Optimal Short Term Operation Planning of a Large Hydrothermal Power System Based on a Nonlinear Network Flow Concept

This paper presents a procedure for solving the short term generation scheduling problem for a large hydrothermal system that includes transmission limitations. The integrated system is divided into a hydro and a thermal subsystem. A reduced gradient algorithm is employed for the solution of the hydro subproblem. This algorithm is specialized to efficiently solve nonlinear network flow problems with additional constraints of non-netwrk type. The thermal subsystem is solved using a fast unit commitment and dispatch algorithm. A case study with the Swedish system is discussed.     

Scheduling hydro power systems with restricted operating zones anddischarge ramping constraints

An optimization-based algorithm is presented for scheduling hydro power systems with restricted operating zones and discharge ramping constraints. Hydro watershed scheduling problems are difficult to solve because many constraints, continuous and discrete, including hydraulic coupling of cascaded reservoirs have to be considered. Restricted or forbidden operating zones as well as minimum generation limits of hydro units result in discontinuous preferred operating regions, and hinder direct applications of efficient continuous optimization methods such as network flow algorithms. Discharge ramping constraints due to navigational, environmental and recreational requirements in a hydro system add another dimension of difficulty since they couple generation or water discharge across time horizon. Integrated consideration of the above constraints is very challenging. The key idea of this paper is to use additional sets of multipliers to relax discontinuous operating region and discharge ramping constraints on individual hydro units so that a two-level optimization structure is formed. The low level consists of a continuous discharge scheduling subproblem determining the generation levels of all units in the entire watershed, and a number of pure integer scheduling subproblems determining the hydro operating states, one for each unit. The discharge subproblem is solved by a network flow algorithm, and the integer scheduling problems are solved by dynamic programming with a small number of states and well-structured transitions     

Short term hydro–wind–thermal scheduling based on particle swarm optimization technique

Hydro–wind–thermal scheduling is one of the most important optimization problems in power system. An aim of the short term hydrothermal scheduling of power systems is to determine the optimal hydro, wind and thermal generations in order to meet the load demands over a scheduled horizon of time while satisfying the various constraints on the hydraulic, wind and thermal power system network. In this paper we present optimal hourly schedule of power generation in a hydro–wind–thermal power system applying PSO technique. The simulation results inform that the proposed PSO approach appears to be the powerful to minimize fuel cost and it has better solution quality and good convergence characteristics than other techniques.     

节能发电调度下的水电短期优化调度

在水电比例较大的四川电网中,水电优化调度是节能发电调度的重要环节。将水电和火电分开进行优化,得到水电的总负荷曲线。以水电出力之和与总负荷曲线的偏差最小为目标,考虑各种约束条件,建立水电优化调度的数学模型,并利用遗传算法进行求解。在遗传算法中,设计编码方案,对一天中的5个时段分别进行编码,在前期就剔除大量不满足约束条件的方案,加快计算速度。该模型已经在实际系统中开始试运行,取得了良好的效果。     

Hydrothermal scheduling by augmented Lagrangian: consideration oftransmission constraints and pumped-storage units

This paper presents an augmented Lagrangian (AL) approach to scheduling a generation mix of thermal and hydro resources. AL presents a remedy to duality gap encountered with the ordinary Lagrangian for nonconvex problems. It shapes the Lagrangian function as a hyperparaboloid associating penalty in the direction of the coupling constraints. This work accounts further for the transmission constraints. We use a hydrothermal resource model with pumped-storage units. An IEEE 24-bus test system is used for AL performance illustration. Computational models are all coded in C. The results of the test case show that the AL approach can provide better scheduling results as it can detect optimal on/off schedules of units over a planning horizon at a minimal cost with no constraint violation. It requires no iteration with economic dispatch algorithms. The approach proves accurate and practical for systems with generation diversity and limited transmission capacity     

