金属材料和结构的疲劳寿命预测概率模型及应用研究进展

疲劳过程的不确定性以及影响疲劳寿命的不确定性因素较多,导致疲劳寿命的分散性难以预测,在疲劳寿命预测模型中采用统计学和概率论的概念和方法是描述疲劳过程不确定性和疲劳寿命分散性的一种重要手段。本文针对疲劳寿命预测概率模型进行综述,总结和介绍了疲劳寿命经验公式和参数的随机化模型、表征疲劳寿命离散性的统计模型、基于材料微结构和疲劳物理机制的疲劳寿命预测概率模型以及研究广布疲劳损伤的概率模型,并对金属材料与结构的疲劳寿命预测方法进行了展望。     

高温对核电工程材料低循环行为的影响研究

对核电工程材料（钛合金T42NG与T225NG和主螺栓材料18Cr2NiWA)开展了室温与350度高温下的低周疲劳性能试验研究,获得了各材料单调R－O本构模型和M－C寿命估算模型,基于这些模型,研究了材料的循环强化与软化规律,了温度系数λσ,λΔσ,和λNf对钛合金静强度,循环强度和低周疲劳规律的影响效应;根据温度对寿命的影响系数λNf与应变幅Δε/2呈线性规律的重要发现,提出了考虑温度效应的用于高温低周疲劳寿命估算的λ－M－C模型,进而总结出一种现行方法更简便的高温疲劳试验方法。     

TC21合金315℃高周疲劳光滑和缺口试样断口分析

开展了TC21研究合金光滑和缺口试样的315℃高周疲劳实验,并对疲劳断口进行详细观察,研究了缺口对TC21合金疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明,光滑和缺口试样的疲劳强度比值随循环寿命降低而降低;光滑试样的失稳疲劳裂纹长度随循环应力升高而降低;瞬断区所承受的断裂应力随循环应力升高而降低;这说明裂纹失稳决定试样的断裂,缺口试样断口有多个裂纹源,以缺口试样名义应力乘以应力集中因子与光滑试样的应力相等作为比较时,缺口试样主裂纹长度大于光滑试样的裂纹长度,缺口试样的裂纹扩展寿命更长.     

基于小裂纹理论的铸造钛合金ZTC4疲劳寿命预测

铸造钛合金ZTC4在飞机和航空发动机上应用日益广泛.深入研究ZTC4疲劳全寿命预测方法,旨在为航空构件的损伤容限设计和寿命预测探索新的途径.本文以宏观和微观结合的手段,采用板材试样的高周疲劳试验、中心裂纹试样的长裂纹扩展试验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的断口分析等三种试验,研究了ZTC4在室温恒幅载荷条件下的疲劳断口特征和裂纹扩展行为;对引起疲劳失效的主要原因-材料初始缺陷(夹杂或气孔)进行了定量表征;基于Newman裂纹闭合模型建立了ZTC4长裂纹的(da/dN)-△Keff基线数据;通过对平板内埋椭圆裂纹的断裂力学分析,从基于微观结构和断口分析统计确定的初始缺陷尺寸出发,对ZTC4在恒幅载荷条件下两种应力比的疲劳全寿命进行了预测和实验验证,得到了具有较好学术意义和工程应用价值的研究结果.     

多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法

提出了一种多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命估算方法。该方法基于临界平面理论,计算出缺口件各部位的多轴疲劳损伤参数,以损伤参数最大的部位为缺口件的多轴疲劳危险点。根据临界距离思想,提出了热点法和线法的临界距离的计算方法,采用热点法和线法考虑缺口件疲劳危险点附近损伤梯度的影响,以临界距离修正的损伤参数计算多轴载荷下缺口件的疲劳寿命。采用SAE1045钢缺口件的多轴疲劳试验对该文提出的寿命估算方法进行评估和验证,结果表明：该文所建立的寿命预测方法具有较好的预测能力,预测结果大部分分布在试验结果的3倍分散带之内。     

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis in life-prediction of an α+β titanium alloy

Probabilistic sensitivities using the score function method are developed for a lifing analysis of an α+β titanium alloy in a round bar under axial fatigue load. Sensitivities with respect to the statistical inputs of the crack initiation size ( a ), and Paris crack growth intercept ( C ) and exponent ( m ) are developed with consideration of the correlation between C and m . The sensitivities are obtained using a single Monte Carlo sampling analysis and do not involve finite difference approximations. The sensitivities indicate the importance of the random variable input parameters on the mean life and standard deviation of life and can be used as a basis for determining constructive data collection efforts. For this example, the crack growth intercept ( C ) is the dominant variable that affects mean-life and standard deviation of life, indicating that improved confidence in the results can be obtained most efficiently by improving the statistical characterization of C .     

A shear stress-based parameter for fretting fatigue crack initiation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour of titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V. Fretting contact conditions were varied by using different geometries of the fretting pad. Applied forces were also varied to obtain fretting fatigue crack initiation lives in both the low- and high-cycle fatigue regimes. Fretting fatigue specimens were examined to determine the crack location and the crack angle orientation along the contact surface. Salient features of fretting fatigue experiments were modelled and analysed with finite element analysis. Computed results of the finite element analyses were used to formulate a shear stress-based parameter to predict the fretting fatigue crack initiation life, location and orientation. Comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed that fretting fatigue crack initiation was governed by the maximum shear stress, and therefore a parameter involving the maximum shear stress range on the critical plane with the correction factor for the local mean stress or stress ratio effect was found to be effective in characterizing the fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour in titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V.     

