楔形体诱导的非定常超空泡计算

采用积分方程方法,研究了楔形体外部自然超空泡流问题。提出了楔形体在静止流体中做变速运动所引起的非定常超空泡的积分方程。作为特例,得到了均匀来流时非定常超空泡的积分方程。应用时间有限差分离散化方法和有限差分法对积分方程进行了求解,得到了楔形体做变速运动、楔角变化、空化数变化、小扰动空化流等各种情况下的数值解。数值结果表明:非定常超空泡具有时滞性和波动性。楔体做变速运动时,加速度越大,时间滞后越长。在匀减速运动时,空泡不封闭,可能有回注射流发生。扰动频率越高,空泡长度变化越小,时间滞后越长。扰动以波动形式沿着空泡表面传播,传播速度为来流速度。该文所得到的结果,对于非定常超空化水翼的设计和分析能够起到参考作用。     

Geometry Effect on Deposition and Residence Time of Polydisperse Fine Drops in Mini-Risers Under Developing Flow Condition

Mini-riser geometry effect on the transport, dispersion and deposition of fine water drops in the three-dimensional laminar developing flow was investigated numerically and experimentally. Circular, triangular and rectangular cross-section risers with a hydraulic diameter of 14 mm were examined. Microscopic high-speed particle shadow velocimetry (PSV) technique was employed for planar velocity measurement of droplets. The experimental data were used to validate the simulation results obtained with an Eulerian–Lagrangian computational code. In addition, simulation results of the penetration were compared with the existing theoretical model, and a close agreement was found. In these simulations the polydispersed fine droplets were randomly distributed at the inlet of the risers in a size range of 0.01 to 10 µm. For comparison of the effect of riser shapes, the airflow rate was assumed to be constant. Simulation results indicated significantly more droplets were deposited on the walls of the triangular and high aspect ratio rectangular risers. Brownian diffusion tends to increase the residence time especially for risers with a corner. Employing the riser shapes with sharper corners and higher aspect ratio was found to be more beneficial for increasing the droplet size moving in a supersaturated carrier gas, especially at high flow rates, due to higher residence time.     

激光粉末床熔融成形腔内非稳态流场特性研究

目的 研究激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)中成形腔内保护气的流动规律,获得气流速度脉动和旋涡等流场非稳态特征及其变化规律。方法 利用热线测速计测量腔内的瞬时速度,研究保护气的速度分布及其脉动特性;基于数值模拟方法探究腔内气流形成的旋涡情况,分析涡的分布及其旋转速度;利用烟雾示踪方法对保护气流场进行可视化处理,分析气流的运动过程。结果 腔内气流经历了射流扩散、上下波动、大涡流、汇流等复杂运动过程,气流速度随时间的变化呈明显脉动特征,且气流脉动幅度受位置影响较大,进出风口的平面流速最大可达2.4 m/s,最小为0.25 m/s。同时,气速随平面高度的增大而逐渐减小;腔内存在以纵向大尺度旋涡为主、若干小尺度旋涡共同作用的涡流,由腔内边壁至中心,涡流切向速度呈先上升后下降的趋势,且随入口气速的增大而增大,在切向速度急剧降低的腔体角落、透镜等区域,易形成流动“死区”,导致烟尘颗粒聚集且难以排出,影响构件的高质量成形制造。结论 保护气在LPBF成形腔内形成了复杂的非稳态流动,并以剧烈的速度脉动和多尺度的涡流为典型特征,而针对非恒定的层流、成形腔结构的优化设计仍需进行更深入的研究。     

龙卷风动态冲击高层建筑风荷载数值模拟

龙卷风具有较强的破坏力,是抗风减灾工程重要的防范对象之一。近年来,随着地球环境的恶化,龙卷风袭击大型城市的灾害时有发生,针对高层建筑的研究开始受到重视。目前对龙卷风动态冲击高层结构的研究还较少。因此,该文建立了动态运动的龙卷风风场模型,模拟了龙卷风动态冲击高层建筑结构的非定常过程,初步分析了龙卷风冲击高层建筑结构的风荷载特征及规律。结果表明:1） 该文采用的龙卷风模型及计算方法能可靠地模拟龙卷风的基本特征和荷载规律。2） 龙卷风动态冲击高层建筑,其荷载效应与建筑尺度有关。建筑尺度较小时,冲击荷载呈双峰特征,冲击效应和时变效应相对较小。相反,冲击荷载呈多峰特征,时变性强,冲击效应明显。3） 龙卷风在冲击较大尺度建筑时,主涡会发生破裂,形成多个漩涡。多漩涡及建筑尾涡相互作用和耦合是导致更大冲击效应的重要力学机制。这种力学现象在国内外龙卷风研究中尚未发现类似报道。     

