某高速公路浅埋段隧道支护参数对比与分析

分析了采用不同支护参数的两座隧道在施工过程中支护结构的变形特点,对施工过程进行了仿真,并对该两座隧道的实际施工效果进行了比较.结果表明,尽管采用现浇模筑混凝土作为初次支护有其刚度大的优点,但也有其不利的一面.对于类似条件下的隧道施工,建议采用锚喷支护作为初期支护.     

Comparison of the simplified methods of the ISO 13790 standard and detailed modelling programs in a regulatory context

The CEN standards that support the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requirement for calculation of the energy consumption of buildings allow various methods to be used for the same calculation. The impact of using the different methods within the updated ISO 13790 standard for space heating and cooling energy calculations was examined with a parametric analysis of a common building specification. The impact was assessed by considering the energy band, which would be assigned for the building based on the calculation results. The standard describes three different methods that can be used for the calculations: a monthly quasi-steady state method, a simplified hourly method and detailed simulation. For most cases studied, differences in the building rating given by the various methods were a maximum of one band. More significant differences were noticed in some cases. Parameter values in the monthly method were determined, which would lead to improved matching.     

深埋长大隧道交叉段衬砌裂缝成因分析与处治

通过对某高速公路深埋隧道主、横洞交叉段开洞侧主洞衬砌裂缝的现场检测及性状分析,研究对比了可能引起衬砌开裂的各种因素,得出了开裂的主要原因,认为隧道交叉段地层工程地质情况复杂,构造应力在应力场构成中占有很大比例,水平应力要比竖向应力大,且在横洞开挖后。主洞开洞侧截面承载能力一定程度上有所削弱,衬砌受力不均匀,出现应力集中现象,从而导致混凝土开裂;基于现场地质参数及裂缝成因初步分析,利用有限元分析软件对衬砌开裂段的应力场及位移场进行了模拟,模拟结果验证了现场成因分析所得结论的正确性;基于现场裂缝实际情况,提出了详细的裂缝处治措施,可为今后解决类似隧道衬砌开裂问题提供参考。     

Effect of water and geological factors on the long-term stability of fracture zones in the Päijänne Tunnel, Finland: a case study

Potable water to the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland is conveyed through Precambrian bedrock along the mostly unlined, rock-surfaced Päijänne Tunnel which has been in use since 1982. Two cave-ins in recent years and the damage observed during the inspection preceding the repair of the northern 64 km of the tunnel in 2001 demonstrates the active eroding processes. The extent of block falls inside the tunnel, interpreted from a recording made by a submersible robot, is compared with both measured and semi-quantitatively documented groundwater inflow and characteristics of fracture zones intersecting the tunnel that commonly appear as linear depressions in topography.Most of the damage observed in the tunnel is inferred to result from weathering, swelling clays, erosion and changes in groundwater or pressure conditions. The main factor in triggering these physical and chemical changes is water that flows both along the tunnel and in the fractures of the surrounding bedrock. Foliation sub-parallel to the tunnel orientation seems to be a factor making tunnel sections more prone to the occurrence of block falls.A high rate of groundwater inflow correlates to some degree with the level of original reinforcement. Even though groundwater inflow does not necessarily indicate support need, increased fracturing in bedrock generally provides more flow paths to water. Hydraulic properties of fracture zones are inferred to contribute to the deterioration in the tunnel but probably as a relatively minor factor compared with the rock support solutions and structural orientation sub-parallel to the tunnel. The orientation of fractures is inferred to play a role as variation is observed in inflow when linked with the strike of the fracture zone. The damage concentrates to zones of existing weakness and sections that have not been lined with shotcrete. Shotcrete prevents leaching of fracture fillings which can lead into loosening and falling of key-blocks. The application of steel-supported reinforcement in the fractured sections is a plausible explanation to why no consistent connection was observed between the occurrence of large block falls and fracture zone intersections. The impairment of the tunnel's condition, revealed during the repair inspection, is considered to have been influenced by the initially low level of reinforcement.     

Evaluation of the lactose Tergitol-7, m-Endo LES, Colilert 18, Readycult Coliforms 100, Water-Check-100, 3M Petrifilm EC and DryCult Coliform test methods for detection of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in water samples

In this study we compared the reference membrane filtration (MF) lactose Tergitol-7 (LTTC) method ISO 9308-1:2000 with the MF m-Endo LES method SFS 3016:2001, the defined substrate chromogenic/fluorogenic Colilert 18, Readycult Coliforms and Water Check methods, and ready-made culture media, 3M Petrifilm EC and DryCult Coli methods for the detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in various water samples. When the results of E. coli detection were compared between test methods, the highest agreement (both tests negative or positive) with the LTTC method was calculated for the m-Endo LES method (83.6%), followed by Colilert 18 (82.7%), Water-Check (81.8%) and Readycult (78.4%), whereas Petrifilm EC (70.6%) and DryCult Coli (68.9%) showed the weakest agreement. The m-Endo LES method was the only method showing no statistical difference in E. coli counts compared with the LTTC method, whereas the Colilert 18 and Readycult methods gave significantly higher counts for E. coli than the LTTC method. In general, those tests based on the analysis of a 1-ml sample (Petrifilm EC and DryCult Coli) showed weak sensitivity (39.5-52.5%) but high specificity (90.9-78.8%).