竞价上网中的水电优化运行

探讨了如何在发电侧电力市场中考虑水电优化运行问题,建立了综合考虑水电机组运行约束条件（出力约束、电量约束和振动区约束）的数学模型，并提出了解决该优化问题的新方法。该方法已经在实际中得到应用。计算结果表明所提出的模型和方法是有效的，为在竞价上网中考虑水电的运行模式提出了新的思路和方法。     

水-火电机组频率控制策略研究

哈密—郑州特高压直流输电送端电网存在大量的水电机组,掌握水电与火电一次调频特性及其差异对大功率输电安全稳定性具有重要意义。以哈密—郑州特高压直流输电送端电网为研究对象,仿真分析了在较高水电负荷比例条件下不同控制参数对调频控制的影响,结果表明,提高水、火电机组的稳定性和持续性都能显著提高综合调频能力和混合电网的频率稳定性,但水电机组容量的增加会提高电网频率的动态超调。此外,水、火电机组调频指令与负荷的线性度水平都有待进一步规范。     

具有抽水蓄能电厂的多区域电网日经济调度研究

提出了求解具有水、火电厂和抽水蓄能电厂的多区域电网日经济调度问题的基于混合整数规划的新算法。该算法能够在满足区域约束的条件下,协调考虑各种类型发电机组的经济运行,从而使全网获得最大的经济效益。该算法已成功地应用于具有６个区域、２７个电厂（含抽蓄电厂）的广东电网。计算结果表明,利用抽蓄电厂进行移峰填谷,可以显地改善整个系统的安全运行状况。     

A noise annealing neural network for hydroelectric generationscheduling with pumped-storage units

A new approach based on neural network is proposed for the hydroelectric generation scheduling with pumped-storage units at Taiwan power system. The purpose of hydroelectric generation scheduling is to determine the optimal amounts of generated powers for the hydro units in the system. To achieve an economical dispatching schedule for the hydro units including two large pumped-storage plants, a neural network is employed to reach a schedule in which total fuel cost of the thermal units over the study period is minimized. The neural network model presented can solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems with continuous decision variables. Incorporating the noise annealing concepts, the model is able to produce such a solution which is the global optimum of the original problem with probability close to 1. The proposed approach is applied to hydroelectric generation scheduling of Taiwan power system. It is concluded from the results that the proposed approach is very effective in reaching proper hydro generation schedules     

Optimal short term hydro scheduling including security constraints

A method is presented for short-term production scheduling in a hydro system. The solution technique is based on iterative network linear programming and heuristic techniques. The method handles security constraints due to single branch and specified multiple contingencies. The postcontingency rescheduling capabilities are modeled explicitly in a DC optimal load flow. Using the rescheduling capabilities increases the transmission network utilization     

Differential evolution technique-based short-term economic generation scheduling of hydrothermal systems

This paper presents differential evolution (DE)-based optimization technique for solving short-term economic generation scheduling of hydrothermal systems. A multi-reservoir cascaded hydrothermal system with non-linear relationship between water discharge rate, power generation and net head is considered here. The water transport delay between the connected reservoirs is also taken into account. Several equality and non-equality constraints on thermal units as well as hydro units and the effect of valve-point loading are also included in the problem formulation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on two test systems comprising of hydro and thermal units. Convergence characteristic of the proposed technique has been found to be quite satisfactory. The results obtained by the proposed technique are compared with other evolutionary methods. It is seen that the proposed technique is capable of producing encouraging solutions.     

Short-Term Hydrothermal Power System Unit Commitment: A Comparative Study

To supply the required load, most electric power systems contain a combination of hydro and thermal power plants. The aim of this work is to study the optimal short-term operation of this combination, where the objective function is to minimize the thermal fuel cost and at the same time satisfy the hydro and thermal constraints, such as power balance at every hour, available water resources, reservoir volumes, and generation outputs limits. Two different techniques are used to solve the problem, namely dynamic programming and coordination equations. The mathematical algorithms for the solution of the problem were developed and the results of some computer studies on selected sample systems were obtained. The results show that using coordination equations method leads to lower total cumulative cost than using the dynamic programming method; however, many of the realistic system constraints cannot be properly handled by the coordination equations method.     

