微波膨化猪肉产品的开发展望

膨化食品有即食方便、口感松软、自然和谐、酥脆可口等特点深受人们喜爱。本文介绍了目前膨化食品的现状,并提出以猪肉、猪皮、谷物为原料,对研究开发既有良好的膨化效果,又能在营养成份、色泽、风味、口感方面均有较大提高的营养型膨化食品进行了可行性分析,以期开发出新型猪肉微波膨化休闲食品,提高猪肉的附加值。     

巧妙运用变性淀粉推动烘焙食品行业可持续发展的路径探索

淀粉是烘焙食品加工的主要原料,因其具有吸水膨胀等特性,可增加烘焙食品的含水量。但由于原生淀粉口感和稳定性较差,变性淀粉更多地被用于烘焙食品中,极大地改善了烘焙食品的口感和品质。基于此,介绍了变性淀粉的类型及其在烘焙食品中的应用现状,并提出了变性淀粉在烘焙食品中的发展策略。     

浅析猪肉脯的加工技术

猪肉脯是以新鲜的猪瘦肉为原料,经切片腌制后烘干而成的一种高档肉制品。对腌制液的配制、腌制条件的掌握是获得优质猪肉脯的关键。猪肉脯以其形态美观,风味独特,口感细腻,营养丰富,携带和食用方便等特点倍受消费者青睐。     

Effect of meat appearance on consumer preferences for pork chops in Greece and Cyprus

The effect of meat appearance on consumers’ preferences for pork chops was assessed using images manipulated for appearance characteristics. Data were collected from 412 consumers in Greece and Cyprus. Consumers were asked for their preference for pork chops from a book of computer-modified images and then completed a questionnaire of socio-demographic information, including eating and purchasing behaviour. Consumers under the age of 35 years showed preferences for dark red, lean pork, while consumers aged 35 years and older preferred either dark or light red pork. Gender appeared to be an important selection factor as men showed an increased preference for dark red pork while women preferred the light red. Consumers who stated that they like pork for its taste (91%) preferred either dark or light red pork chops while those who like pork for reasons other than taste preferred dark red, lean pork. Urban consumers preferred light red, fatty pork chops while the rural consumers preferred the dark red pork chops.     

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes contamination in foods of animal origin in Italy

The present survey collected and analyzed the results of routine testing for Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes on foods of animal origin submitted for official controls in Italy during 2001 to 2002. Salmonella was detected in 2.2% of 71,643 food samples examined, and the isolation rates ranged from 9.9% for raw poultry meat to less than 0.1% for dairy products. Isolation rates were also high in raw pork (4.9%) and processed meats (5.3%), which often involved pork. Low rates were observed in seafood (0.5%) and in ready-to-eat foods, such as grocery products (0.7%) and ice creams (0.1%). Serotyping showed that approximately 50% of the isolates belonged to the serotypes most commonly isolated from humans in Italy, thus confirming that most cases of human salmonellosis have a foodborne origin. Levels of L. monocytogenes were higher than what is accepted by the current regulation in 2.4% of 42,300 food samples. The positivity rates ranged from 10.3% in raw pork to none in eggs and egg products. Contamination rates were higher in other meat products (between 2 and 5%) and fish (6.5%) than in cheeses (1.1%) and other dairy products (0.6%). Routine control activities on the microbial contamination of foods can generate data with statistical and epidemiological value. Such data can be used as a basis for estimating the exposure of consumers to foodborne pathogens, following the trends of contamination over time, and evaluating the effects of control measures on the contamination of food.     

Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Meats and Prepared Foods in Public Hospitals in Salvador,Bahia, Brazil

This study investigated the presence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw meat and fish and foods prepared from them for patient consumption in public hospitals in Salvador, Bahia, in northeastern Brazil. A total of 114 samples of raw meat and fish (chicken, n = 30; beef, n = 30; pork, n = 24; and fish, n = 30) and 63 samples of prepared foods (made with chicken, n = 15; beef, n = 15; pork, n = 15; and fish, n = 18) were collected from the kitchens of 10 different hospitals. Of the 114 investigated raw meat and fish samples, 28.1% were positive for MRSA, which comprised 23.3% beef, 23.3% chicken, 37.5% pork, and 30% fish samples. Of the prepared foods, 9.5% were positive for MRSA, which comprised 5.6% chicken products, 6.7% pork products, and 22.2% fish products. MRSA contamination was not detected in prepared beef dishes. A statistical analysis showed no association between the presence of MRSA and the type of raw food (P > 0.05). The high prevalence of MRSA among the raw foods tested and the presence of the microorganism in prepared foods emphasizes the necessity of enforcing hygienic practices within hospital kitchens.     

"Chilled" pork - Part II. Consumer perception of sensory quality

The objective of this study was to compare consumer perception of the sensory quality of grilled Canadian pork destined for Japanese and domestic markets, with particular reference to export selection criteria imposed by Japanese importers and transportation conditions. Consumers from Quebec, Canada tasted local and export quality pork subjected to "chilled" (aged 43days at -1.7°C) or conventional ageing (5days at 3.1°C). Consumers' scores (out of 10) were higher (P<0.05) in the "chilled" than conventionally aged pork for tenderness (6.8 vs 5.7), juiciness (6.6 vs 6.0), taste liking (6.4 vs 5.9) and overall acceptability (6.7 vs 6.1). When informed that the conventionally aged, domestic quality pork was destined for the domestic market, consumer scores increased significantly (P<0.05). No effect of information was observed on the perception of the 'chilled' export quality meat, perhaps a consequence of the high sensory quality observed prior to labelling.     

钙源的比较和应用

<正> 钙是目前应用于强化食品的主要矿物质含量,它也被列为重要的功能性配料之一。在美国,骨质疏松已被列为仅次于癌症和心脏病的第三大疾病,关于治疗和预防措施的需求也在不断上升。据一篇题为“日本功能性食品和饮料”的报告中,列举出40%以上的饮料、80%以上的干酪产品、60%的乳及乳酸菌饮料,以及45%,的酸奶都经过钙的强化。 鉴于我国居民膳食结构的不均衡,加上奶类产品食用量少,故国民大都出现钙缺乏的现状。目前,人们对“钙”     

排骨莲藕汤关键加工工艺研究

以猪排骨、莲藕为原料制作排骨莲藕汤,分析不同前处理方式、料水比、加盐时间点和灭菌方式对排骨莲藕汤感官品质和营养成分的影响,并对排骨莲藕汤感官品质和营养成分的相关性进行研究。结果显示：排骨莲藕汤制汤最佳料水比为1:2(m/V),加盐时间点选在起锅时,灭菌方式为高压灭菌;不同的加工工艺对排骨莲藕汤汤中可溶性固形物含量、呈味核苷酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量有显著性影响(P ＜ 0.05);排骨莲藕汤的滋味与可溶性固形物和游离氨基酸含量呈正相关(P ＜ 0.05),排骨莲藕汤的综合感官品质与可溶性固形物、游离氨基酸和总可溶性糖含量呈正相关(P ＜ 0.05)。     

