RESERVOIR SANDSTONES OF THE CRETACEOUS NAPO FORMATION U AND T MEMBERS IN THE ORIENTE BASIN,ECUADOR: LINKS BETWEEN DIAGENESIS AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

This paper investigates whether diagenetic alterations in sandstones and resulting changes in reservoir quality are influenced by depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy. The study focusses on the Cretaceous U and T sandstone members of the Napo Formation in the Oriente Basin of Ecuador. The sandstones were deposited in fluvial, transitional and marine environments, and comprise Lowstand (LST), Transgressive (TST) and Highstand Systems Tract (HST) deposits. The data were obtained by detailed petrographic observations supported by microprobe, stable isotope, and fluid inclusion analyses. The sandstones consist of fine- to medium-grained quartzarenites and subarkoses. Diagenetic events include cementation by chlorite, early and late kaolinite/dickite, early and late carbonates (siderite, Fe-dolomite/ankerite), and quartz. Early (eogenetic) processes included formation of chlorite grain coatings, kaolinite pore filling, and siderite (SI) cementation. Chlorite is absent in TST sandstones but was found frequently in LST-HST sandstones. Early kaolinite is not present in LST sandstones but occurred frequently in LST-HST sandstones. The distribution of mesogenetic cements relative to sequence stratigraphy is different in the U and T units. In the U sandstones, calcite is frequent in LST deposits and absent in the LST-HST. Fe-dolomite/ankerite is abundant only in the TST. S2 siderite is present in the TST and LST, but absent in the LST-HST. Quartz cement and kaolinite/dickite are equally distributed in all systems tracts. In the T sandstones Fe-dolomite/ankerite is only abundant in the TST, whilst calcite, quartz and dickite have similar distributions in all the systems tracts. The distribution of kaolinite cement is interpreted to be the result of relatively more intense meteoric-water flux occurring during sea-level fall, whereas chlorite cement may have formed through burial diagenetic transformation of precursor clays e.g. berthierine which was precipitated in mixed marine-meteoric waters in tidal channel and estuarine environments. Chlorite cement in the T and U sandstones appears to have retarded development of quartz overgrowths, and 12–13% primary porosity is retained. The T sandstones (LST-HST) contain up to 4% chlorite cement. Little evidence for chemical compaction was found with the exception of occasional concave-convex grain contacts. Eogenetic siderite appears to have helped to preserve reservoir quality through supporting the sandstone framework against further compaction, but mesogenetic calcite has considerably reduced primary porosity. Eogenetic siderite (SI) was partly replaced by later carbonate cements such as late siderite (S2) and Fe-dolomite. Although there appears to be a relationship in the Napo Formation between the occurrence of siderite SI and sequence stratigraphy, the relationship may change when original volumes of siderite are considered. There is likewise partial replacement of early kaolinite and recrystalization to dickite which masks the amount of original early kaolinite. Since the amount of early kaolinite could not be confirmed, the relationship to sequence stratigraphy is tentative. Only chlorite seems to have a clear relationship to sequence stratigraphic framework in the Napo Formation. The high intergranular volume (IGV) of the sandstones indicates that cementation played a more important role than mechanical and chemical compaction in both Napo Formation sandstone members. Later dissolution of feldspar grains and siderite cements was the main process of secondary porosity development (up to 11% in the U sandstones).     

IMPACT OF DIAGENESIS ON RESERVOIR-QUALITY EVOLUTION IN FLUVIAL AND LACUSTRINE-DELTAIC SANDSTONES: EVIDENCE FROM JURASSIC AND TRIASSIC SANDSTONES FROM THE ORDOS BASIN, CHINA

