正交实验设计研究卫生陶瓷凝胶注模成形工艺

本文采用正交实验方法，以经甲基丙烯酰胺为单体，硝酸饰铵为引发剂，N，N，N’，N’—四甲基乙二胺为催化剂，N，N’—亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂，研究了卫生陶瓷凝胶注模成型工艺，并探讨了不同工艺条件(单体加入量、引发剂加入量、催化剂加入量、交联剂加入量等因素)对卫生陶瓷料浆凝胶注模成形后坯体的干燥速率、收缩率、干燥强度以及综合性能指标的影响规律。     

耐盐型丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚高吸水树脂的合成及其性能研究

采用溶液聚合法,以丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,N,N＇-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂.合成出丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚高吸水树脂.探讨了单体比[m(丙烯酸):m(丙烯酰胺)]、交联剂和引发荆用量、单体中和度及聚合温度对树脂吸水率的影响.IR光谱表明,丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺发生了接...     

微波法制备高吸水性树脂的溶胀性能研究

以2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和丙烯酸(AA)为单体,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,在不加引发剂的情况下采用微波聚合法合成了丙烯酸-2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸二元共聚高吸水性树脂。研究了交联剂用量、中和度等因素对产物性能的影响,并对溶胀动力学进行了初步探讨。     

疏水缔合型两性聚丙烯酰胺增稠剂的制备及性能研究

以司班-80、OP-10为复配乳化体系,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(甲叉)为交联剂,丙烯酸十八酯(ODA)为长碳链疏水单体,用过硫酸钾引发丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)进行反相乳液聚合,制备了疏水缔合型两性增稠剂。探讨了增稠剂的交联结构、交联剂用量、长碳链疏水单体用量,DMC用量以及所得产品的耐盐性、流变性和耐稀释性。结果表明:当交联剂占单体量0.17%,长链疏水单体为0.6%,DMC为13.8%时,其综合增稠效果最佳。     

丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物吸水树脂的制备

采用溶液聚合法,以丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,N,N’-亚甲双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,制备了丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物吸水树脂,探讨了单体配比(mAA/mAM)、交联剂和引发剂用量对树脂吸水率的影响。结果表明:在65℃时,丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物吸水树脂的最佳制备条件为:丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺质量比为4:1,交联剂和引发剂用量分别为聚合单体(丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺)总质量的0.02%和0.4%。     

CMC和AA／AM三元共聚高吸水树脂的研究

以N, N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸铵和亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,羧甲基纤维素(CMC)-丙烯酰胺(AM)-丙烯酸(AA)为原料进行共聚合成了高吸水树脂,研究了单体、中和度、交联剂等因素对产品吸水性能的影响.     

水溶液聚合法合成高吸水性树脂的研究

以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾-亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,以丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为单体,采用水溶液聚合法合成了丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚的吸水树脂,并探讨了单体浓度、单体质量比、丙烯酸中和度、交联剂用量、引发剂用量对吸水树脂吸水量的影响,最大吸水率为799.3 g/g。     

聚丙烯酸–丙烯酰胺交联微球的制备及吸水性能

以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)作为单体,N,N–亚甲基丙烯酰胺(MBA)作为交联剂,利用反向悬浮聚合法制备聚丙烯酸–丙烯酰胺(PAA–AM)交联微球,研究了单体配比、交联剂用量、分散剂浓度、搅拌速度、AA中和度对交联微球吸水性能的影响。结果表明,当单体中AM的质量分数为60%、交联剂用量为1%、AA中和度为80%、分散剂浓度为1%、搅拌速度为350 r/min,交联微球的吸水倍率分别达到最大值450.77,426.83,426.83,426.83,424.23 g/g。     

丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物的制备及其重金属离子敏感性研究

以部分中和的丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺为单体,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用溶液聚合法直接合成出了一系列不同配方的丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺共聚物(PAAAM)。根据其在氯化钠溶液和在氯化铬、硫酸铜溶液中的溶胀度曲线斜率的显著不同,表明此共聚物对重金属离子较为敏感。结果表明,丙烯酰胺配比为40%,丙烯酸中和度为60%,引发剂用量为0.30%,交联剂用量为0.050%(百分比以丙烯酸为基准)条件下合成的PAAAM的重金属离子敏感性较好。     

淀粉接枝共聚合成吸水树脂工艺研究

以淀粉为原料,丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为共聚单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,N,N‘-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用接枝共聚法制备吸水树脂。研究了引发剂用量、交联剂量、单体与淀粉质量比以及丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺质量比对产品的吸水率的影响。实验结果表明：当引发剂占干物料质量的0．6％,交联剂质量占单体质量的0．8‰,单体与淀粉质量比为4,丙烯酸与丙烯酰胺质量比为1．33,产品的吸水率可超过550。     