Observation of Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Superfluid 4He using a Vibrating Wire

No Heading We have investigated the laminar and the turbulent flow in superfluid ⁴He using a vibrating wire made of thin NbTi ( 2.5 m). The wire velocity as a function of applied force has shown a large hysteresis at the first cooling from normal fluid to the superfluid state. But after a couple of increasing and decreasing wire velocity we have found that the hysteresis vanished and the laminar and the turbulent flow are clearly separated at a critical velocity. The wire moving just after the first cooling must be influenced by remnant vortices nucleated through the superfluid transition. The appearance of the laminar flow below the critical velocity suggests that vortex strings on the wire seem to be selected as suitable sizes by a vibrating flow at higher velocities. We also measured the velocity dependence after immersing the wire directly into the superfluid and found that the laminar region expands up to a velocity much higher than the critical velocity observed above. This result indicates that remnant vortices are considerably reduced by the immersing method.PACS numbers: 67.40.Vs, 47.27.Cn     

On automated analysis of flow patterns in cerebral aneurysms based on vortex identification

It is hypothesized that the risk of rupture of cerebral aneurysms is related to geometrical and mechanical properties of the arterial wall as well as to local hemodynamics. In order to gain better understanding of the hemodynamical factors involved in intra-aneurysmal flows, a thorough analysis of the 3D velocity field within an idealized geometry is needed. This includes the identification and quantification of features like vortices and stagnation regions. The aim of our research is to develop experimentally validated computational methods to analyse intra-aneurysmal vortex patterns and, eventually, define candidate hemodynamical parameters (e.g. vortex strength) that could be predictive for rupture risk. A computational model based on a standard Galerkin finite-element approximation and an Euler implicit time integration has been applied to compute the velocity field in an idealized aneurysm geometry and the results have been compared to Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements in an in vitro model. In order to analyze the vortices observed in the aneurysmal sac, the vortex identification scheme as proposed by Jeong and Hussain (JFM 285:69–94, 1995) is applied. The 3D intra-aneurysmal velocity fields reveal complex vortical structures. This study indicates that the computational method predicts well the vortex structure that is found in the in vitro model and that a 3D analysis method like the vortex identification as proposed is needed to fully understand and quantify the vortex dynamics of intra-aneurysmal flow. Furthermore, such an automated analysis method would allow the definition of parameters predictive for rupture in clinical practice.     

Behaviour of spiral vortices on a rotating cone in axial flow

Summary The purpose of the present paper is to investigate experimentally in detail the boundary layer transition process and the behaviour of spiral vortices appearing in the transition range of the boundary layer on a 30°-cone, rotating in axial flow. Counterrotating spiral vortices in the transition range are visualized with a white smoke method, and observed the time dependent behaviour of them using a drum camera and a light sheet illumination method with a stroboscope flash light. The light passes a slit in order to illuminate only a thin sheet in the flow. With this method, the time dependent growing up and breaking down process of these spiral vortices is greatly clarified. A hot wire anemometer is also used for measuring in the flow field quantitatively. The results show that the spiral vortices are generated in the thin region of the steep shear velocity gradients near the wall. As the vortices grow up in z-direction, they are strongly distorted by the mean velocity field there, and finally they are teared off.With 7 Figures     

Non-stationary dynamic structural response to thunderstorm outflows

Wind loads on structures are commonly described as stationary phenomena that occur in neutral atmospheric conditions at the synoptic scale with velocity profiles in equilibrium with the atmospheric boundary layer. Nevertheless, structural systems can be also affected by thunderstorm outflows, which are non-stationary local phenomena at the mesoscale that occur in convective conditions with totally different velocity profiles with respect to synoptic winds. This paper presents a non-stationary probabilistic model that describes the wind velocity fluctuations experienced during a thunderstorm in order to estimate its effects on the dynamic structural response. The model is first calibrated on a typical thunderstorm recorded in the north-west italian coast and it is used to generate virtual time histories in a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The potential influence of the wind load non-stationary features on the peak structural response is investigated using single degree of freedom parametric analysis and statistical estimation.     

Turbulent fluid flows in a circular pipe and plane channel and models of mesoscale turbulence

Based on the model of anisotropic wall turbulence in the near-wall layer and the momentum model in the flow core, velocity profiles in the entire region of the turbulent flow of an incompressible fluid in a circular pipe and plane channel have been obtained. The differences in the profiles among the layers are due to the change in the structure of turbulent vortices.     

Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry in a supersonic flow over a cavity

Hydroxyl tagging velocimetry (HTV) measurements of velocity were made in a Mach 2 (M 2) flow with a wall cavity. In the HTV method, ArF excimer laser (193 nm) beams pass through a humid gas and dissociate H2O into H + OH to form a tagging grid of OH molecules. In this study, a 7 x 7 grid of hydroxyl (OH) molecules is tracked by planar laser-induced fluorescence. The grid motion over a fixed time delay yields about 50 velocity vectors of the two-dimensional flow in the plane of the laser sheets. Velocity precision is limited by the error in finding the crossing location of the OH lines written by the excimer tag laser. With a signal-to-noise ratio of about 10 for the OH lines, the determination of the crossing location is expected to be accurate within +/- 0.1 pixels. Velocity precision within the freestream, where the turbulence is low, is consistent with this error. Instantaneous, single-shot measurements of two-dimensional flow patterns were made in the nonreacting M 2 flow with a wall cavity under low- and high-pressure conditions. The single-shot profiles were analyzed to yield mean and rms velocity profiles in the M 2 nonreacting flow.     

Pulsating flow of a couple stress fluid in a channel with permeable walls

The paper is concerned with an analytical study of the oscillatory flow of a couple stress fluid in a channel, bounded by two permeable walls. The couple stress fluid is considered to be injected into the medium through one of the walls with a given velocity and to be sucked off by the other wall with an equal velocity. The problem is solved by using a perturbation technique. Analytical expressions for the velocity and volumetric flow rate are derived for the oscillatory flow of the couple stress fluid flowing in the channel. By using the method of parametric variation, distribution of the velocity of the couple stress fluid, change in velocity profiles at different instants of time, change in volumetric flow rate with change in frequency and cross-flow Reynolds number are computed, by considering an illustrative example. The study reveals that both the velocity and the volumetric flow rate are quite sensitive to the couple stress parameter, the frequency of oscillation and also to the cross-flow Reynolds number. The study will be immensely useful in resolving different problems associated with oil industries.     

Field induced vortex dynamics in magnetic Ni nanotriangles

The magnetization states in Ni triangular dots under an applied magnetic field have been studied using variable-field magnetic force microscopy (VF-MFM) imaging. In order to understand their dynamics we performed micromagnetic simulations which are in remarkable agreement with the experimental MFM results. The nanostructures present magnetic vortices as ground states which move under an external magnetic field. The combination of micromagnetic simulations and MFM imaging allows us to identify correctly the vortex chiralities and polarizations. The triangular geometry produces an improved contrast of the vortex core. Additionally, the vortices of different chiralities present clearly different MFM images under an?applied field.     

Unsteady axisymmetric stagnation-point flow of a viscous fluid on a cylinder

The unsteady viscous flow in the vicinity of an axisymmetric stagnation point of an infinite circular cylinder is investigated when both the free stream velocity and the velocity of the cylinder vary arbitrarily with time. The cylinder moves either in the same direction as that of the free stream or in the opposite direction. The flow is initially (t=0) steady and then at t>0 it becomes unsteady. The semi-similar solution of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations has been obtained numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. Also the self-similar solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is obtained when the velocity of the cylinder and the free stream velocity vary inversely as a linear function of time. For small Reynolds number, a closed form solution is obtained. When the Reynolds number tends to infinity, the Navier–Stokes equations reduce to those of the two-dimensional stagnation-point flow. The shear stresses corresponding to stationary and the moving cylinder increase with the Reynolds number. The shear stresses increase with time for the accelerating flow but decrease with increasing time for the decelerating flow. For the decelerating case flow reversal occurs in the velocity profiles after a certain instant of time.     