The reservoir quality of Jurassic and Triassic fluvial and lacustrine‐deltaic sandstones in the intracratonic Ordos Basin is strongly influenced by depositional facies and various types of diagenetic modifications. The fluvial sandstones have higher average He‐porosity and permeability (14.8% and 12.7 mD, respectively) than the deltaic sandstones (9.8% and 5.8 mD, respectively). In addition to extensive mechanical compaction, eodiagenesis (220–97 Ma; depth < 2000 m; T < 70°C) has resulted in dissolution and kaolinitization of detrital silicates in the Jurassic fluvial sandstones, and in smectite infiltration and minor cementation by calcite and siderite in the Triassic fluvial and deltaic sandstones. Pervasive eogenetic carbonate cementation (> 20 vol.%) occurred in Triassic deltaic siltstones and very fine‐grained sandstones which are closely associated with organic‐rich mudstones. Mesodiagenesis (97–65 Ma), which occurred during rapid subsidence to depths of 3700–4400 m, resulted in the albitization of plagioclase, checmical compaction, the conversion of kaolinite into dickite, and cementation by quartz overgrowths, chlorite, illite, ankerite (δ¹³C_VPDB=?2.4‰ to +2.6‰; δ¹⁸O_VPDB=?21.5‰ to ?10‰) and calcite (δ¹³C_VPDB=?4.7‰ to +3.7‰; δ¹⁸O_VPDB=?21.8‰ to ?13.4‰). Oil emplacement (95 Ma) retarded cementation by mesogenetic quartz and carbonate but had little influence on dickite, illite and chlorite formation. Retardation of quartz cementation was also due to the presence of chlorite fringes around detrital quartz grains. Dickitization of eogenetic kaolinite together with the short residence time at maximum burial temperatures (105–124°C) has retarded the albitization of K‐feldspars and illite formation and hence prevented severe permeability destruction. Telodiagenesis, which occurred after uplift (Eocene to end‐Neogene), caused slight dissolution and kaolinitization of feldspars. This study demonstrates that despite complex patterns of diagenetic modifications in the Triassic and Jurassic successions, depositional porosity and permeability are better preserved in fluvial meandering channel sandstones than in deltaic sandstones. These results should be important for modelling of reservoir‐quality distribution and exploration risk evaluation in the basin.     

鄂尔多斯盆地安塞—神木地区山西组成岩与沉积相耦合关系

通过岩心描述、薄片观察、阴极发光、探针分析等多种方法,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地安塞-榆林-神木地区二叠系山西组山2段储集层岩石类型、成岩作用类型及其分布.研究区岩石类型主要为石英砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,储集层经历了压实、压溶、硅质胶结、碳酸盐胶结交代、高岭石胶结、杂基蚀变以及溶蚀等各种成岩作用,其中溶蚀作用是控制有效储集层形成的主要成岩作用.同时对成岩作用的平面分布特征进行了详细分析,认为成岩作用在区域内的分布主要受沉积相带的控制,顺沉积体系方向,成岩作用表现为压溶-硅质胶结、溶蚀作用增强,压实、碳酸盐胶结交代作用减弱,由河道中心向侧翼方向,压实、碳酸盐胶结、杂基蚀变作用增强,硅质胶结、溶蚀作用减弱.孔隙主要发育于顺沉积体系方向的三角洲平原分流河道、前缘水下分流河道、河口坝砂体中.图5表1参40     

七里村油田长 6 油层组储层特征及孔隙演化

通过孔渗、压汞、薄片鉴定和扫描电镜等分析资料,以鄂尔多斯盆地七里村油田三叠系延长组长 6油层组储层为研究对象,系统开展了储层特征及孔隙演化等研究。 结果表明：研究区长 6 油层组储层砂岩以细粒长石砂岩为主,矿物成分成熟度低,结构成熟度高;储层呈现出低孔、低渗-特低渗特征。 长 6 储层砂岩总体处于晚成岩 A 期,其经历了强烈的成岩作用改造,孔隙度与渗透率相关性较差。 影响储层物性及孔隙演化的主要因素是机械压实作用、溶蚀作用及胶结作用。 机械压实作用在早成岩期对储层物性影响最大,可使粒间孔隙急剧减小,物性变差。 主要的胶结类型为碳酸盐胶结、石英次生加大及黏土矿物胶结,它们均使得物性进一步变差,而长石、岩屑颗粒及浊沸石胶结物的溶蚀作用改善了碎屑的孔喉结构,加大了次生孔隙空间,是物性得以改善的根本原因。     

