基于消费者感知的面料材质感官意象研究

以消费者为中心的设计是一种确保设计符合目标消费者的期望的方法。设计越来越注重消费者的感官体验,通过消费者感官意象的研究,创造出一种吸引消费者感官特性的设计方式,已成为现在设计的主要核心。本研究以面料材质为研究对象,选取代表性的材质样本,调查消费者的感官意象,确立感官意象的材质特性。研究中使用多种方法整合进行面料材质的消费者感官意象研究,使用多维尺度分析法构建消费者认知图,发现五种材质族群;通过因素分析法汲取消费者材质意象主因素,获得四种主因素;通过回归分析法获得材质族群对应的意象特征。研究结果为以消费者为中心的设计方法提供有价值的设计参考。     

Effects of ripening on microstructure and texture of “Ameixa d’Elvas” candied plums

The plums used to produce a traditional candied product, “Ameixa d’Elvas”, were obtained from two orchards, Vila Viçosa (VV) and Cano (CA). These orchards were selected because the fruits were behaving differently: (1) The day of harvesting for candying, established by the total soluble solids and titratable acidity, was one week earlier in VV; (2) VV yielded candied plums with good texture properties whereas CA gave poor processed fruits. In order to understand the origin of these differences, fruits from both orchards were harvested on the day established as the harvesting day for VV (day 1) and for CA (day 8). Comparable texture properties were obtained in firmness, rigidity and deformation work between the VV fresh plums harvested on day 1 and the CA plums harvested on day 8 but these were lower in CA when the flesh was analysed separately, in accordance with the activities of pectin methyl esterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase (Cel). The increase of the intercellular area of parenchyma cells and the decrease in cell area caused by boiling, which resulted in a pronounced loss of textural properties, were partially recovered after the immersion of the fruits in sucrose syrup. The CA plums harvested on day 8 had a more pronounced degradation with boiling and lower recovery of cell shape, size and textural characteristics than had those of VV harvested on day 1. Upon candying, similar properties were observed for the fruits harvested on the same day: good candied products were observed for VV and CA fruits harvested on day 1 and poor candied products were observed for VV and CA fruits harvested on day 8. This work shows that the characteristics of the flesh of the fresh fruits are key parameters in defining the textural properties of the candied plum. The establishment of the harvesting moment for candying should take into account the changes that occur in the flesh of the plums during ripening.     

Effect of nano‐ZnO‐coated active packaging on quality of fresh‐cut ‘Fuji’ apple

A novel nanopackaging was synthesised by coating polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film with nano‐ZnO powder, and its effects on the preservation quality of fresh‐cut ‘Fuji’ apple were investigated at 4 °C for 12 days. Compared with the control (PVC film), nanopackaging significantly reduced the fruit decay rate (P < 0.05), as well as decreased the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) from 74.9 nmol g^?1 in the control to 53.9 nmol g^?1 in the nanopackaging. Cutting caused an increase in ethylene level, suggesting wound‐induced ethylene production, which was suppressed in nanopackaging. Both the polyphenoloxidase and pyrogallol peroxidase activities were decreased in nanopackaging fruit. The initial appearance of apple slices was retained, and the browning index was prevented in nanopackaging samples, which was only 23.9, much lower than the control of 31.7 on day 12. These results indicated that nano‐ZnO active packaging could be a viable alternative to common technologies for improving the shelf‐life properties of ‘Fuji’ apples as a fresh‐cut product.     

遮光处理对转色至完熟期间“赤霞珠”和“蛇龙珠”葡萄果实品质的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"和"蛇龙珠"为材料,在转色-完熟期间通过套袋对其果实进行遮光处理,以常规管理果实为对照,分析遮光处理对酿酒葡萄果实理化及香气品质的影响。结果表明:遮光处理完熟"蛇龙珠"和"赤霞珠"果实百粒质量较对照分别高出7.43%和8.74%,平均粒径较对照分别高出1.57%和2.60%,可溶性固形物含量较对照分别高出7.50%和2.76%,pH值较对照分别高出4.16%和1.04%,可滴定酸含量较对照分别低出25.37%和14.71%。香气成分分析显示,遮光处理可抑制样品酿酒葡萄果实醇类物质的释放,促进醛类物质释放。     

Effect of Centrifugation Conditions on the Cryotolerance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</Emphasis> CFL1

As the concentration step is usually considered to be responsible for cell damage, the objective of this work was to quantify the effect of centrifugation conditions (speed, duration, temperature, and pH) on the quality of Lactobacillus bulgaricus CFL1 starters. These effects were analyzed on the specific acidification activity of the cells, according to experimental designs. It is surprising to note that centrifugation conditions did not significantly affect the loss of specific acidification activity during the concentration step. In contrast, centrifugation speed and duration slightly altered cell resistance to freezing and frozen storage. No difference was observed when centrifugation was conducted at 4 or 15 °C. Finally, combining good centrifugation conditions to an acidification of the cells in their fermented broth strongly improved their cryotolerance. These results may have an impact for industrial starter production as they allowed modifying centrifugation conditions to better match the specificity and the viscosity of the medium.     