钛合金高温疲劳性能的试验研究

开展了钛合金材料高温疲劳试验研究。试验共设计3种工况,即:200℃,0.5kN-22.5kN-0.5kN力加载循环;300℃,0.5kN-22.5kN-0.5kN力加载循环;200℃,0.5kN-30kN-0.5kN力加载循环,每种工况下分配试样数为5个~7个。引入     

On the corrosion fatigue crack initiation model and expression of metallic notched elements

In the present study, attempts are made to extend the application of the mechanical model for the fatigue crack initiation (FCI) and the FCI life formula of metallic notched elements in laboratory air to those in the corrosive environment. The test results and analysis of the corrosion FCI (CFCI) life of aluminum alloys and Ti---6A1---4V show that the expression of the CFCI life obtained by modifying the FCI life formula in laboratory air can give a good fit to the test results of the CFCI life. The salt water (3.5% NaCl) environment has no effects on the CFCI resistant coefficient compared with the FCI resistant coefficient in laboratory air. However, 3.5% NaCl environment greatly decreases the CFCI threshold of aluminum alloy, but has little effect on the CFCI threshold of Ti---6A1---4V. The loading frequency ranging from 1 Hz to 10 Hz has no appreciable effect on the CFCI life, and thus, the CFCI threshold of aluminum alloys investigated. Hence, the expression for the CFCI life of metallic notched elements proposed in this study is a better one, which reveals a correlation between the CFCI life and the governing parameters, such as, the geometry of the notched elements, the nominal stress range, the stress ratio, the tensile properties and the CFCI threshold. However, this new expression of the CFCI life needs to be verified by more test results.     

Sigmoidal crack growth rate curve: statistical modelling and applications

The present paper proposes a statistical model for describing sigmoidal crack growth rate curves. Major novelties are: a) exploitation of the maximum likelihood principle for obtaining material estimates by pooling together experimental data belonging to the different crack propagation regions; b) a general formulation which allows to adopt different sigmoidal models and any kind of statistical distribution for the model variables; c) fatigue life predictions through numerical integration of analytical functions with no need of Monte Carlo simulations. Experimental data taken from NASGRO database are used to check the validity of the statistical model in estimating material parameters included in the crack growth NASGRO algorithm. Illustrative plots of number of cycles to failure and crack length after a given number of cycles are presented, showing good agreement between the proposed statistical model and NASGRO results.     

TA31钛合金焊接接头疲劳性能评估

钛合金是深海大型载人运载平台的常用材料,其焊接部位的疲劳性能不容忽视。本研究针对国产TA31钛合金对接接头和承载十字接头开展疲劳试验,用热点应力法对其疲劳强度进行评定。采用国际焊接协会推荐的方法进行数据处理,分别做出名义应力和热点应力的S-N曲线并进行对比。在此基础上引入缺口应力法,考虑板厚对焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,并提出板厚修正的公式,可为钛合金结构的疲劳评估和抗疲劳设计提供参考。     

氢处理对铸造钛合金低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响

本文研究了氢处理对铸造钛合金的低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响,发现经氢处理后铸造钛合金粗大的魏氏组织转变成细小的等轴组织,其应变低周疲劳寿命大大延长,在低周疲劳过程中,应变量较小时,试样出现循环硬化现象,而在应变量较大时,出现循环软化现象,氢处理后材料的断裂形式由脆性断裂转为韧性断裂;断裂韧性提高。     

氢处理对铸造钛合金低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响

本文研究了氢处理对铸造钛合金的低周疲劳寿命及断裂韧性的影响,发现经氢处理后铸造钛合金粗大的魏氏组织转变成细小的等轴组织,其应变低周疲劳寿命大大延长。在低周疲劳过程中,应变量较小时,试样出现循环硬化现象;而在应变量较大时,出现循环软化现象。氢处理后材料的断裂形式由脆性断裂转为韧性断裂;断裂韧性提高。     

A unifying approach to estimate the high-cycle fatigue strength of notched components subjected to both uniaxial and multiaxial cyclic loadings

This paper proposes an engineering method suitable for predicting the fatigue limit of both plain and notched components subjected to uniaxial as well as to multiaxial fatigue loadings. Initially, some well‐known concepts formalized by considering the cracking behaviour of metallic material under uniaxial cyclic loads have been extended to multiaxial fatigue situations. This theoretical extension allowed us to form the hypothesis that fatigue limits can be estimated by considering the linear–elastic stress state calculated at the centre of the structural volume. This volume was assumed to be the zone where all the main physical processes take place in fatigue limit conditions. The size of the structural volume was demonstrated to be constant, that is, independent from the applied loading type, but different for different materials. Predictions have been made by Susmel and Lazzarin's multiaxial fatigue criterion, applied using the linear–elastic stress state determined at the centre of the structural volume. The accuracy of this method has been checked by using a number of data sets taken from the literature and generated by testing notch specimens both under uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue loadings. Our approach is demonstrated to be a powerful engineering tool for predicting the fatigue limit of notch components, independently of material, stress concentration feature and applied load type. In particular, it allowed us to perform predictions within an error interval of about ±25% in stress, even though some material mechanical properties were either estimated or taken from different sources.