高温-超压-高CO2背景下致密砂岩储层成岩作用特征——以莺歌海盆地LD10区新近系梅山组-黄流组为例

利用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、阴极发光及碳氧同位素分析等手段,对莺歌海盆地LD10区新近系梅山组-黄流组高温-超压-高CO₂背景下的储层成岩作用特征及其对孔隙的影响进行了系统研究。研究结果表明: ①莺歌海盆地LD10区新近系梅山组-黄流组储层发育重力流沉积,岩性以中-细粒长石岩屑石英砂岩为主,储层物性以特低-低孔、特低渗特征为主。②压实、胶结和溶蚀作用是研究区主要的成岩作用类型。超压对黏土矿物的转化及石英次生加大具有明显抑制作用,并在一定程度上保护了原生孔隙。富含CO₂的高温流体不仅造成了黏土矿物的异常转化,同时促进了溶蚀作用发生,增加了次生孔隙。③研究区黄二段储层的成岩演化序列为: 菱铁矿胶结→石英次生加大→绿泥石胶结→长石淋滤溶蚀→高岭石形成→早期方解石胶结→早期白云石胶结→长石溶蚀→方解石溶蚀→伊利石大量生成→晚期铁方解石、铁白云石形成。④总体上,压实作用使孔隙度减少了45.30%～62.93%,胶结作用使孔隙度减少了1.65%～35.01%,溶蚀作用使孔隙度增加了0.72%～8.00%。其中,黄流组中下部砂岩储层受到了超压保护和CO₂溶蚀作用的双重影响,物性较好,钻井过程中应考虑高CO₂风险。     

PORE‐LINING CHLORITE CEMENTS IN LACUSTRINE‐DELTAIC SANDSTONES FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC YANCHANG FORMATION,ORDOS BASIN,CHINA

Non‐marine sandstones in the upper Triassic Yanchang Formation constitute an important reservoir rock in the Zhenjing area of SW Ordos Basin, Central China. A study of the diagenetic history of these sandstones, including the formation of pore‐lining chlorite cements, was undertaken to investigate controls on reservoir quality. Data came from the petrographic analysis of cores from five wells. The sandstones were deposited in a lacustrine‐deltaic setting and consist of fine‐to medium‐grained feldspathic litharenites and lithic arkoses, and in general have low porosity and permeability. The principal diagenetic processes observed were compaction, cementation, dissolution and replacement. Mechanical compaction and calcite cementation caused a reduction in reservoir quality. The precipitation of pore‐lining chlorite inhibited quartz cementation and preserved porosities of up to 16%. The chlorite occurs in a double layer which lines pore spaces, particularly in distributary channel sandstones. Both chlorite layers grew by precipitation from pore waters containing the products of dissolution of volcanic rock fragments, biotites and feldspars. An increase of temperature during diagenesis was probably the cause of the two generations of chlorite cement, and also of the observed variations in elemental concentrations between the earlier‐ and later‐formed chlorite. The chlorite was precipitated after early compaction but before other diagenetic phases.     

THE INFLUENCE OF CEMENTATION ON THE RESERVOIR QUALITY OF THE RISHA SANDSTONE MEMBER (UPPER ORDOVICIAN), RISHA GASFIELD, NE JORDAN

Shallow-marine sandstones of the Upper Ordovician Risha Member of the Dubaydib Formation constitute important reservoir rocks for natural gas in the Risha area of NE Jordan. However, reservoir quality is frequently reduced by diagenetic effects including extensive cementation. This paper reports on the petrology of the Risha Sandstones and the nature of diagenetic alteration, based on standard petrographic analyses of 147 core samples collected from nine wells at Risha gasfield. In addition ten representative samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The sandstones comprise subarkoses and quartzarenites which are texturally submature to supermature. Petrographic analyses suggest a continental provenance, most probably from precursor plutonic rocks from the Arabian Shield. A generalized model of paragenesis includes early compaction and development of syntaxial feldspar overgrowths with quartz cementation of variable intensity. Carbonate cements occur as replacement and pore-filling phases. Dolomite and siderite cementation occurred during later-stage burial, together with pressure solution and the growth of authigenic clays. Most of the cements originated from meteoric or compaction-derived waters. Separate pathways of sandstone diagenesis were recognized for the texturally supermature and submature sandstones, both of which were facies-controlled.
Occlusion of most of the porosity preceded hydrocarbon accumulation, which is therefore restricted to areas where cementation was minimized or where cements were dissolved.     

DIAGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND RESERVOIR QUALITY EVOLUTION OF LOWER CRETACEOUS FLUVIAL SANDSTONES: NUBIAN FORMATION,SIRT BASIN,NORTH‐CENTRAL LIBYA

Lower Cretaceous meandering and braided fluvial sandstones of the Nubian Formation form some of the most important subsurface reservoir rocks in the Sirt Basin, north‐central Libya. Mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical analyses of sandstone samples from well BB6–59, Sarir oilfield, indicate that the meandering fluvial sandstones are fine‐ to very fine‐grained subarkosic arenites (av. Q₉₁F₅L₄), and that braided fluvial sandstones are medium‐ to very coarse‐grained quartz arenites (av. Q₉₆F₃L₁). The reservoir qualities of these sandstones were modified during both eodiagenesis (ca. <70°C; <2 km) and mesodiagenesis (ca. >70°C; >2 km). Reservoir quality evolution was controlled primarily by the dissolution and kaolinitization of feldspars, micas and mud intraclasts during eodiagenesis, and by the amount and thickness of grain‐coating clays, chemical compaction and quartz overgrowths during mesodiagenesis. However, dissolution and kaolinitization of feldspars, micas and mud intraclasts resulted in the creation of intercrystalline micro‐ and mouldic macro‐porosity and permeability during eodiagenesis, which were more widespread in braided fluvial than in meandering fluvial sandstones. This was because of the greater depositional porosity and permeability in the braided fluvial sandstones which enhanced percolation of meteoric waters. The development of only limited quartz overgrowths in the braided fluvial sandstones, in which quartz grains are coated by thick illite layers, retained high porosity and permeability (12–23% and 30–600 mD). By contrast, meandering fluvial sandstones underwent porosity loss as a result of quartz overgrowth development on quartz grains which lack or have thin and incomplete grain‐coating illite (2–15% and 0–0.1 mD). Further loss of porosity in the meandering fluvial sandstones occurred as a result of chemical compaction (pressure dissolution) induced by the occurrence of micas along grains contacts. Other diagenetic alterations, such as the growth of pyrite, siderite, dolomite/ankerite and albitization, had little impact on reservoir quality. The albitization of feldspars may have had minor positive influence on reservoir quality through the creation of intercrystalline micro‐porosity between albite crystals. The results of this study show that diagenetic modifications of the braided and meandering fluvial sandstones in the Nubian Formation, and resulting changes in reservoir quality, are closely linked to depositional porosity and permeability. They are also linked to the thickness of grain‐coating infiltrated clays, and to variations in detrital composition, particularly the amounts of mud intraclasts, feldspars and mica grains as well as climatic conditions.     

DIAGENETIC CONTROLS ON THE RESERVOIR QUALITY OF TIGHT OIL-BEARING SANDSTONES IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC YANCHANG FORMATION,ORDOS BASIN,NORTH-CENTRAL CHINA

Tight oil-bearing sandstones in the Chang 4+5, 6 and 7 Members of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, north-central China, in general consist of fine-grained, moderately- to poorly-sorted lithic arkoses (average Q₅₃F₃₀R₁₇) deposited in a fluvial-dominated lacustrine-deltaic environment. Diagenetic modifications to the sandstones include compaction and cementation by calcite, dolomite, ankerite, quartz, chlorite, kaolinite and illite, as well as partial dissolution of feldspars and minor rock fragments. Porosity ranges up to ~7% of the rock volume and was reduced more by cementation than by compaction. Fractures (tectonic macrofractures and diagenetic microfractures) provide important oil migration pathways and enhance the sandstones' storage potential. The pore network is heterogeneous due to processes related to deposition and diagenesis, and there are considerable spatial variations in porosity and pore connectivity. The pore system includes both macropores and micropores, and pore network variations depend on the type and distribution of authigenic cements. An analysis of the diagenetic and porosity characteristics of core samples of the Yanchang Formation sandstones from wells in the Youfangzhuang oilfield resulted in the recognition of six petrofacies (A-F) whose characteristics allow reservoir quality to be predicted. Fluid performance analysis for selected sandstone samples using nuclear magnetic resonance combined with helium porosity and air permeability shows that high permeability and large pore throats together result in high movable fluid saturation potential, and that effective pore spaces and throats are beneficial for hydrocarbon storage and flow. Relatively higher porosity and permeability tend to occur in petrofacies B sandstones containing abundant pore-lining chlorite with lesser kaolinite and minor carbonate cements, and in petrofacies C sandstones with abundant pore-filling kaolinite cement but little chlorite and carbonate cements. These petrofacies represent the best reservoir-quality intervals. A reservoir quality prediction model is proposed combined with the petrofacies classification framework. This model will assist future development of tight sandstone reservoirs both in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and elsewhere.     

