Synthesis of in situ Al–TiB2 composites using stir cast route

When elemental Ti and B powders were added to molten Al at above 1000°C, fine in situ TiB₂ particulates were formed through Al–Ti–B exothermic reaction. By optimising the nucleation of TiB₂, the tensile and yield strengths of a synthesised Al–15V_f%TiB_s composite were twice that of matrix material. Modification of Al-matrix with 4.5 wt%Cu tripled the tensile and yield strengths at peak-aged condition. Owing to the co-presence of brittle Al₃Ti flakes with TiB₂ particles in the composites synthesised by the Al–Ti–B system, ductility was reduced to 68% and 84% in composites with Al- and Al–Cu matrices, respectively. When the (Ti + B) mixture was incorporated with 3 wt%C, TiB₂ and TiC reinforcing phases were simultaneously produced in the composite with Al–Cu matrix. Such an approach reduced Al₃Ti compound in the composite considerably. Although the presence of Cu in the composite was found to promote the formation of Al₃Ti, its effect on the fluidity caused the melt recovery to increase from 33% to 52%.     

Al3Ti/A356铝基复合材料的显微组织及拉伸力学性能

在A356铝合金熔体中加入K₂TiF₆盐,通过熔体搅拌原位反应法制备了Al₃Ti/A356铝基复合材料,研究了Al₃Ti含量对铝基复合材料显微组织及室温和高温拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明,Al₃Ti/A356复合材料的铸态组织由α-Al、共晶Si和(Al, Si)₃Ti相组成。随着K₂TiF₆盐添加量的增加,(Al, Si)₃Ti相也逐渐增多,其形状由大块状和棒状转变为小块状,同时,基体中的共晶Si细化效果也越显著。在生成不同Al₃Ti含量的复合材料中,2wt%Al₃Ti/A356复合材料的常温拉伸抗拉强度和屈服强度均为最高,分别为179.7 MPa和74.1 MPa。350℃高温拉伸时,6wt%Al₃Ti/A356复合材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度分别比基体提高22.1%和12.6%,分别达到66.3 MPa和57.9 MPa,最高抗拉强度达到或超过了一些现役汽车活塞用的铝硅合金,表明Al₃Ti/A356复合材料具有作为新型耐热铝合金应用于汽车发动机耐热部件的潜力。      

原位自生纳米Al2O3/Al-Zn-Cu复合材料的力学性能

将纳米ZnO粉末和Al粉球磨后冷压成Al-ZnO预制块,然后将其加到Al-Zn-Cu熔体中进行Al-ZnO原位反应,制备出纳米Al₂O₃颗粒增强Al-Zn-Cu基复合材料。能谱面扫描分析和透射电镜观察结果表明,复合材料由纳米Al₂O₃颗粒和Al₂Cu析出相两种颗粒/析出相组成。纳米Al₂O₃颗粒通过异质形核和晶界钉扎,细化了Al-Zn-Cu合金晶粒组织和Al₂Cu析出相。原位纳米Al₂O₃颗粒的生成提高了基体合金的拉伸性能,轧制+热处理使Al₂O₃/Al-Zn-Cu复合材料的拉伸强度比相同处理的基体合金提高约100%,总伸长率提高约98%。     

Microstructures, densification and mechanical properties of TiC–Al2O3–Al composite by field-activated combustion synthesis

Dense TiC–Al₂O₃–Al composite was prepared with Al, C and TiO₂ powders by means of electric field-activated combustion synthesis and infiltration of the molten metal (here Al) into the synthesized TiC–Al₂O₃ ceramic. An external electric field can effectively improve the adiabatic combustion temperature of the reactive system and overcome the thermodynamic limitation of reaction with x < 10 mol. Thereby, it can induce a self-sustaining combustion synthesis process. During the formation of Al₂O₃–TiC–Al composite, Al is molten first, and reacted with TiO₂ to form Al₂O₃, followed by the formation of TiC through the reaction between the displaced Ti and C. Highly dense TiC–Al₂O₃–Al with relative density of up to 92.5% was directly fabricated with the application of a 14 mol excess Al content and a 25 V cm⁻¹ field strength, in which TiC and Al₂O₃ particles possess fine-structured sizes of 0.2–1.0 μm, with uniform distribution in metal Al. The hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness of the synthesized TiC–Al₂O₃–Al composite are 56.5 GPa, 531 MPa and 10.96 MPa m^1/2, respectively.     