水中高速运动体内置测速涡轮装置空化特性研究

水中运动体高速下会发生空化而改变流场结构,研究测速涡轮装置空化特性对提升运动体自主环境感知能力具有重要意义。该文基于内置测速涡轮的防空化结构设计,针对水流速度为10 m/s下的不同空化数、有无偏角情况,利用空化水洞实验和数值仿真模拟对测速涡轮装置的空化情况、涡轮转动情况和涡轮装置的空化特性进行了研究。结果表明:与无涡轮装置样机相比,空化区域发生了明显变化,云状空化团脱落明显加快,云状脱落范围更小。同时,该涡轮装置具有隔离外部空化的能力,在外界空化数高于临界空化数(σCr=0.4)的情况下,能够保证涡轮装置位于线性测量范围。     

Transport phenomena in a sidewall-moving bottom-heated cavity using heatlines

The understanding of basic feature of energy transport from a heat source is important from the fundamental point of view as well as from various engineering and technological applications. To enrich the knowledge in this area, this paper presents energy transport phenomena from the heated bottom of an air-filled enclosure using heatfunction and heatlines. Both upward motion and downward motion of sidewalls and the alteration of cooling between sidewalls and top wall are considered, which yields four different cases. All the cases are investigated to identify the proper combination of wall motion and thermal condition for better thermal performance, considering different convection regimes. The highly nonlinear nature of flow is solved numerically using an in-house code, taking into account different speeds of wall motion and relative strength of buoyant flow and shear flow. The results reveal that the case with side cooling and downward translation of sidewalls performs maximum heat transfer compared with other cases. Higher speed of wall translation also causes higher heat transfer. Under natural convection regime, heat transfer is significantly high. Furthermore, the order of thermal mixing in a cavity is analysed and it is found that top cooling causes higher thermal mixing. To demonstrate the vortical flow structure in the cavity, streamfunction and streamlines are used. Evolutions of symmetric and asymmetric flow vortices with centre and saddle points and energy recirculation cells are found in the cavity.     

水中测速涡轮高速旋转下的空化特性研究

水下常规弹药引信可利用外置涡轮获得其自身运动速度,研究高速旋转涡轮的空化特性对引信测速、测距误差的分析具有重要意义。该文从空化的发生和发展机理出发,针对水流速度为10m/s和8m/s下的不同空化数,分别利用数值仿真和空化水洞实验对涡轮空化形态和动力学特性进行了研究,并分析了空化条件下的涡轮转动。根据仿真和实验的结果,对涡轮空化发展的各阶段特征进行了分析比较。结果表明,数值方法能较好的预测涡轮空化的发展规律和空化下的涡轮动力特性;在一定的水流速度下,涡轮的转动速度随空化数的降低先略有升高然后降低;在一些水流速度和空化数下,涡轮转速信号具有明显的低频周期性变化。     

Particle migration of concentrated suspension flow in bifurcating channels

Flow of suspension in bifurcating channels has extensive applications in industrial and natural settings. A phenomenon of particular interest during the flow of concentrated suspension is shear-induced particle migration. Previous works on suspension transport in branched channels have been limited to dilute flow conditions. We have carried out experiments using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to study concentrated suspension transport in asymmetric T- and symmetric Y-shape channels. Numerical simulations of fluid flow and particle transport equations were also carried out for the same geometry which was used in the experiments. The migration and transport of particles in the simulations were studied using the Diffusive Flux Model. We have observed in both experiments and numerical simulations that due to the shear-induced migration phenomena the particles move towards the center of the channel, and this gives rise to the blunting of velocity profile before the junction. After the bifurcation, the peak of velocity profile moves in the direction of the outer wall, whereas, the maxima in particle concentration was observed near the inner walls. This causes asymmetry in the velocity and concentration profiles in the daughter branches. As we move towards the downstream positions the maxima in velocity and concentration profiles again shifts toward the center of the channel. The results from the experiments and simulations are observed to be in good agreement.     

A new three-dimensional mixed finite element for direct numerical simulation of compressible viscoelastic flows with moving free surfaces

A Mixed Finite Element (MFE) method for 3D non-steady flow of a viscoelastic compressible fluid is presented. It was used to compute polymer injection flows in a complex mold cavity, which involves moving free surfaces. The flow equations were derived from the Navier-Stokes incompressible equations, and we extended a mixed finite element method for incompressible viscous flow to account for compressibility (using the Tait model) and viscoelasticity (using a Pom-Pom like model). The flow solver uses tetrahedral elements and a mixed velocity/pressure/extra-stress/density formulation, where elastic terms are solved by decoupling our system and density variation is implicitly considered. A new DEVSS-like method is also introduced naturally from the MINI-element formulation. This method has the great advantage of a low memory requirement. At each time slab, once the velocity has been calculated, all evolution equations (free surface and material evolution) are solved by a space-time finite element method. This method is a generalization of the discontinuous Galerkin method, that shows a strong robustness with respect to both re-entrant corners and flow front singularities. Validation tests of the viscoelastic and free surface models implementation are shown, using literature benchmark examples. Results obtained in industrial 3D geometries underline the robustness and the efficiency of the proposed methods.