三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷西山窑组储层成岩作用类型及特征

三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷中侏罗统西山窑组存在多个一定规模的砂岩油气藏,具备较大的油气开发潜力。通过薄片观察、电镜扫描、X射线衍射、镜质体反射率等分析手段,划分了马朗凹陷西山窑组储集砂岩的成岩作用类型及成岩阶段,分析了成岩作用对储层物性的影响。该区西山窑组储集砂岩中发育8类成岩作用,其中蚀变、溶蚀和破裂作用为建设性成岩作用,压实-压溶、硅质胶结和碳酸盐胶结作用为破坏性成岩作用,而绿泥石胶结和交代作用会随着成岩阶段的向后推移由建设性作用转为破坏性作用;西山窑组砂岩以中成岩A期的晚期阶段为主。压实作用是该区主要的减孔因素,高岭石化和溶蚀作用是主要的増孔因素。发育绿泥石环边胶结,储集空间为剩余原生粒间孔与溶蚀孔组合的砂岩是最优质的储集砂体。     

致密砂岩孔隙演化特征及其成岩作用对储层质量的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地马岭南延长组长8储层为例

成岩演化的差异性是导致储层微观孔喉结构差异、影响致密砂岩储层储集性能及渗流能力的主要原因。通过岩石铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、X衍射、高压压汞和核磁共振等多种测试手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地马岭南地区长8储层的成岩作用和孔隙演化历史进行定量研究。长8砂岩岩石类型相近,成分成熟度低而结构成熟度较高,处于中成岩A期晚期到B期早期。成岩演化差异性主要体现在刚性颗粒与塑性颗粒含量的不同对压实作用的影响。压实程度相对强的砂岩,溶蚀作用是控制储层质量的主要因素;经历了一定压实作用的砂岩,残余粒间孔仍发育,绿泥石薄膜及钙质胶结物的充填程度是影响储层质量的关键因素。孔隙演化定量计算表明,压实作用孔隙减少率平均在49.51%,胶结作用孔隙减少率平均在30.6%,溶蚀作用孔隙增加率平均在7.0%,压实作用是导致本地区储层致密化的主要因素。不同成岩改造类型对储层孔隙结构发育特征的影响具有差异性。绿泥石薄膜发育的储层质量最好,长石溶蚀为主的储层,储集能力较好,但渗流能力相对较差;压实压溶作用强烈和钙质胶结充填为主的储层,其储层质量相对较差。压实程度、绿泥石胶结、溶蚀程度和钙质充填程度是影响储层孔径大小、储集性和渗流能力的主要因素。     

准中1区三工河组低渗储层特征及成岩作用演化

综合运用岩心描述、薄片观察、物性分析等技术手段,对准中1区三工河组低渗储层特征及成岩作用演化进行了研究。结果表明,研究区岩石以长石岩屑砂岩为主,含少量岩屑长石砂岩、亚长石砂岩及亚岩屑砂岩。储层整体上以中低孔、低渗特低渗为主,孔渗相关性较好;储集空间有原生孔隙、次生孔隙、混合孔隙及少量微裂缝。成岩作用类型包括压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用及交代作用等。成岩作用发生的先后顺序为:压实作用—压实作用/绿泥石薄膜/菱铁矿胶结—压实作用/长石溶蚀/石英加大/自生高岭石胶结—压实作用/硬石膏胶结—压实作用/方解石胶结/铁方解石胶结/铁白云石胶结—压实作用/黄铁矿胶结。     

Diagenetic and geochemical studies of the Buchan Formation (Upper Devonian) in the Central North Sea

The Upper Devonian Buchan Formation reservoirs in the UK Central North Sea are litharenite/sublitharenite and were deposited in fluvial–aeolian settings. The grain-coating clays in the aeolian sandstones have effectively inhibited quartz overgrowth. Hence, the reduction of reservoir quality is mainly due to mechanical compaction and early dolomite precipitation in both fluvial and aeolian sandstones; quartz overgrowth and kaolinite illitization in fluvial sandstones; and limited smectite illitization in aeolian sandstones. The carbon/oxygen stable isotopes of dolomite cements suggest a predominantly marine carbon source and precipitation temperatures between 25 and 58 ℃ indicating a shallow burial depth during dolomite precipitation. The temperatures and the dolomite distribution indicate that the cements originated from the overlying Upper Permian Zechstein carbonates. Extensive quartz overgrowths formed at 80 and 120 ℃ in the late and deep diagenetic burial history. The most probable silica source was from feldspar kaolinitization and pressure dissolution of quartz grains. Through detailed petrography and geochemical analyses, the burial–paragenesis–thermal history of the Buchan Formation has been constructed. Similar diagenetic processes are likely to have occurred in the Buchan Formation in other parts of the Central and Northern North Sea. This study may allow new petroleum plays to be considered in areas previously thought to have poor hydrocarbon potential.     

Diagenesis and High Quality Reservoir Forecast of the Qingshankou Sandstones in the Southern Songliao Basin of Northeast China

The Qingshankou (QSK) sandstones are mostly lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenites. A combination of primary and secondary pores constitutes the pore features of the QSK sandstones that have experienced complex diagenetic events. Diagenetic minerals include illite, mixed illite/smectite (I/S), chlorite, calcite, dolomite, Fe-calcite, dawsonite, quartz, halloysite, paligorskite, and so on. The carbonate and clay cement blocks the pore spaces and throats, especially poikilitic calcite degrades reservoir quality, whereas the rigid quartz preserves pores by resisting compaction. The compaction porosity loss is 18.4% and the cementation porosity loss is 9.63%, which indicates compaction is the chief factor that reducing reservoir quality. The porosity that was generated from dissolution can measure up to 3–8%. Four diagenetic-lithofacies, namely, plastic detritus dissolution diagenetic-lithofacies, quartz overgrowth diagenetic-lithofacies, carbonate cementation diagenetic-lithofacies, and compact-infill diagenetic-lithofacies, are observed in the QSK sandstone. The sandstones that display plastic component dissolution diagenetic-lithofacies or the quartz overgrowth diagenetic-lithofacies prove to be good hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

克-百地区二叠系成岩作用

为了研究准噶尔盆地西北缘克-百地区二叠系储层的成岩作用,探明研究区主要受控的成岩作用类型、所处的成岩阶段和成岩作用对储集层段物性的影响,采取钻井岩心的普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和电子探针分析等手段对研究区的岩石类型进行了分类,并对影响储集层物性的自生矿物的形成进行了研究。结果表明：准噶尔盆地克-百地区二叠系储集层主要经历了压实、压溶、胶结、交代和溶解等一系列复杂的成岩作用．在研究区沸石的成岩作用尤为突出．为研究成岩作用的一大特色。成岩作用中压实作用和胶结作用对储集层的物性起负面影响,压实作用可使孔隙度减少15％～25％：溶解作用对储集层物性有一定的促进作用。研究区二叠系成岩作用阶段主要处于晚成岩阶段B期。     

延气2井区块盒8段低孔低渗储层成岩作用特征及其对储层的影响

根据常规薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射等资料分析,对延气2井区块盒8段砂岩储层岩石学特征、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段划分及其对储层的影响进行了研究。结果表明:研究区盒8段储层岩石类型主要为石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩。研究区现今成岩作用已普遍进入晚成岩A期阶段,少量进入晚成岩B期阶段的早期。经历的成岩作用有压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用、溶蚀作用、破裂作用。其中,压实作用、胶结作用是主要的破坏性成岩作用,而溶蚀作用、破裂作用是主要的建设性成岩作用。     

东胜气田二叠系下石盒子组致密砂岩成岩作用及成储效应

针对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜气田砂岩的成岩作用及成储效应认识不清的问题,通过岩心观察与描述,根据薄片观察、阴极发光、扫描电镜、X-衍射及物性分析等资料,深入研究东胜气田下石盒子组储层的岩石学特征、孔渗特征、储集空间类型及成岩作用特征,确定储层成岩演化阶段和演化序列,系统探讨成岩作用的成储效应。研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地东胜气田下石盒子组储层砂岩主要处于中成岩A期,部分进入中成岩B期;砂岩成分成熟度中等而结构成熟度较低,次生溶孔为其主要的储集空间,为典型的低孔低渗储层;研究区砂岩成岩作用主要有机械压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用,其中,机械压实作用、碳酸盐岩胶结和硅质胶结作用减小孔隙,是引起储层致密的重要原因,而溶蚀作用形成次生孔隙,有利于改善储层物性。研究梳理了东胜气田下石盒子组储层特征、成岩演化及成储关系,以期对研究区致密砂岩气的深入勘探提供一定的借鉴和指导。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西区苏48区块盒8段砂岩成岩相定量划分及特征差异