超声化学原位合成纳米Al_2O_3/6063Al复合材料组织及高温蠕变性能

为研究纳米颗粒增强铝基复合材料的高温蠕变特性,基于6063Al-Al2(SO4)3体系,采用超声化学原位合成技术,制备出不同Al2O3体积分数(5%、7%)的纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料,通过高温蠕变拉伸试验测试其高温蠕变性能,利用XRD、OM、SEM及TEM分析其微观形貌。结果表明:施加高能超声可显著细化增强体颗粒并提高其分布的均匀性,所生成的Al2O3增强颗粒以圆形或近六边形为主,尺寸为20~100nm;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的名义应力指数、表观激活能和门槛应力值与基体相比大幅提高,均随着增强体体积分数的增加而提高,表明纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的抗蠕变性能提高;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的真应力指数为8,说明复合材料蠕变机制符合微结构不变模型,即受基体晶格扩散的控制;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的高温蠕变断口特征以脆性断裂为主,高应力下形成穿晶断裂,低应力下形成沿晶断裂和晶界孔洞;纳米Al2O3/6063Al复合材料的主要强化机制为位错强化与弥散强化。     

In situ synthesis of TiC composite for structural application

In situ TiC reinforced Al composite has been synthesized from the reaction between Ti and activated carbon. The size of in situ TiC is in the range from sub-micron to a maximum of 1.7 μm. Degree of reaction between Ti and activated carbon increases with increasing reaction temperature and amount of carbon. At low reaction temperature, the tensile strength of the composite is low as a result of the presence of unreacted activated carbon retained in the material. The retained carbon can be reduced by increasing reaction temperature. It has been observed that at low reaction temperature formation of Al₃Ti is a dominant phenomenon while at high reaction temperature Al₃Ti is not stable. Along with its disappearance, formation of TiC becomes favorable.     

稀土氧化物(La2O3或CeO2)对搅拌摩擦加工制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工（FSP）的方法制备Ni/Al复合材料,并在此基础上添加不同种类稀土氧化物（La₂O₃或CeO₂）,通过SEM、EDS、XRD、电子探针（EPMA）和室温拉伸试验研究稀土氧化物对FSP制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响。结果表明：Ni/Al复合材料复合区有较明显的Ni粉团聚物存在,Ni-La₂O₃/Al、Ni-CeO₂/Al复合材料中Ni粉团聚物数量减少,尺寸减小。La₂O₃和CeO₂均对Al-Ni原位反应有较大影响,能够促进Al-Ni原位反应的进行,生成更多增强相。Ni-CeO₂/Al复合材料与Ni-La₂O₃/Al复合材料相比,复合区组织更加均匀,增强颗粒Al₃Ni含量更多。La₂O₃和CeO₂均能显著提高FSP制备Ni/Al原位复合材料的抗拉强度。Ni-La₂O₃/Al复合材料的抗拉强度达到221 MPa,Ni-CeO₂/Al复合材料的抗拉强度达到238 MPa,两者相比于Ni/Al的复合材料抗拉强度（166 MPa）分别提高了33.1%和43.4%。     

Application of thermodynamic calculation in the in-situ process of Al/TiB2

A thermodynamic model describing the formation of in-situ TiB₂ reinforced Al metal matrix composite (MMC) has been established. Based on thermodynamic principles, the Gibbs free energies of formation of TiB₂, AlB₂, and Al₃Ti were evaluated. Experimental investigation was carried out to verify the validity of the thermodynamic model. KBF₄ and K₂TiF₆ were used to synthesize in-situ particulates in molten Al at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction was employed to characterize the formation of different phases in the composite.     

Ti-Al层状复合材料相界面扩散反应层的电子结构

采用热压扩散焊接法制备Ti-Al层状复合材料,在不同的焊接温度条件下进行热压扩散焊接,利用SEM、EDS、XRD以及基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理模拟计算等分析测试手段研究了Ti-Al扩散偶的扩散反应层的反应产物以及电子结构特征。结果表明: 当焊接温度≥560 ℃时,Ti-Al扩散偶相界面扩散反应层的反应产物主要是以金属间化合物Al₃Ti为主,反应产物Al₃Ti的总态密度(TDOS)的赝能隙为2.8 eV,相邻的Al原子和Ti原子的局域态密度(PDOS)的赝能隙也为2.8 eV,金属间化合物Al₃Ti中所含的共价键较少,而金属键较多。因此,Al₃Ti表现出更多的金属特性,具有较好的导电性,为Ti-Al层状复合材料作为一种新型电极材料奠定了基础。     

Al-TiO2-B2O3-C系XD合成铝基复合材料的反应机理及力学性能

研究了Al-TiO2-B2O3-C反应系XD合成铝基复合材料的反应机理.结果表明在Al-TiO2-B2O3-C系中,当B2O3/TiO2摩尔比=0.5,C/TiO2摩尔比=0时,TiO2和B2O3分别与Al结合生成热力学稳定的Al2O3和活性Ti原子、B原子,B原子和Ti原子分别穿过各自反应层结合生成热力学稳定的TiB2,过剩的Ti原子则与Al结合生成棒状物Al3Ti;加入碳粉后,Ti原子将优先与C和C与Al的化合物Al4C3反应生成TiC,Al3Ti逐渐减少,在C/TiO2摩尔比为0.5时,Al3Ti相基本消失,力学性能得到改善,其拉伸强度和延伸率分别从266MPa和3%增加到315MPa和7%.     

纳米Al_2O_3分布对Al_2O_3/PE-EVA复合材料导热性能与力学性能的影响

旨在将纳米Al2O3分散在聚乙烯(PE)和乙烯醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)的共混物中,构建具有选择性分布结构的局域高粒子浓度导热复合材料。采用纳米Al2O3为导热填料,以PE和EVA为基体树脂,使用熔融共混法制备了Al2O3/PE-EVA导热复合材料。利用选择性溶液萃取方法和SEM研究了PE-EVA共混物的相结构及纳米Al2O3在共混物中的分布,评价了Al2O3/PE-EVA复合材料的导热性能与力学性能。结果表明:在PE与EVA质量比为1∶1时可获得具有两相共连续结构的共混物;在两相共连续PE-EVA共混物中引入纳米Al2O3后,发现纳米Al2O3主要分布在PE相中;纳米Al2O3的分布行为及共连续结构的形成有助于提高复合材料的导热性能,在纳米Al2O3质量分数为50%时,与Al2O3/PE复合材料相比,具有选择分布和相连续结构的Al2O3/PEEVA复合材料的热导率提高了21.2%;随着纳米Al2O3质量分数的增加,Al2O3/PE-EVA复合材料的拉伸强度与Al2O3/PE复合材料的拉伸强度相近,同时由于EVA相的增韧作用,其断裂伸长率优于Al2O3/PE复合材料。     

添加La_2O_3对搅拌摩擦加工制备Ni/Al复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)方法在Al基体中添加微米级Ni粉及(Ni+La_2O_3)混合粉末,制备Ni/Al及(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料。采用SEM、EDS及XRD对复合区微观结构及相组成进行分析,采用室温拉伸试验对Ni/Al、(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:Ni/Al复合材料中主要成分为Al、Al3Ni和Ni粉团聚物,Ni粉团聚物尺寸粗大,形貌呈壳-核结构,核为团聚的Ni,壳为Al3Ni增强相层;La_2O_3对Al-Ni原位反应有较大影响,能够强化Al-Ni原位反应,生成更多增强相;La_2O_3阻碍了Ni粉的相互吸附和聚拢行为,从而减少了团聚现象;(Ni+La_2O_3)/Al复合材料的抗拉强度可以达到186 MPa,与Al基体(抗拉强度72 MPa)、纯Al FSP(抗拉强度90 MPa)、Ni/Al复合材料(抗拉强度144 MPa)相比,其抗拉强度分别提高了158%、107%、29%。     