"Master solution" on regional NOx cuts due

Air Quality.     

Application of exogenous ethylene on postharvest ripening of refrigerated ‘Ataulfo’ mangoes

Commercial handling of ‘Ataulfo’ mangoes is burdened by lack of uniformity in ripening of the fruit. A viable approach to overcome this problem could be by application of exogenous ethylene. In this work, we evaluated the application to exogenous ethylene on ‘Ataulfo’ mangoes with hot-water treatment after having been stored for 4 days at 13±1 °C, and then transferred to 25±2 °C for ripening. Fruit were exposed to 100, 500 or 1000 μl l⁻¹ ethylene for 6 or 12 h at 25±2 °C. Control fruit were held at 25±2 °C with no previous refrigeration or ethylene exposure; another batch was kept refrigerated for 4 days at 13±1 °C, not treated with ethylene and ripened 25±2 °C. Application of 1000 μl l⁻¹ of ethylene for 12 h caused improper ripening. Best results were observed by application of 100 μl l⁻¹ of ethylene for 12 h, which stimulated the synthesis of 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and increased ACC oxidase activity; these conditions led to a concomitant production of ethylene and the subsequent acceleration of ripening with a net gain of 4 days in the ripening time. External color development of the ethylene-treated fruit was judged as more homogeneous.     

奉节脐橙果皮褐变生理的研究

以奉园72-1脐橙果实为材料,进行常温(15℃)、低温(5℃)贮藏、涂蜡、机械损伤等处理,测定各处理脐橙果皮褐变率、褐变指数,以及POD、PPO、PAL酶活性的变化,以探明奉节脐橙果皮褐变的影响因素,以及相关酶活性与果皮褐变的关系。结果表明：与常温贮藏的对照果相比,涂蜡、损伤处理均极显著地提高果实的果皮褐变率(p<0.01)以及褐变指数(p<0.01),而低温贮藏可降低褐变发生;说明涂蜡和机械损伤都是引发果皮褐变的主要因素之一,低温贮藏可在一定程度上减少果皮褐变的发生。损伤处理刺激了POD、PAL酶活性的上升,且酶活性的升高与果皮褐变率具有相关性;涂蜡和损伤明显促进了PPO酶活性的升高,从而加速褐变过程,而低温可有效抑制PPO酶活性;实验结果表明POD、PPO、PAL酶活性与果皮褐变间均有密切关系。     

果实成熟度对南果梨近红外无损检测技术模型的影响

通过研究不同成熟度的南果梨内部化学成分含量的差异性,建立不同成熟度的南果梨可溶性固形物、酸度近红外模型,并研究模型性能的差异性,讨论成熟度的变化对南果梨近红外分析技术的影响。结果表明：在2007 年9 月13 日采收的南果梨糖、酸含量与在9 月7 日和9 月10 日采收的南果梨存在显著差异性,而7 日与10 日采收的无差异性变化;建立不同成熟度的南果梨可溶性固形物、酸度模型的相关系数都高于0.9,校正均方根误差为0.014～0.201;对模型预测能力分析表明,样品采收期在9 月13 日的模型适用范围明显高于其他两个成熟度的模型,证明成熟度的显著差异性变化,扩大了校正集样品化学成分含量的范围,进而提高了模型的适用范围。     

Disinfection effect and its mechanism of electrolyzed oxidizing water on spores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">niger</Emphasis>

A study was carried out on the disinfection efficiency of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) on spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger. The results showed a remarkable fungicidal rate of 100% after 20 min duration of 191 mg/L active available chlorine (ACC). The disinfection effect was improved with increased ACC or prolonged disinfection time, while organic interferents exerted a strong concentration-dependent inhibition against the disinfection. The disinfection mechanism was also investigated at bio-molecular level. EOW decreased dehydrogenase activity, intensified membrane permeability, elevated suspension conductivity, and caused leakage of intracellular K⁺, proteins, and DNA, indicating a damage of cell walls and membranes. Effects of EOW on microbiological ultra-structures were also verified by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) images, showing that EOW destroyed protective barriers of the microbe and imposed some damages upon the nucleus area.     