掺杂CdTe量子点的凝胶光子晶体制备

先将单分散的聚苯乙烯微球通过垂直沉积法自组装得到聚苯乙烯光子晶体模板,再将水相合成法制备的巯基丙酸改性CdTe量子点与丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺、过硫酸铵、N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺等水凝胶前驱液混合填入聚苯乙烯光子晶体模板中,引发交联聚合,得到掺杂CdTe量子点的凝胶光子晶体。分别采用扫描电镜（SEM）、光纤光谱仪、固体荧光分光光度计对材料进行了表征,结果表明该材料既具有光子晶体的三维面心立方结构和光子带隙特征,又具有CdTe量子点荧光性能。     

固液反萃湿法磷酸生产磷铵的工艺研究

通过连续逆流萃取对原料湿法磷酸先进行净化,萃取后的有机溶剂相直接用氨反萃取生成磷铵晶体,再沉降使晶体与有机萃取剂分离,实现磷铵直接反萃结晶和萃取剂的循环利用。结果表明用氨直接固液反萃湿法磷酸生产磷铵的最佳工艺条件是：萃取剂组成为V(磷酸三丁酯)∶V(稀释剂)=1∶1,原料磷酸浓度为w（P₂O₅）=40%～50%,萃取剂用量为V(萃取剂)∶V(原料磷酸)≈3∶1,萃取搅拌时间约为5 min,氨用量控制为氨反萃结晶后的液相pH≈7,固液反萃-结晶温度为15～20 ℃。最终所得的磷铵晶体中w(氮)＞20%、w(五氧化二磷)＞50%,原料湿法磷酸中的五氧化二磷一次性利用率接近50%。该法所得磷铵晶体中氮磷含量均接近工业磷酸二铵(98%)标准,远大于国家肥料级农用磷铵产品标准。     

Efficiency of urea and ammonium sulfate for wetland rice grown on an acid sulfate soil as affected by rate and time of application

A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to assess the effect of rate and time of N application on yield and N uptake of wetland rice grown on a Rangsit acid sulfate soil (Sulfic Tropaquepts). Response of rice at N rates of 800, 1600 and 2400 mg N/pot (5 kg of soil) was compared between urea and ammonium sulfate when applied at two times: (i) full-rate basal at transplanting and (ii) one half at transplanting and one half at the PI stage. In addition, labelled¹⁵N sources were applied either at transplanting or at the PI stage to determine the nitrogen balance sheet in the soil/plant system.No significant difference in grain and straw yields between urea and ammonium sulfate at low rate was observed. At the higher N rates, urea produced higher yields than did ammonium sulfate regardless of timing. The highest yields were obtained when urea at the high N rate was applied either in a single dose or a split dose while lowest yields were observed particularly when ammonium sulfate at the same rate was applied. Split application of N fertilizer was shown to be no better than a single basal application. The occurrence of nutritional disorder, a symptom likely reflected by high concentration of Fe (II) in combination with soluble Al, was induced with high rate of ammonium sulfate.In terms of fertilizer N recovery by using¹⁵N-labelling, ammonium sulfate was more efficient than urea when both were applied at transplanting. In contrast, application at the PI stage resulted in higher utilization of urea than of ammonium sulfate. The recovery of labelled N in the soil was higher with urea than with ammonium sulfate when the two sources were applied at transplanting, while the opposite result was obtained when the same fertilizers were applied at the PI stage. The losses from urea and ammonium sulfate were not different when these fertilizers were applied at transplanting but loss from urea was higher than that from ammonium sulfate when both were applied at the PI stage.     

Nitrogen availability of soluble and slow release nitrogen fertilizers as assessed by electroultrafiltration

The efficiency of different nitrogenous fertilizers under forced leaching conditions was determined in pot experiments using ryegrass as an indicator plant in a sandy loam soil. Treatments were: ON (unfertilized), AN (ammonium nitrate), U (urea), DAP (diammonium phosphate), T (Triabon), FK (Floranid Komplett) and CDU (crotonylidendiurea).N source effects on N uptake, and N leached (as % of N applied) were evaluated. Results show that the fertilizers which behaved best with regard to N uptake were FK followed by Triabon and AN. The most soluble fertilizers, AN and urea, gave the highest N leaching losses.Significant correlations between EUF-NI (rapidly soluble fraction) and leaching, as well as between EUF-N (I + II) and N uptake by the plant (where EUF-N II relates to the slowly soluble fraction) were obtained.     

聚苯乙烯修饰α-磷酸锆的合成与表征

采用十八烷基二甲基叔胺(DMA)与对氯甲基苯乙烯(CMS)合成的季铵盐(DMA-CMS)与α-磷酸锆(α-ZrP)进行阳离子交换反应,合成了具有反应活性的有机修饰磷酸锆(ZrP-DMA-CMS)。再利用本体聚合法,使该有机化处理的磷酸锆与苯乙烯反应,合成了聚苯乙烯修饰的磷酸锆P(St-ZrP-DMA-CMS)。运用FT-IR、TGA、XRD对所制备的ZrP-DMA-CMS及P(St-ZrP-DMA-CMS)进行了分析。XRD分析表明,DMA-CMS修饰的磷酸锆层间距离由0.8nm扩大为4.0nm;聚苯乙烯修饰的磷酸锆,其层间距则由4.0nm进一步扩大到4.4nm。TGA分析表明,聚苯乙烯修饰的磷酸锆P(St-ZrP-DMA-CMS)热稳定性比α-ZrP提高了17%。     