Study of the densification of a nanostructured composite powder: Part 1: Effect of compaction pressure and reinforcement addition

Al/Al₂O₃ composite coating was prepared by plasma spraying and characterized by XRD and SEM. Some thermal–mechanical properties of the composite coating including thermal diffusivity, microhardness, fracture toughness and sliding wear rate were measured. The results showed that the Al/Al₂O₃ composite coating, compared with Al₂O₃ coating, exhibits denser structure and developed splat interface. The coexistence of Al metal phase and Al₂O₃ ceramic phase effectively increased the fracture toughness and thermal diffusivity of composite coating, in spite of the slight decrease in microhardness. Furthermore, the wear resistance of Al/Al₂O₃ composite coating is superior to that of Al₂O₃ coating.     

亚微米级Al2O3颗粒增强LD2铝合金复合材料的拉伸性能与强化机制

为克服颗粒增强铝基复合材料的强度低、脆性大、机械加工难等问题, 选用平均直径为0.15Lm, 细小且接近圆形的Al₂O₃颗粒增强LD2铝合金, 对其铸态材料和挤压材料的室温及高温拉伸性能进行了考察和组织分析, 结果发现: 颗粒尺寸小到亚微米级之后, 材料的组织中极难观察到位错, 增强机制也有所变化。在30～ 40% 体积率的挤压材上得到了640～ 760M Pa 拉伸强度和8. 6～2% 的延伸率, 增强率达到了212% , 获得了高强度、高塑性、易加工性的复合材料。      

Mg对原位自生TiB2/Al-4.5Cu复合材料微观组织及力学性能的影响

采用Al-K₂TiF₆-KBF₄混合盐原位自生反应法,制备了不同Mg质量分数的3wt% TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料。采用SEM、TEM、HM硬度测试和室温拉伸等方法研究了Mg含量和多级热处理对3wt% TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响。微观组织观察发现:Mg质量分数为3wt%时,经过多级热处理后,TiB₂颗粒的团聚现象明显改善,反应生成的TiB₂颗粒平均尺寸约为130 nm,基体内伴随有大量弥散分布的纳米级颗粒,且α-Al的晶粒尺寸也明显减小。力学测试结果表明:多级热处理后,3wt% TiB₂/Al-4.5Cu复合材料的硬度和抗拉强度随Mg含量的增加而提高,但过量的Mg (≥4wt%)会造成TiB₂颗粒细化效果下降。分析表明:Mg的加入能够降低TiB₂/α-Al界面能,减少脆性相Al₃Ti、Al₂B的生成,并通过反应生成的MgAl₂O₄使界面结构变成TiB₂/MgAl₂O₄/α-Al,从而有效抑制了TiB₂的团聚,改善了TiB₂颗粒与Al液界面的润湿性,提高了形核率,进一步细化了α-Al晶粒尺寸。      

几种不同改性剂对稻草/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯复合材料性能的影响

以稻草纤维及丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）为原料,分别以活性炭、Al₂O₃、SiO₂和硅烷偶联剂为增强改性剂,通过混炼-模压工艺制备了改性剂-稻草/ABS复合材料,对比研究了几种不同增强改性剂的增强效果及其增强机制。结果表明：硅烷偶联剂对稻草/ABS复合材料的增强效果较差,活性炭、Al₂O₃和SiO₂对稻草/ABS复合材料的增强均优于硅烷偶联剂,其中Al₂O₃的增强效果最佳。当Al₂O₃的添加量（Al₂O₃∶ABS质量比）为5%时,Al₂O₃-稻草/ABS复合材料的拉伸、弯曲及冲击强度分别达到最大值27.719 MPa、61.05 MPa和26.53 kJ/m²;当无机物添加量（无机物∶ABS质量比）为5%时,复合材料的耐水性能表现为：5% Al₂O₃ > 5%活性炭 > 5% SiO₂ > 未添加,与复合材料的力学性能梯度相符;改性剂-稻草/ABS复合材料的流变性能则表现为：5%活性炭 > 5% Al₂O₃ > 5% SiO₂ > 未添加。     