安徽电网中水电容量的合理比重

本文根据水、火电站在电网中的功能及其运行特点,从电源规划角度分析了水电容量在安徽电网中应占有的合理比重。指出了加快修建响洪甸抽水蓄能电站的必要性。     

含流域梯级水电的水火风互补发电系统联合运行优化

大规模水电和风电并网后,来水和风速的随机性降低了发电的可控性,如何科学地在多元电源系统联合运行中确定旋转备用容量,更好地协调系统经济性与可靠性,是市场化背景下亟需解决的理论和现实问题。在分析水电和风电的自然与技术互补特性的基础上,建立考虑水流滞时效应的梯级水电水量平衡关系。通过结合传统梯级水电联合调度模型与火电、风电的经济调度模型,引入水力发电的水资源费用成本,综合考虑梯级水电能量转换、水量耦合、库容限制、水流滞时和风电穿透率等多类复杂约束,在分析电能市场与备用市场顺序决策经济意义的基础上,构建以运行成本最小为目标的考虑梯级水电的水火风互补发电系统短期优化运行模型。采用外点罚函数法将模型转化为无约束优化问题,基于加惯性权重的粒子群优化算法,运用MATLAB软件编程实现优化功能。4个梯级水电、3个常规火电、2个大型风电场构成的算例系统验证了所提模型的有效性和适用性。     

Short-term hydrothermal generation scheduling by a modified dynamic neighborhood learning based particle swarm optimization

The main objective of the short-term hydrothermal generation scheduling (SHGS) problem is to determine the optimal strategy for hydro and thermal generation in order to minimize the fuel cost of thermal plants while satisfying various operational and physical constraints. Usually, SHGS is assumed for a 1 day or a 1 week planing time horizon. It is viewed as a complex non-linear, non-convex and non-smooth optimization problem considering valve point loading (VPL) effect related to the thermal power plants, transmission loss and other constraints. In this paper, a modified dynamic neighborhood learning based particle swarm optimization (MDNLPSO) is proposed to solve the SHGS problem. In the proposed approach, the particles in swarm are grouped in a number of neighborhoods and every particle learns from any particle which exists in current neighborhood. The neighborhood memberships are changed with a refreshing operation which occurs at refreshing periods. It causes the information exchange to be made with all particles in the swarm. It is found that mentioned improvement increases both of the exploration and exploitation abilities in comparison with the conventional PSO. The presented approach is applied to three different multi-reservoir cascaded hydrothermal test systems. The results are compared with other recently proposed methods. Simulation results clearly show that the MDNLPSO method is capable of obtaining a better solution.     

Optimal short-term scheduling for a large-scale cascaded hydrosystem

This paper describes a short term hydro generation optimization program that has been developed by the Hydro Electric Commission (HEC) to determine optimal generation schedules and to investigate export and import capabilities of the Tasmanian system under a proposed DC interconnection with mainland Australia. The optimal hydro scheduling problem is formulated as a large scale linear programming algorithm and is solved using a commercially-available linear programming package. The selected objective function requires minimization of the value of energy used by turbines and spilled during the study period. Alternative formulations of the objective function are also discussed. The system model incorporates the following elements: hydro station (turbine efficiency, turbine flow limits, penstock head losses, tailrace elevation and generator losses), hydro system (reservoirs and hydro network: active volume, spillway flow, flow between reservoirs and travel time), and other models including thermal plant and DC link. A valuable by-product of the linear programming solution is system and unit incremental costs which may be used for interchange scheduling and short-term generation dispatch     