The effect of long‐term storage on amino acid content of ready‐to‐eat entrées

The effect of 24‐month storage at three different temperatures (6 ± 2 °C, 26 ± 2 °C, 37 ± 2 °C) on quality of three types of ready‐to‐eat entrées (MRE) was evaluated by means of amino acid, ammonia, moisture and crude protein contents. Spicy risotto, Pork meat with carrots and potatoes and Pork goulash with pasta, that are included into the Czech combat rations, were selected for the experiment. During storage, all the explored samples did not significantly differ in moisture and crude protein content. Higher losses of amino acids (e.g. sulphuric amino acids, lysine, leucine) were detected with the increasing storage time and temperature. Growing losses of amino acids resulted in rising ammonia content as a product of amino acid degradation process. The biological value expressed by essential amino acid index declined with higher temperature and longer time of storage. The dependence of amino acid losses on moisture content was observed, too.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carica papaya</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis melo</Emphasis> seed oils on the soybean oil stability

This study aimed to evaluate the oils of soybean (S), papaya (Pa) and melon (Me) seeds and compounds oils SPa (80:20 w/w); SMe (80:20 w/w); and SPaMe (60:20:20 w/w/w) subjected to thermoxidation. Compound oils showed lower percentages of free fatty acids in relation to others, after 20 h. With the heating process, there was an increase in the quantity of saturated and monounsaturated acids. The quantity of carotenoids decreased, except in papaya seed oil that presented significant amount of carotenoids in 20 h. In relation the tocopherols, highlighted the presence of γ-tocopherol, except in the papaya oil. In 20 h, SMe and SPa still showed high amounts of tocopherols, with 76 and 85% of retention, respectively. With the thermoxidation, the amounts of phytosterols decreased. A great potential can be verified for the use of papaya and melon seed oils, in order to increase the oxidative stability of the soybean oil.     

Studies on screening of higher γ-aminobutyric acid-producing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monascus</Emphasis> and optimization of fermentative parameters

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a hypotensive agent, can be produced by Monascus spp. Two hundred and fifteen GABA-producing Monascus strains were isolated from fermented bean curd and red-mold rice. The strain M6 with the highest production level of GABA (3.657 g/L) was isolated from fermented bean curd by using PDB with 0.5% monosodium glutamate (MSG) and identified as Monascus ruber based on morphological and ITS region sequence comparisons. The strain M6 was irradiated by UV to raise GABA production. The mutant strain of M6-13 had the highest GABA yield of 5.527 g/L, which was 1.5 times higher than that of the original strain M6. In addition, the strain M6-13 still had stable yield of GABA and no reverse mutation after sub-cultured for 15 generations. GABA production level of the mutant strain M6-13 increased to 7.826 g/L in submerged flasks culture by use of the orthogonal experiment method. Based on this, process analysis and optimization of GABA production of the strain M6-13 were studied in 3.7-L vessel fermentor and the maximum GABA yield reached 13.470 g/L.     

Geographical traceability of “Arròs de Valencia” rice grain based on mineral element composition

The geographical traceability of rice grain samples involves the use of analytical methodologies that allow their differentiation on the basis of the rice composition, thus confirming their authenticity. In this paper, trace element determination of rice samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) has been addressed to achieve a complete geographical origin classification. Samples (107) from Spain including Valencia, Tarragona, Murcia and Extremadura, Japan, Brazil and India were employed as training set whereas the validation set was formed by 46 samples of the aforementioned geographical origins. Data were processed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), using as analytical variable the concentration of 32 elements (Al, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, K, Se, Na, Sr, Tl, Ti, Zn, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er and Yb), enabling a 91.30% of correct classification for the validation set.     

Comparison of different applications of automatic herd control systems on dairy farms – a review

Recent years have seen the rapid development of different devices which can be helpful in the daily work of livestock farmers. The growing size of livestock herds has led farmers to lose individual contact with their animals, while behavioral studies show that breeders can effectively and precisely monitor a herd of up to 100 cows. This was the main motivation for this study, which aims to identify and test various electronic devices which provide useful herd management data, including estrus detection, individual activity and body temperature measurement, monitoring rumen pH levels, milk quality and content as well as milk temperature and somatic cell count measurements. Some devices can detect the metabolic status of animals with a reasonable level of precision. Contemporary animal farms are offered a large number of systems for monitoring the behavior of the animals in the herd and helping to identify those that are intended for insemination or are too active or excessively apathetic. Monitoring devices support herd management and help to reduce costs through the early detection of animal diseases and nutritional problems. This review aims to compile and summarize the information currently available on the use of automatic herd control systems on dairy farms, as well as to discuss the interpretation of the results, providing a useful diagnostic tool in nutritional evaluations of dairy herds. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry