方向,以挖掘樱花深层次的文化底蕴,将其配置于园林景观中,从而形成一定的文化氛围。     

云南建水团山村村落景观保护研究

对团山村落景观特点及景观保护面临的问题进行了论述,介绍了团山村落景观保护的原则和内容,在此基础上提出了村落景观保护的对策,从而使团山的建筑遗产得以保护,走一条良性循环的道路。     

桂北高定侗寨村落文化景观保护与传承

结合广西三江县高定侗寨概况,从空间格局,民居布局及其他文化景观元素三方面阐述了高定侗寨村落文化景观特色,在此基础上提出了该村落文化景观保护与传承的几点建议,以促进高定侗寨实现可持续发展。