Hydrothermal self-scheduling problem in a day-ahead electricity market

This paper addresses the self-scheduling problem of determining the unit commitment status for power generation companies before submitting the hourly bids in a day-ahead market. The hydrothermal model is formulated as a deterministic optimization problem where expected profit is maximized using the 0/1 mixed-integer linear programming technique. This approach allows precise modelling of non-convex variable cost functions and non-linear start-up cost functions of thermal units, non-concave power-discharge characteristics of hydro units, ramp rate limits of thermal units and minimum up and down time constraints for both hydro and thermal units. Model incorporates long-term bilateral contracts with contracted power and price patterns, as well as forecasted market hourly prices for day-ahead auction. Solution is achieved using the homogeneous interior point method for linear programming as state of the art technique, with a branch and bound optimizer for integer programming. The effectiveness of the proposed model in optimizing the generation schedule is demonstrated through the case studies and their analysis.     

水火电力系统短期实用化调度模型及求解方法

以某电网的大型水火电力系统为研究对象,从节能降耗及与生产实际接轨的角度出发,基于水火电力系统的解耦机制,将水火联合调度问题建模为2个具有优化时序的子优化问题。在火电优化子问题中,在考虑常规约束的基础上,提出火电机组出力升降走向约束及相邻时段火电总负荷波动阈值约束,以保证火电机组出力平滑;在水电优化子问题中,考虑水电厂日平均出力约束及振动区约束,以保证水电的充分利用。采用改进的具有柔性更新策略的教与学优化算法依次求解2个子优化问题,并针对2个子优化问题中呈现强耦合性的复杂约束,设计不同的启发式约束处理方法。对含有15座火电厂和29座水电厂的某水火电力系统的日前调度进行仿真测试,验证了所提调度模型的可行性和实用性及求解方法的有效性。     

Cost/environmentally compromised dispatch for cascaded hydrothermal system using artificial bee colony algorithm

This paper evaluates the robustness of the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm while allocating optimal power generation in a hydrothermal power system at the level of minimum fuel cost and minimum pollutant emission impacts on the environment subjected to physical and technical constraints. The hydrothermal scheduling (HTS) is devised in a bi‐objective framework so as to optimize both objectives of fuel cost and emission release, individually and simultaneously subjected to a verity of intricate equality and inequality constraints. Initially, all feasible solutions are obtained through random search, and then the ABC algorithm is used for the exploration and exploitation processes together in the search space, thereby discovering the optimal hourly schedule of power generation in the hydrothermal system. Meanwhile, a dependent hydro‐discharge computation handles the equality constraints; especially, the reservoir end volume and slack thermal generating unit for each sub‐interval handle the power balance equality constraint. The performance of the proposed approach is illustrated on a multi‐chain interconnected hydrothermal power system with due consideration of the water transport delay between connected reservoirs and transmission loss of system load. The results obtained from the proposed technique are compared with those of other techniques. The results demonstrate that the ABC algorithm is feasible and efficient for solving the HTS problem. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Load frequency control of a realistic power system with multi-source power generation

In this paper, load frequency control (LFC) of a realistic power system with multi-source power generation is presented. The single area power system includes dynamics of thermal with reheat turbine, hydro and gas power plants. Appropriate generation rate constraints (GRCs) are considered for the thermal and hydro plants. In practice, access to all the state variables of a system is not possible and also their measurement is costly and difficult. Usually only a reduced number of state variables or linear combinations thereof, are available. To resolve this difficulty, optimal output feedback controller which uses only the output state variables is proposed. The performances of the proposed controller are compared with the full state feedback controller. The action of this proposed controller provides satisfactory balance between frequency overshoot and transient oscillations with zero steady state error in the multi-source power system environment. The effect of regulation parameter (R) on the frequency deviation response is examined. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the proposed controller is quite robust and optimum controller gains once set for nominal condition need not to be changed for ±25% variations in the system parameters and operating load condition from their nominal values. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller on the actual power system, the LFC of hydro power plants operational in KHOZESTAN (a province in southwest of Iran) has also been presented.