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田苏48区块盒8段属于辫状河三角洲平原亚相沉积,非均质性强,开发难度大。以油气储层地质学、沉积学等知识为基础,利用铸体薄片、阴极发光、图像粒度、X-射线衍射、扫描电镜等实验手段,定量表征成岩作用对孔隙致密化的影响,依据成岩、物性和孔喉特征参数建立了成岩相定量划分标准,阐述了不同成岩相的特征差异。结果表明:研究区属于以岩屑石英砂岩和石英砂岩储集砂体为主的特低孔—超低渗油田;成岩作用的定性特征表明研究区主要处于中成岩B期,在压实—早期胶结—溶蚀—晚期胶结等一系列成岩演化作用下,机械压实是储层致密化的主控因素;根据成岩参数将研究区划分为4类成岩相,其中中等压实—石英弱加大—粒间孔—溶蚀相分布在分流河道中心,属于优质成岩相;中等压实—中等高岭石胶结—溶蚀相—晶间孔次之。通过对成岩相的定量划分和特征差异描述,明确了研究区特低孔喉形成机理,为精细描述苏里格气田储层提供了借鉴。     

岩相约束下的深层致密砂岩气藏储层演化特征

东海盆地深层致密气藏沉积和成岩演化复杂，不同岩相储层的成岩演化是揭示沉积-成岩耦合及认识致密储层甜点成因的关键，也是甜点预测的基础。本研究将岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、粒度分析和X-衍射等资料相结合，选取东海西湖凹陷中央反转构造带深层花港组典型致密气藏，研究不同岩相储层的成岩演化。通过开展岩石学特征研究，划分主要岩相类型，结合埋藏史分析成岩演化序列，分析不同岩相砂岩成岩差异及成岩演化过程，建立不同岩相的成岩演化模式，揭示沉积对成岩的控制作用。结果表明，研究区花港组储层以水下分流河道沉积为主体，主要发育块状层理中-粗砂岩、砾质砂岩、平行层理中-细砂岩和泥砾质砂岩四种岩相类型。块状层理中-粗砂岩和砾质砂岩刚性石英含量较高，粘土含量较低，胶结物类型以薄层绿泥石和硅质胶结为主；前者经历的成岩作用较为完整，埋藏后期仍然发育有一定的原生孔隙和次生溶孔，容易形成较好储层；但后者常常因为分选性较差，最终易形成压实紧密，硅质胶结强烈的致密储层。平行层理中-细砂岩刚性石英含量较低，粘土含量较高，胶结物类型以厚层绿泥石、伊/蒙混层和伊利石相伴生为主；由于沉积分异作用，碎屑颗粒常呈层状定向排列，埋藏后期细粒层部分压实致密，粗粒层部分保留有块状层理砂岩性质，发育局部孔隙带，形成次一级储层；泥砾质砂岩塑性泥岩撕裂屑含量较高，同时混杂有大量泥质杂基，在埋藏早期就已经压实致密，各类孔隙均不发育，基本为非储层。     

早期碳酸盐胶结作用对恩平凹陷珠江组砂岩孔隙演化模式的影响

珠江口盆地恩平凹陷的碎屑岩储层中存在早期碳酸盐胶结,为分析胶结作用对储层孔隙演化的影响,以便为储层预测提供依据,采用普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞等分析方法,结合岩石物性研究和测井解释结果,分析了该区古近纪珠江组早期碳酸盐胶结砂岩的孔喉特征,发现基底式胶结的钙质砂岩,表现为“悬浮砂”结构,主要为低孔隙度、低渗透率储层;而孔隙式胶结的钙质砂岩,其渗透率一般超过100 mD,平均孔喉半径大于15 μm,为高孔隙度、高渗透率储层。在分析珠江组主要成岩作用类型的基础上,探讨了早期碳酸盐胶结作用对储层孔隙演化模式的影响,发现由于碳酸盐含量的不同,其影响具有双重性：①基底式胶结的钙质砂岩一般坚硬致密,难以被溶蚀改造,孔喉不发育;②孔隙式胶结利于原生孔隙保存和次生孔隙形成,其胶结的钙质砂岩在后期酸性流体溶蚀作用下可以产生特大溶孔,形成高孔、高渗储层。结论认为：该区早期碳酸盐胶结的海相砂岩,抗压实能力较强,在酸性流体作用下具备形成优质储层的潜能。