猪肉引发厨房沙门氏菌交叉污染定量风险评估

目的：本研究以猪肉为厨房沙门氏菌污染来源,计算其交叉污染即食食物导致沙门氏菌中毒的风险,探明 厨房内引发交叉污染的关键影响因子,并提出相应的风险管理措施。方法：采用文献数据分析我国生鲜猪肉中沙门 氏菌污染概率和水平,结合居民消费习惯调查数据,建立沙门氏菌的生长模型,采用@Risk软件,结合蒙特卡洛模 拟分析,定量评估我国消费者因猪肉导致厨房即食食物交叉污染引发的沙门氏菌中毒风险。评估从危害识别、暴露 评估、危害特征描述和风险分析4 个部分进行。结果：已收集到的数据统计显示,市场上生鲜猪肉沙门氏菌初始污 染率为15.5%,从市场进入厨房再到冰箱冷藏放置,最后到接触砧板进行制作切割时,生鲜猪肉中沙门氏菌污染平 均值为－1.95（lg（CFU/g））,90%置信区间为－5.32～0.67（lg（CFU/g））。生鲜猪肉通过接触砧板、手和刀 具等对即食食品发生交叉污染。通过生长模型、交叉污染模型等数学模型进行计算,得出消费者每人每天因食用即 食食物摄入的沙门氏菌总量为－4.77（lg（CFU/g））,90%置信区间为－8.73～－1.24（lg（CFU/g））。评估结 果表明,我国因生鲜猪肉导致沙门氏菌污染即食食物而引发的厨房沙门氏菌中毒概率为4.15×10－6,每年因此而引 发的沙门氏菌病例数约为95 299 例。敏感性分析结果显示：进入厨房的生鲜猪肉沙门氏菌初始污染水平对厨房中的 交叉污染影响最大,而厨房中生熟混用也是导致交叉污染的主要原因;控制食物存放冰箱的温度和时间可以降低交 叉污染风险。结论：我国厨房因猪肉交叉污染导致的沙门氏菌中毒事件发生概率,最终取决于猪肉在进入厨房时的 整体污染水平、消费者厨房生熟分隔的习惯以及冰箱使用习惯等,而这些又与季节和居民生活水平以及社会经济发 展水平息息相关。     

婴幼儿辅食营养包及速溶豆粉中过氧化值的检测方法及限值研究

目的 建立检测婴幼儿辅食营养包及其主要原料速溶豆粉中过氧化值的检测方法,探讨原料速溶豆粉过氧化值限值,将限值作为主要原料口感监测的一个辅助手段,确保产品口感.方法 通过单因素实验改进国家标准方法中的脂肪提取过程,进行过氧化值的检测,确定最佳提取方案,通过实验室间比对验证其准确度;参考现有的国家标准中各类食品过氧化值的限...     

微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应精准定量检测羊肉中掺杂猪肉

以羊和猪的单拷贝持家基因DNA复制蛋白A1为靶基因设计合成了适用于微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应的特异性引物和探针,通过理论推导获得了单位质量两种肉基因拷贝数之比的固定值,并进行了验证,据此将样品中羊肉和猪肉的拷贝数转换为相对质量分数,从而建立了羊肉中掺杂猪肉的精准定量检测方法。该方法可以很好地应用于羊肉中掺杂猪肉的含量检测,猪肉的最低定量限为1%,在5%~80%范围内绝对误差小于±1.30%,相对误差小于±10%,定量结果准确、重复性高,可以为肉类掺假的监管工作提供有力的技术参考。     

2012—2017年广西壮族自治区市售食品中沙门菌监测数据分析

目的 了解广西市售食品中沙门菌污染状况和特征,为减少污染和防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法 2012—2017年从广西14个市采集14类市售食品共60 174份,其中生鲜类食品5 712份,即食食品54 462份,按照GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》方法进行沙门菌检验。结果 生鲜类食品中生肉及生肉制品、生水产品及其制品、速冻米面制品、鲜蛋类沙门菌检出率分别为10.3%(399/3 883)、6.2%(50/806)、0.5%(2/440)、0.0%(0/583),即食食品中熟肉制品、餐饮食品、生食蔬菜及其制品沙门菌检出率分别为0.6%(58/10 175)、0.3%(39/14 721)、1.0%(5/489),焙烤及油炸类食品、饮料、水果及其制品均为0.1%,熟蛋制品、豆制品、冷冻饮品、调味品均未检出。生肉及生肉制品共检出51种血清型,德尔卑沙门菌为优势血清型(16.2%,70/432),主要在生猪肉中检出。即食食品共检出32种血清型,德尔卑沙门菌为优势血清型(14.5%,11/76),主要在熟肉制品中检出。结论 生鲜类受沙门菌污染最严重的食品是生畜肉和生禽肉,即食食品受沙门菌污染较严重食品是凉拌类食品。应加强从农场到餐桌的食品安全防控,减少食源性疾病的发生。     