Processing, microstructure and properties of C40 Mo(Si,Al)2/Al2O3 composites

The C40 Mo(Si_0.75Al_0.25)₂/Al₂O₃ composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of mechanically alloyed (MA) powders. The Mo(Si_0.75Al_0.25)₂/0–20 vol.% Al₂O₃ materials, showing micron and submicron composite structure, possess a hardness of 13.9–14.6 GPa but a poor toughness of 1.78–1.80 MPa m^1/2. The addition of 30 vol.% Al₂O₃ leads to the formation of the micron C40 Mo(Si_0.75Al_0.25)₂/Al₂O₃ composite with an intergranular distribution of Al₂O₃, that results in a drop of the hardness to 10.2 GPa and an improvement of the toughness to 3.67 MPa m^1/2. The transition of the cleavage facets to the intergranular fracture with the addition of Al₂O₃ is assumed as the main toughening mechanism.     

Effect of C/Ti ratio on the laser ignited self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction of Al-Ti-C system for fabricating TiC/Al composites

TiC/Al composite was successfully synthesized utilizing laser ignited self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of Al-C-Ti system with the different C/Ti molar ratio. When the molar ratio of C to Ti is below 1:1 in the starting materials, in addition to fine TiC particulates, a large amount of Al₃Ti phase was found in the composites; however, when the molar ratio of C to Ti is 1:1 in the starting materials, the Al₃Ti phase was almost completely eliminated and the distribution of TiC particulates generally appeared to be more homogeneous throughout the products synthesized.     

碳纳米管-Ti3AlC2/AZ91D复合材料的微观组织及力学性能

采用化学镀铜的方法对增强相碳纳米管(CNTs)和Ti₃AlC₂进行表面改性,热压烧结制备了CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料,研究了其微观组织和力学性能的变化及增强机制。结果表明:CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料内部主要物相为CNTs、Ti₃AlC₂、Mg和Al₁₂Mg₁₇,增强相均匀分布在基体内,在增强相与基体的界面处存在U相(MgAlCu),使二者界面结合良好。当增强相CNTs 和Ti₃AlC₂含量分别为1wt%和25wt%时,较镁合金AZ91D,CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料的弹性模量、拉伸强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别提高了120.30%、25.72%、126.50%和36.84%,弯曲强度和压缩强度分别为337.92 MPa和436.27 MPa。CNTs-Ti₃AlC₂/AZ91D复合材料的断裂方式表现为脆性断裂,其强化机制主要为热配错强化、Orowan强化和细晶强化机制。      

纤维预热温度对连续Al2O3f/Al复合材料力学性能的影响

选用Nextel610型Al₂O₃纤维为增强体、ZL210A连续氧化铝合金为基体,采用真空压力浸渗法制备纤维增强铝基复合材料(Al₂O_3f/Al),纤维的体积分数为40%,预热温度分别为500、530、560和600℃,研究了纤维预热温度对Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料的微观组织、纤维损伤和力学性能的影响。结果表明：随着纤维预热温度的提高复合材料的致密度随之提高,最大达到99.2%,材料的组织缺陷最少,纤维的分布均匀;随着纤维预热温度的提高从复合材料中萃取出来的Al₂O₃纤维的拉伸强度不断降低,纤维预热温度为600℃的复合材料中Al₂O₃纤维的拉伸强度仅为1150 MPa,纤维表面粗糙,有大尺寸附着物。纤维的预热温度对Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料的拉伸强度有显著的影响。预热温度为500、530、560和600℃的复合材料其拉伸强度分别对应于298、465、498和452 MPa。组织缺陷、纤维损伤和界面结合强度,是影响连续Al₂O_3f/Al复合材料强度的主要因素。