DTAC有机改性云南砚山膨润土的工艺研究

以经过钠化改性的砚山膨润土为原料,用十二烷基三甲基氯化铵(DTAC)进行有机改性,应用单因素及正交实验,研究了制备季铵型有机膨润土的最佳工艺条件,并用XRD和IR对合成的有机膨润土进行了结构表征。     

Synthesis and Application of a Hyperbranched Polyester Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant

In the presence of the alkaline catalyst sodium hydroxide, the intermediate of hyperbranched polyester (H20Cl) was prepared by the modification of the hyperbranched polyester Boltorn H20 with epichlorohydrin. Then a new kind of quaternary ammonium functionalized hyperbranched polyester (H20C16 N) was synthesized by the reaction of H20Cl and hexadecyldimethylamine. The characteristics of H20C16 N were determined by FT‐IR, ¹H NMR and TGA. The molecular and molecular weight distribution of H20C16 N were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and the surface activities of H20C16 N including surface tension (γ) and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were measured at 25 °C. The H20C16 N reduced the surface tension of water to 30.81 mN/m at concentration levels of 7.94 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 and micellization free energies of the quaternary ammonium salt in its solution showed a good tendency towards adsorption at interfaces. The H20C16 N was applied to the silk fabric. An antimicrobial test of the treated fabrics against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was carried out. SEM and XPS analysis were performed to study the dispersion of H20C16 N onto the fabric. All results exhibited excellent antibacterial properties of the hyperbranched polyester quaternary ammonium salt.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒免疫血清精制工艺的建立

目的建立马抗H5N1亚型禽流感病毒免疫血清的精制工艺。方法以硫酸铵盐析法提取免疫马血浆中的IgG抗体,以8～256μg/mgIgG胃蛋白酶(活性单位1:3000)进行消化,以阳离子交换层析柱纯化F(ab’)2抗体,并参照《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求,对试制的样品进行检定。结果经一步50%硫酸铵和多步33%硫酸铵盐析,获得了较为纯净的IgG抗体。8μg胃蛋白酶用量可完全消化1mgIgG抗体分子,阳离子交换方法分离F(ab’)2抗体纯度可达90%以上,高于常规工艺制备的抗体纯度。以此工艺试制的样品,各项质量指标均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)质量标准。结论已初步建立了马抗H5N1亚型禽流感病毒免疫血清的精制工艺。     

有机蒙脱土/聚(丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺)高吸水性纳米复合材料的制备、性能及表征

首先通过阳离子交换反应,用烷基季铵盐十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对钠基蒙脱土进行插层改性,使其成为有机蒙脱土(OMMT);然后通过反相悬浮聚合法使之与丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)共聚,利用单体溶液插层原位聚合的方式制备了高吸水性树脂P(AA-AM/OMMT)的纳米复合材料。通过傅立叶红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射实验(XRD)等手段对其结构进行表征。研究了有机蒙脱土的加入量对材料吸液率影响。结果表明:季铵盐成功插层进入蒙脱土片层,并且AA、AM可顺利进入蒙脱土片层中发生插层聚合,使蒙脱土片层剥离,达到纳米级分散。所制备树脂的吸水速率明显提高,吸液率也有所提高,最大吸水吸盐率分别达到890mL/g和72.5mL/g。     

The effect of N fertilizer forms on nitrous oxide emissions from UK arable land and grassland

Nitrous oxide emission factors (EFs) were calculated from measurements of emissions from UK wheat crops and grassland, that were part of a wider research programme on N loss pathways and crop responses. Field studies were undertaken in 2003, 2004 and 2005??a total of 12 site-seasons. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured by the closed static chamber method, following the application of various N fertilizer forms (ammonium nitrate (AN), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea (UR), urea ammonium sulphate and urea ammonium nitrate) at the recommended rates. Emission factors for the growing season (March?CSeptember) ranged from less than 0.1?C3.9?%. In the 2nd year, measurements continued at three sites until the following February; the resulting annual EFs were one-third greater, on average, than those for the growing season. There was some evidence that N₂O emissions from UR were smaller than from AN or CAN, but when this was adjusted for loss of ammonia by volatilization, there was generally little difference between different forms of N. Emissions from UR modified by the addition of the urease inhibitor nBTPT (UR?+?UI) were lower than corresponding emissions from nitrate forms, except under conditions where emissions were generally low, even allowing for indirect emissions, suggesting that the use of a urease inhibitor can provide some mitigation of N₂O, as well as NH₃, emissions. The emission data broadly bear out the relationships obtained in earlier UK studies, showing a strong dependence of N₂O emission on soil wetness, temperature and the presence of sufficient mineral N in the soil, which decreases rapidly after N application mainly as a result of plant uptake. Overall net mean EFs for the whole season (after subtracting background emissions from unfertilized controls) covered a range wider than the 0.3?C3.0?% range of IPCC (2006).