Flavour development in pork. Influence of flavour precursor concentrations in longissimus dorsi from pigs with different raw meat qualities

Flavour development and overall eating quality of pan-fried pork chops of longissimus dorsi from eight different raw meat qualities aged for 4 and 15 days were assessed by a trained sensory panel. The raw meat qualities were obtained through combinations of strategic feeding/fasting (control vs. low glycogen concentration), slaughter live-weight (84kg vs. 110kg), and gender (female vs. castrate). The flavour development was investigated for possible correlation with the concentrations of selected individual flavour precursors present in the raw meat: monosaccharides, IMP and degradation products, fatty acids, lactate and thiamine. Differences in precursor concentrations between the raw meat qualities were observed with feeding/fasting and ageing as the main factors with the largest influence of all experimental factors. However, the concentrations of the precursors could not explain the differences in sensory perception of the pan-fried pork chops. Overall, the differences were small.     

Risk profiles of pork and poultry meat and risk ratings of various pathogen/product combinations

Risk profiles of pork and poultry meat were carried out using an Excel-based software program, Risk Ranger. It is a semi-quantitative risk estimator answering various questions relating to the probability of exposure to a hazard, susceptibility of the population of interest, severity of the illness caused by the hazard if present and probability of food containing an infectious dose. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative inputs were used to estimate and rank the risk of various hazards/food combinations. Risk scores provided by the tool were characterized as low, medium and high. Also, health risk was estimated separately, where needed, for low and high risk populations. Low risk scores were obtained for Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) for low risk population. High risk scores were obtained for hepatitis E virus (HEV) in raw pork products (both low and high risk populations). Moderate risk scores for Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in processed pork or poultry-meat products (ready-to-eat or to be reheated) and partially cooked pork products were also obtained (low risk population). Scores for Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus and various product types were mostly in the "medium" risk category, except for S. aureus/ready-to-eat pork products able to support growth of the organism, which fell into the high risk category. Campylobacter spp. gave moderate risk scores with one exception (raw poultry products), whereas Y. enterocolitica showed combinations of low risk and few of medium risk. High risk pathogen/product combinations identified were: 1) temperature abused, ready-to-eat pork and/or poultry-meat products with extended shelf life and cross-contaminated by L. monocytogenes (high risk population), EHEC (high risk population) or S. aureus (all population), 2) partially cooked or processed intended to be reheated pork products cross-contaminated by L. monocytogenes, served undercooked and receiving improper cooling or reheating (high risk population), and 3) all people consuming undercooked meals cross-contaminated with Campylobacter spp. (e.g. from raw poultry and raw poultry-meat products) and HEV (e.g. from raw pork and raw pork-meat products). Salmonellae gave high risk scores in all food categories (except preserved meat products) for high risk population. Preserved meats (mainly pork) such as dry fermented sausages gave low risk scores. Only Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes and E. coli EHEC gave moderate risk ratings in case of ingredients likely to be contaminated at an early stage of processing (e.g. animal at slaughter) and inadequate fermentation process. These results may constitute a source of information for hazard assessment during application of a Food Safety Management System.     

Combined effects of NaCl and raw meat pH on water-holding in cooked sausage with and without added phosphate

The intake of sodium in diets is of concern in many industrialized countries. Attempts have been made to lower sodium intake via meat products. The keeping quality, taste and water-holding/firmness of meat products have usually been impaired. The water-holding in cooked sausage was determined by a laboratory sausage method. Beef and pork with varying natural post-rigor pH-values (range: pork 5.50-6.12 and beef 5.60-6.48) were used as mixtures, and 0.5-2.5 % NaCl was used with or without added commercial sausage phosphate (2,5 g/kg determined as P(2)O(5)). The pH-values of raw batter increased to a level 0.0-0.7 units higher than the pH-values of the respective meat mixtures. The increase was higher in lower pH-values, with higher salt levels and with added phosphate. The cooking caused an additional increase of about 0.0-0.2 units, and the increase was again higher at lower pH-values. Maximum in water-holding was reached in 2.5% NaCl in all pH-values, both with and without added phosphate. The pH-value of meat raw materials for the maximum water-holding was ca. 6.3. The combined effect of salt and pH is important in high salt contents and low pH-values. By 2.5% NaCl , where the maximum in water-holding was obtained, raw meat pH has the largest effect, but in low NaCl contents, below 1.0%, only a minor effect in pH-values below 5.9, and above that, almost no effect. Approximately the same water-holding as with 2.5% NaCl in pH 5.7 can be reached with 1.5% NaCl in pH 6.1 and above. The effects of the variables were similar with pork and beef. It was concluded that when lowering the salt content in cooked sausages, the pH of the batter should be increased by using high-pH meat mixtures and/or pH-raising phosphates in order to reach a high enough level of water-holding.     

