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1.
Before India became an independent country, its scientists and policy makers could foreseethe importance of science in its development, and accordingly a number of research anddevelopment (R&D) institutions were established. However during these five decades ofindependence, the choice between basic sciences and technology was always a subject of debate.It will be appropriate now to examine the changing patterns of Science and Technology (S&T)manpower growth to find out the ground truth reality. The present study pertains to the analysis ofS&T outturn data in various fields of scientific research that can provide a base for S&T planningand policy making. These S&T indicators will be helpful in estimating future requirements, whichin turn can be useful to a great extent in science and technology policy formulation. Theseestimates and future projections are based on mathematical modelling of the data pertaining to theoutturn of highly qualified Scientific and Technical (S&T) personnel in India from differentfaculties over the period 1990-1998. From the trend analysis it is evident that research is no moreperceived as an interesting career except in the field of engineering and medicine. The findingsfurther suggest that there is a noticeable shift from basic sciences to technology. 相似文献
2.
Saeed-Ul Hassan Peter Haddawy Pratikshya Kuinkel Alexander Degelsegger Cosima Blasy 《Scientometrics》2012,91(3):1035-1051
Two relevant recent developments in the area of science and technology (S&T) and related policy-making motivate this article:
first, bibliometric data on a specific research area’s performance becomes an increasingly relevant source for S&T policy-making
and evaluation. This trend is embedded in wider discussions on evidence-based policy-making. Secondly, the scientific output
of Southeast Asian countries is rising, as is the number of international research collaborations with the second area of
our interest: Europe. Against this background, we employ basic bibliometric methodology in order to draw a picture of Southeast
Asian research strengths as well the amount and focus of S&T cooperation between the countries in Southeast Asia and the European
Union. The results can prove useful for an interested public as well as for the scientific community and science, technology
and innovation policy-making. 相似文献
3.
Pawan Sikka 《Scientometrics》1997,39(2):185-195
By making comparison of the science indicators, the author has critically examined the development of science and technology
(S&T) in India and Brazil. The SWOT analysis indicate that, with the support of federal government, both of these developing
countries have built capacities and capabilities in many areas of S&T towards attaining self-reliance and have developed potential
to excel in the world-market and face challenges thereof. India and Brazil are continuing to make efforts for attaining the
transition from a developing to a developed country and reviewing S&T policies towards achieving industrial competitiveness.
The views expressed are the personal views of the author only. 相似文献
4.
This paper presents methods using a large number of quantitative indicators of the overall estimation of national S&T activity. The methods collected here apply multivariate analysis techniques to a set of S&T indicators to investigate its structure and extract a single or a small number of indicators of S&T activity. We perform structural analysis and integration of 14 main S&T indicators in 5 countries, the U.S., Japan, Germany, France and the U.K. Latent variables underlying this set of indicators naturally emerge from this analysis, and from these we were able to extract valuable information concerning the nature of S&T activity in each country. This method was also useful for investigating the nature and interpretation, as well as the reliability, of previous S&T indicators. 相似文献
5.
B. J. R. Van der Meulen 《Scientometrics》1997,38(1):87-101
The relation between bibliometrics and science policy remains underdeveloped. Relevance of new methods to produce indicators
is easily claimed, but often without real insight in the policy processes. Drawing on experiences with the use of S&T indicators
in science policy in the Netherlands and on principal-agent theory, I develop an analytical perspective which enbles to assess
the role of S&T indicators in science policy. It is argue that the use of S&T indicators can only be understood well if one
takes the socio-political context with its specific dynamics and rationalities into account. 相似文献
6.
Amaral Luis A. N. Gopikrishnan P. Matia Kaushik Plerou Vasiliki Stanley H. E. 《Scientometrics》2001,51(1):9-36
We apply methods and concepts of statistical physics to the study of science & technology(S&T) systems. Specifically, our research is motivated by two concepts of fundamentalimportance in modern statistical physics: scaling and universality. We try to identify robust,universal, characteristics of the evolution of S&T systems that can provide guidance to forecastingthe impact of changes in funding. We quantify the production of research in a novel fashioninspired by our previous study of the growth dynamics of business firms. We study the productionof research from the point of view both of inputs (R&D funding) and of outputs (publications andpatents) and find the existence of scaling laws describing the growth of these quantities.We also analyze R&D systems of different countries to test the "universality" of our results.We hypothesize that the proposed methods may be particularly useful for fields of S&T (or forlevels of aggregation) for which either not enough information is available, or for which evolutionis so fast that there is not enough time to collect enough data to make an informed decision. 相似文献
7.
This Issues and Opinions Essay provides insights on developments and challenges related to responsible governance in the field of science and technology (S&T) across Europe, China and India. The Essay presents an overview of policy debates and some key public policy documents in these three geopolitical areas, exploring how responsibility is viewed and outlined in the policy domain. Considerations on the range of processes and actors affecting the relationship between science and society in China and India are also presented. Finally, the Essay introduces ‘responsiveness’ as a possible area for comparative research work on responsibility in S&T and relevant policy collaboration amongst the three regions. 相似文献
8.
