汽轮机轴向推力计算建模及应用

轴流式汽轮机轴向推力既无法直接测量,又难以准确估计。给出一个细化的计算汽轮机轴向推力的数学模型,能够综合考虑机组抽汽改造、设备老化、机组大修调整等因素。该模型应用于解决某电厂4号机组的负推力问题,得到良好的效果,说明其对轴向推力变化的预测准确,能够指导推力问题分析处理。     

混流式水泵水轮机轴向水推力计算方法

混流式水泵水轮机的轴向水推力对机组的结构设计和安全运行影响重大,但关于水推力精确计算的研究较少。对此,首先理论上阐释了轴向水推力的组成成分并进行各成分的机理分析。依靠CFD分析技术和相关测试技术进一步对某混流式蓄能机组的轴向水推力进行了数值计算和两个方案的现场测试,经过相互分析验证比较,最终掌握了混流式水泵水轮机轴向水推力的变化规律并提供了一种较为准确的计算方法。研究成果为深入分析奠定了基础。     

1 755 MW核电汽轮机轴向位移跳机阈值调整与验证

为防止某压水堆核电厂在满负荷平台瞬态试验过程中发生因汽轮机轴向位移超过跳机阈值导致的跳机和跳堆问题。通过分析HN1755-7.55/291/275.8-H型汽轮机轴向推力平衡设计方案,得出甩负荷时中压缸轴向推力大于高压缸轴向推力的结果。根据汽轮机节流调节下负荷与蒸汽需求量为1∶1的关系分析给出了甩负荷过程中轴向位移最大值与负荷的计算式,并给出了经验性的计算系数;基于1号机组54.7%FP跳机试验结果,计算出了100%FP平台瞬态试验过程中的轴向位移值最大值,该计算结果大于轴向位移正向跳机阈值,得出该阈值设计过小的结论。根据汽轮机安装和运行数据,调试方与设计方联合分析后将轴向位移正向跳机阈值由0.50 mm调整为0.80 mm。1号机组在100%FP平台瞬态试验过程中测得轴向位移最大值介于0.61～0.67 mm;2号机组在100%FP平台瞬态试验过程中测得轴向位移最大值介于0.48～0.58 mm。通过调整汽轮机轴向位移正向跳机阈值成功避免了在1、2号机组的100%FP平台瞬态试验过程中发生跳机和跳堆问题。     

中小型汽轮机低真空供热的安全性分析

中小型汽轮机低真空供热可以节约能源，但对汽轮机本身的安全性会产生一定的影响。计算并讨论了汽轮机轴向推力随背压的变化特性；并利用该分析结果对营口第一热电厂CC12型汽轮机进行了低真空改造，分析了轴向推力、凝汽器冷却管膨胀量、汽缸膨胀量等的变化对汽轮机安全性的影响。该厂低真空供热后，机组运行良好。     

茂名热电厂3号机转子轴向负推力问题的分析及处理

通过计算，分析了3号汽轮机轴向负推力产生的主要原因，介绍了堵平衡孔消除轴向负推力的方法。实践证明，堵平衡孔是解决转子轴向负推力问题的一种行之有效的方法。     

引进型600MW汽轮机的轴向推力问题

叙述了首台引进型600MW反动式汽轮机轴向推力严重超值的处理过程。指出推力过大的原因是原设计错误.用二元及准三元计算方法替代原一元计算法进行核算,并根据计算结果和实测数据对平衡活塞进行了车削处理.现机组正在平圩电厂正常运行。     

可倾瓦推力轴承不稳定性研究

和径向可倾瓦轴承类似，蒙受轴向载荷的可倾瓦推力轴承的刚度与阻尼系数强烈地依靠于外界扰动频率。通过对一简单可倾瓦推力轴承轴向动特性系数解析解的讨论表明，由于上述频率的影响，在一定条件下动态油膜力有可能产生轴向负阻尼，这在讨论系统轴向瞬态过程或稳定性问题时是应当引起注意的。     

锅炉参数变化时汽轮机系统的仿真算法

采用实时仿真算法对锅炉-汽轮机系统动态特性进行了整体性模拟。首先建立了详尽的汽轮机各部件动态数学模型和热力系统流量网络计算模型，特别是除氧器、表面加热器和凝汽器的通用动态数学模型；然后，将汽轮机系统动态模型与锅炉系统动态模型连接为整体仿真模型，并进行仿真。该文还列出了锅炉某些参数变化时汽轮机系统几个关键基本参数仿真结果。对电站锅炉-汽轮机系统的整体性模拟可以对运行人员进行更加全面的指导，并且为进行单元机组的瞬态性能计算，进而修正稳态性能计算结果奠定了基础。图12参3     

大型核电汽轮机推力轴承油膜失稳振动研究

针对某些机型核电汽轮机出现轴向振动与径向振动耦合的现象,采用大型核电汽轮发电机组推力轴承可倾瓦块模型,对运行中油膜失稳引起的自激振动进行了机理分析。通过建立转子轴向运动方程,对某650 MW核电机组启机过程中推力轴承载荷进行了测量,计算得出不同轴向载荷和推力轴承间隙比条件下的油膜刚度和阻尼,并分析了推力轴承油膜失稳引起的转子轴向自激振动的频率特点。结果表明:轴向载荷、转速和油膜阻尼是引起推力轴承可倾瓦块轴向自激振动的主要因素;减小推力轴承间隙和增大润滑油压可以抑制转子轴向自激振动。     

汽轮机低真空供热时轴向推力的变化特性

首先对现有的汽轮机变工况热力计算方法及变工况下级反动度解析式进行了改进。然后，利用改进的变工况热力计算方法及反动度解析式对CC12汽轮机低真空供热后的最末级反动度及整个汽轮机轴向推力进行了计算。结果表明低真空供热后，只要背压在0．05MPa以下，不会出现末级反动度和汽轮机轴向推力大于设计值的现象。实际运行结果证明了该结论的正确性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.