New mild technologies in meat processing: high pressure as a model technology

As a consequence of market globalization, the production and manufacture of meat products is at a stage of innovative dynamics. Consumers demand high quality and convenient meat products, with natural flavour and taste, and very much appreciate the fresh appearance of minimally processed food. To harmonize or to blend all these demands without compromising safety, it is necessary to implement new preservation technologies in the meat industry and in the food industry in general. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) represents an attractive non-thermal process for meat products to avoid post-processing contamination. When combined with antimicrobials, like bacteriocins, the death rate may be increased because of sublethal injuries to living cells. HPP is a powerful tool to control risks associated with Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw or marinated meats. The HPP treatment could extend the shelf life of the marinated beef loin by controlling the growth of both spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. As a general conclusion it can be stated that from both a physico-chemical and microbiological point of view, cooked pork ham, dry cured pork ham and marinated beef loin, vacuum-packed and high pressure treated at 600 MPa for 10 min at 30?°C, are substantially equivalent to the same untreated products.     

Green tea extract: Chemistry,antioxidant properties and food applications – A review

Green tea is one of the most popular and extensively used dietary supplement in the United States. Diverse health claims have made for green tea as a trendy ingredient in the growing market for nutraceuticals and functional foods. Green tea extract contains several polyphenolic components with antioxidant properties, but the predominant active components are the flavanol monomers known as catechins, where epigallocatechin-3-gallate and epicatechin-3-gallate are the most effective antioxidant compounds. Additional active components of green tea extract include the other catechins such as epicatechin and epigallocatechin. Among these, epigallocatechin-3-gallate is the most bioactive and the most scrutinized one. Green tea polyphenols are also responsible for distinctive aroma, color and taste. Green tea extract can also be used in lipid-bearing foods to delay lipid oxidation and to enhance the shelf-life of various food products. This review outlines the chemistry, flavour components, antioxidant mechanism, regulatory status, food applications, and stability of green tea extract in food.     

Looks like chicken: Exploring the law of similarity in evaluation of foods of animal origin and their vegan substitutes

Eighty omnivorous college students (four groups of 20) given chocolate milk, macaroni and cheese, chicken tenders and meatballs, or vegan substitutes for those four foods, were told either that they were eating the animal products or vegan substitutes. We expected the subjects who were told that they were eating vegan foods to rate those foods as less familiar and therefore expected them to be less willing to try them. We also thought that the subjects would expect those foods to taste worse and be more dangerous and disgusting, particularly the “flesh foods” and their vegan substitutes (chicken tenders and meatballs). Prior to eating the products, no difference was found in ratings of familiarity, willingness to try, anticipated distaste, danger, or disgust between those subjects shown the products of animal origin and those shown the vegan substitutes for those products nor between subjects told they were viewing animal or vegan products. However, there were differences between the meatball and the other foods on these measures regardless of what they were told about them (animal or vegan). All meatballs were rated as less familiar and more disgusting than the other foods and more dangerous than the chicken tender. Subjects expected the meatballs to taste worse than the other foods and were less willing to try them. Once they tasted the products, they rated the taste of the foods they were told were vegan better than those they were told were of animal origin. Vegan products that resemble animal products are responded to similarly to their animal counterparts as predicted by the law of similarity, one of the laws of sympathetic magic.