Biotechnology is an expanding interdisciplinary field in which the interactions of science and technology (S&T) are more and more intensified. Question raised regarding the dynamic interactions between S&T encourages us to propose a series of methodologies for examination. Using high-impact publications and patents as the proxy measures, two document sets are transformed into the scientific and technical front trajectories respectively, and then each subject is categorized into either basic science, or applied technology, or co-existence. The results show that, in the biotechnology field, subjects of embryonic or mesenchymal stem cells, RNA interference, microRNA, and microbial fuel cell are in the basic science phase; those of plant breeding, seed diversity, and taste receptors have been applied to practice. There also exists interactions between S&T in the subjects of disease treatment and gene analysis platform, in which the behavior of technology precedes science, science precedes technology, or synchronous development can be observed. 相似文献
9.
Summary Composite science and technology (S&T) indices are essential to overall understanding and evaluation of national S&T status, and to formulation of S&T policy. However, only a few studies on making these indices have been conducted so far since a number of complications and uncertainties are involved in the work. Therefore, this study proposes a new approach to employ fuzzy set theory and to make composite S&T indices, and applies it. The approach appears to successfully integrate various S&T indicators into three indices: R&D input, R&D output, and economic output. We also compare Koreas S&T indices with those of five developed countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to obtain some implications of the results for Koreas S&T. 相似文献
10.
Md. Dulal Hossain Junghoon Moon Hyoung Goo Kang Sung Chul Lee Young Chan Choe 《Scientometrics》2012,90(1):57-83
Triple helix (TH) collaborations involving university, industry and government provide a networked infrastructure for shaping
the dynamic fluxes of knowledge base of innovations locally and these fluxes remain emergent within the domains. This study
maps these emergence dynamics of the knowledge base of innovations of Research & Development (R&D) by exploring the longitudinal
trend of systemness within the networked research relations in Bangladesh on the TH model. The bibliometric data of publications
collected from the Science Citation Index (SCI), the social sciences and the arts and humanities for analysis of science indicators
and the patent data collected from the US Patent Office to analyze the patent success ratio as a measure of innovation within
TH domains. The findings show that the network dynamics have varied considerably according to the R&D policies of the government.
The collaboration patterns of co-authorship relations in the SCI publications prominently increased, with some variation,
from 1996 to 2006. Nevertheless, inter-institutional collaboration negatively influenced by the national science and technology
(S&T) research policies in the last 5 years due to their evaluation criteria. Finally, the findings reveal that the R&D system
of Bangladesh is still undergoing a process of institutionalizing S&T and has failed to boost its research capacity for building
the knowledge base of innovations by neglecting the network effects of TH dynamics. 相似文献
11.
This paper demonstrates that basic research has been overshadowed by applied research in China for decades, from the perspective of S&T policy. The data involves 4,707 Chinese S&T policies during the period between 1949 and 2010, which are grouped into five phases, based on the process of S&T system reform in China. We also found that S&T policies in China are leaning more towards basic research, and the gap between basic research and applied research is shrinking. 相似文献
12.
A. R. Rajeswari 《Scientometrics》1989,17(3-4):227-251
In this paper, an attempt has been made to forecast science and technology expenditure of India by simulation method as well as by regression method. The base data used are the average yearly growth rates of science and technology expenditure both at current and constant prices. For the regression analyses, the yearly growth rates of the gross national product at factor cost both at current and constant prices are used as independent variable. The forecast values of S&T expenditure have been given up to seven years from 1982–83, for both simulation method and regression method.The content of the paper is the work of author's personal research and it does not reflect the views of the Government of India. 相似文献
13.
This paper borrows Strogatz’s dynamic model for love affair between Romeo and Juliet and extends this model to nonlinear simultaneous differential equations model in order that we can characterize the dynamic interaction mechanisms and styles between science and technology (S&T). Then we further apply the proposed new model to the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology (N&N) for the purpose of analyzing the reciprocal dependence between S&T. The empirical results provide an understanding of the relationship between S&T and their dynamic potential of interdependence in the selected 20 leading universities in the field of N&N. We find that at present nanotechnology depends mainly on the scientific-push rather than the technology-pull and nanotechnology is science-based field. In contrast, a parallel development of the technology is not visible. Policy implications are at last put forward based on the several interesting findings for the interaction mechanisms between S&T in the field. 相似文献
14.
Four-flux radiative transfer models have been extensively used to describe reflectance and transmittance (R&T) spectra of light scattering and absorbing (S&A) media. Solutions to the differential equations corresponding to the collimated fluxes are obtained by subsequent application of boundary conditions. Explicit expressions for the collimated R&T of light are reported, when considering a light S&A medium contained between two glass slides, an experimental arrangement which is appropriate for liquid suspensions and viscous matrices containing solid particles. A spectral simulated annealing method is applied to retrieve, from measured R&T spectra of collimated light under normal incident radiation, the scattering and absorption coefficients of the composite medium. First, the accuracy of the method is established by applying it to synthetic collimated R&T data. Secondly, we apply the method to experimental data and use it to determine the S&A coefficients of a layer of TiO2 particles dispersed in a PVP/water matrix. 相似文献
15.
