综合地球物理方法在坦桑尼亚卢帕金矿田东缘Twiga金矿勘查中的应用

综合地球物理方法对隐伏金属矿产勘查具有良好的指示作用,坦桑尼亚西南部的卢帕金矿田为该国重要的产金区,受限于前期地质勘查程度及第四系覆盖影响,该地区的成矿理论研究有待完善。以卢帕金矿田东缘Twiga金矿区为研究对象,通过在区内找矿有利地段开展地面高精度磁测、激电中梯剖面和EH4连续电导率测深等综合地球物理方法测量工作,得到了较丰富的平面ΔT磁异常、平面视极化率异常、平面和断面视电阻率异常、岩(矿)石物性参数等综合异常信息。以此圈定和标识了隐伏含矿构造体的规模大小,经后期钻孔施工得到了查证,区内预测金金属量3110.63 kg,结合区域成矿背景总结规律,为该地区今后的找矿工作提供地球物理方法经验。     

某高速公路浅埋段隧道支护参数对比与分析

分析了采用不同支护参数的两座隧道在施工过程中支护结构的变形特点,对施工过程进行了仿真,并对该两座隧道的实际施工效果进行了比较.结果表明,尽管采用现浇模筑混凝土作为初次支护有其刚度大的优点,但也有其不利的一面.对于类似条件下的隧道施工,建议采用锚喷支护作为初期支护.     

A stable CS-FEM for the static and seismic stability of a single square tunnel in the soil where the shear strength increases linearly with depth

A numerical procedure using a stable cell-based smoothed finite element method (CS-FEM) is presented for estimation of stability of a square tunnel in the soil where the shear strength increases linearly with depth. The kinematically admissible displacement fields are approximated by uniform quadrilateral elements in conjunction with the strain smoothing technique, eliminating volumetric locking issues and the singularity associated with the Mohr–Coulomb model. First, a rich set of simulations was performed to compute the static stability of a square tunnel with different geometries and soil conditions. The presented results are in excellent agreement with the upper and lower bound solutions using the standard finite element method (FEM). The stability charts and tables are given for practical use in the tunnel design, along with a newly proposed formulation for predicting the undrained stability of a single square tunnel. Second, the seismic stability number was computed using the present numerical approach. Numerical results reveal that the seismic stability number reduces with an increasing value of the horizontal seismic acceleration (α_h), for both cases of the weightless soil and the soil with unit weight. Third, the link between the static and seismic stability numbers is described using corrective factors that represent reductions in the tunnel stability due to seismic loadings. It is shown from the numerical results that the corrective factor becomes larger as the unit weight of soil mass increases; however, the degree of the reduction in seismic stability number tends to reduce for the case of the homogeneous soil. Furthermore, this advanced numerical procedure is straightforward to extend to three-dimensional (3D) limit analysis and is readily applicable for the calculation of the stability of tunnels in highly anisotropic and heterogeneous soils which are often encountered in practice.     

Comparison of the simplified methods of the ISO 13790 standard and detailed modelling programs in a regulatory context

The CEN standards that support the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requirement for calculation of the energy consumption of buildings allow various methods to be used for the same calculation. The impact of using the different methods within the updated ISO 13790 standard for space heating and cooling energy calculations was examined with a parametric analysis of a common building specification. The impact was assessed by considering the energy band, which would be assigned for the building based on the calculation results. The standard describes three different methods that can be used for the calculations: a monthly quasi-steady state method, a simplified hourly method and detailed simulation. For most cases studied, differences in the building rating given by the various methods were a maximum of one band. More significant differences were noticed in some cases. Parameter values in the monthly method were determined, which would lead to improved matching.     

深埋长大隧道交叉段衬砌裂缝成因分析与处治

通过对某高速公路深埋隧道主、横洞交叉段开洞侧主洞衬砌裂缝的现场检测及性状分析，研究对比了可能引起衬砌开裂的各种因素，得出了开裂的主要原因，认为隧道交叉段地层工程地质情况复杂，构造应力在应力场构成中占有很大比例，水平应力要比竖向应力大，且在横洞开挖后。主洞开洞侧截面承载能力一定程度上有所削弱，衬砌受力不均匀，出现应力集中现象，从而导致混凝土开裂；基于现场地质参数及裂缝成因初步分析，利用有限元分析软件对衬砌开裂段的应力场及位移场进行了模拟，模拟结果验证了现场成因分析所得结论的正确性；基于现场裂缝实际情况，提出了详细的裂缝处治措施，可为今后解决类似隧道衬砌开裂问题提供参考。     