The bibliometrics research on nanotechnology highlights close interrelationships between scientific and technological activities (S&T) in the field of nanotechnology. Notwithstanding abundant empirical evidence on the mutual relations between S&T, the dynamics of the relationship from a contextual perspective have gained relatively little attention. Accordingly, our understanding of how science- and technology-oriented nanotechnology identifies development opportunities from each other is still at a nascent stage. To address this gap, by focusing on nanotechnology in the semiconductor industry, we use structural topic model to empirically explore the dynamic interrelationships between science- and technology-oriented nanotechnology. We empirically delineate the dynamic development trends in the context of the interrelationships between S&T and demonstrate how development opportunities are identified from each other. These findings show a new window of opportunities for how state-of-the-art models for semantic analysis can be used in the literature on S&T interrelationships. 相似文献
16.
Anastassios Pouris 《Scientometrics》2005,62(2):213-222
Summary Recognizing the critical role played by science and technology in the development of fuel cells, this article aims to characterize the evolution of the S&T knowledge bases of fuel cells over the nineties, using data on patents and scientific publications. The field of fuel cells is particularly heterogeneous. It covers diverse sub-fields that are marked by idiosyncratic characteristics (e.g. actors, demand, and input) and different historical developments. Although this heterogeneity of the field of fuel cells is reflected in the dynamics of S&T knowledge generation within and across its sub-fields too, this article shows that it does not entail the absence of cognitive interrelations between their S&T knowledge bases. For that purpose, the article uses “simultaneous mapping' approach of their S&T knowledge bases by means of textual analysis. 相似文献
17.
R. Barré 《Scientometrics》1997,38(1):57-70
The S&T indicators activity is first described as a complex process involving a variety of functions, capabilities and institutions;
this provides a framework to assess the S&T indicators activity in a country or, more generally, in a research system. Then,
the main features of the S&T indicators scene in Europe are presented: regarding the countries, the diversity of the institutional
settings and the growing potentials is stressed; among countries, at European level, the important and original role of the
European Commission in the dynamics of the S&T indicators activites in Europe is presented; finally, it is argued that the
European scene consists of a diversity of research groups which are in competition and collaboration, sharing a number of
intellectual concerns and orientations. The perspectives for S&T indicators activity in the EU countries are defined by the
greater quantity of source data, by the conceptual advances regarding the S&T system and by the new needs of the decision-makers.
In conclusion, some alternative scenarios are suggested. 相似文献
18.
As European Union research programmes play an increasingly important role within the research and innovation systems of Member States, the need for appropriate indicators to grasp and analyze this collaborative phenomenon has in recent years become obvious. Such indicators are becoming essential decision-making tools for science policy makers at the national level. EU science policy responds to not one but a number of objectives, while one country or one laboratory's participation in European S&T cooperation is likely to manifest a number of particularities, and be quite different from another's. Such a complex system makes it possible to elaborate a large variety of indicators. This article proposes several possible types of indicators and shows how they could be useful for weighing research policy strategies at the national and European levels. 相似文献
19.
The inherited disciplinary structure of the science of post-communist countries of CEE carries a strong common features of
its past. The communist heritage is present in: a) a relatively homogeneous research profile among post-communist countries;
b) the similar structure of disciplinary comparative advantages of post-communist countries; c) the unbalanced and concentrated
disciplinary structure of comparative advantages. The analysis is based on ISI databases and uses statistics on papers and
citations for the 1992–1997 period for all central and eastern European countries as well as for other world regions. In the
conclusions we discuss the relevance of the results for the restructuring of science in the countries of Central and Eastern
Europe.
Part of the research which forms the basis for this paper has been funded by the DGXII TSER project ‘Restructuring and reintegration
of S&T systems in economies in transition’. 相似文献
20.
The Parliament, the highest legislative body in India, plays a significant role in formulating national policies. It is, therefore, pertinent to find the concern the Members of Parliament and different political parties show and the priorities they accord to the S&T related issues. They can judge it statistically through the number of questions raised/asked on the floor of the House. The study presents such an analysis taking the example from the S&T questions raised in the year 1992 during the Tenth Parliament. The analysis has been done by dividing the S&T related issues into 14 socio-economic areas, such as environmental sciences, biotechnology, energy, food and agriculture, health, natural resources, telecommunications, human resource development, etc. and eight policy areas such as technology policy, international collaborations in S&T, etc. The raising of S&T questions jointly by MPs and different political parties through inter-party and intra-party sponsorships has also been studied. Such an analysis may provide an important basis to the managers and policy makers in formulating the S&T policy of a country. 相似文献