视电阻率测深和音频大地电磁测深在坦桑尼亚某金矿区探测效果的对比分析

隐伏矿产勘查是我国乃至世界现今的主要任务,电阻率测深法和大地电磁测深法是寻找深部矿和隐伏矿的主要工作手段;根据大功率视电阻率测深与音频大地电磁测深在坦桑尼亚某金矿区的实际应用,结合钻孔地质剖面对两者的测量结果反演后进行了对比研究,分析了两种测深方法在构造蚀变岩型金矿上各自的探测效果,研究认为:采用视电阻率测深和音频大地电磁测深可以推测地下构造带电性分布特征、地质结构、构造产状及矿(化)体的赋存空间,音频大地电磁测深对矿区深部构造形态反映效果较好,显示了构造蚀变带的垂向延伸情况;视电阻率测深在反映中、浅部地质体特征方面效果较好,并进一步提高了对大地电磁异常的横向分辨能力,能够为布置钻探工程提供更加充分的依据。     

Effect of water and geological factors on the long-term stability of fracture zones in the Päijänne Tunnel, Finland: a case study

Potable water to the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland is conveyed through Precambrian bedrock along the mostly unlined, rock-surfaced Päijänne Tunnel which has been in use since 1982. Two cave-ins in recent years and the damage observed during the inspection preceding the repair of the northern 64 km of the tunnel in 2001 demonstrates the active eroding processes. The extent of block falls inside the tunnel, interpreted from a recording made by a submersible robot, is compared with both measured and semi-quantitatively documented groundwater inflow and characteristics of fracture zones intersecting the tunnel that commonly appear as linear depressions in topography.Most of the damage observed in the tunnel is inferred to result from weathering, swelling clays, erosion and changes in groundwater or pressure conditions. The main factor in triggering these physical and chemical changes is water that flows both along the tunnel and in the fractures of the surrounding bedrock. Foliation sub-parallel to the tunnel orientation seems to be a factor making tunnel sections more prone to the occurrence of block falls.A high rate of groundwater inflow correlates to some degree with the level of original reinforcement. Even though groundwater inflow does not necessarily indicate support need, increased fracturing in bedrock generally provides more flow paths to water. Hydraulic properties of fracture zones are inferred to contribute to the deterioration in the tunnel but probably as a relatively minor factor compared with the rock support solutions and structural orientation sub-parallel to the tunnel. The orientation of fractures is inferred to play a role as variation is observed in inflow when linked with the strike of the fracture zone. The damage concentrates to zones of existing weakness and sections that have not been lined with shotcrete. Shotcrete prevents leaching of fracture fillings which can lead into loosening and falling of key-blocks. The application of steel-supported reinforcement in the fractured sections is a plausible explanation to why no consistent connection was observed between the occurrence of large block falls and fracture zone intersections. The impairment of the tunnel's condition, revealed during the repair inspection, is considered to have been influenced by the initially low level of reinforcement.     

Evaluation of the lactose Tergitol-7, m-Endo LES, Colilert 18, Readycult Coliforms 100, Water-Check-100, 3M Petrifilm EC and DryCult Coliform test methods for detection of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in water samples

In this study we compared the reference membrane filtration (MF) lactose Tergitol-7 (LTTC) method ISO 9308-1:2000 with the MF m-Endo LES method SFS 3016:2001, the defined substrate chromogenic/fluorogenic Colilert 18, Readycult Coliforms and Water Check methods, and ready-made culture media, 3M Petrifilm EC and DryCult Coli methods for the detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in various water samples. When the results of E. coli detection were compared between test methods, the highest agreement (both tests negative or positive) with the LTTC method was calculated for the m-Endo LES method (83.6%), followed by Colilert 18 (82.7%), Water-Check (81.8%) and Readycult (78.4%), whereas Petrifilm EC (70.6%) and DryCult Coli (68.9%) showed the weakest agreement. The m-Endo LES method was the only method showing no statistical difference in E. coli counts compared with the LTTC method, whereas the Colilert 18 and Readycult methods gave significantly higher counts for E. coli than the LTTC method. In general, those tests based on the analysis of a 1-ml sample (Petrifilm EC and DryCult Coli) showed weak sensitivity (39.5-52.5%) but high specificity (90.9-78.8%).