Modeling of Strain-Induced Precipitation Kinetics and Evolution of Austenite Grains in Nb Microalloyed Steels

Considering the effect of strain and chemical composition onprecipitation behavior, new models for the start and end time of Nb（C,N） precipitation in austenite under the conditions of different temperatures and strains have been investigated for Nb microalloyed steel. The value of n in the precipitation kinetic equation has been determined by using the available experimental data in literature, which indicated that n is a constant and independent of temperature. The values of the start and end time of the predicted precipitation are compared with the experimental values. Calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Also, the evolution of austenite grains before ferrite transformation is simulated by taking the effect of precipitation into consideration. The measured austenite grain size is in good agreement with predicted one prior to ferrite transformation.     

Interaction Between Elements Nb and Mo During Precipitation in Microalloyed Austenite

Thermo-simulation test and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to investigate the interaction between the microalloying elements Nb and Mo within the precipitates during relaxation after austenite deformation of C-Ti-Mo steel and C-Nb-Mo steel.The experimental results demonstrated that the austenitic structure was preserved both in C-Ti-Mo steel and C-Nb-Mo steel even if they were relaxed for 1000 s after deformation at 850 ℃.The strain-induced precipitate occurs in two kinds of steel.Through the energy spectrum analysis,it was found that the precipitates were Ti(C,N) and Mo-bearing Nb(C,N) respectively and there exists a strong affinity of Mo for Nb with in the precipitates.Mo atoms would enter the lattice of Nb(C,N) particles probably after Nb(C,N) formation.     

Numerical Analysis of the Nb(C,N) Precipitation Kinetics in Microalloyed Steels

Precipitation kinetics of Nb(C,N) in microalloyed steels is crucial for the achievement of favoured steel properties. Therefore, numerous experimental studies have been performed in the past and various theoretical models have been developed to describe Nb(C,N) precipitation. However, the experimental data is sometimes contradictory and even the thermodynamic data for NbC solubility in austenite have a large scatter. In this paper, experimental results on the Nb(C,N) and NbV(C,N) precipitation kinetics in deformed and undeformed austenite are reviewed. Based on these data and with the precipitation kinetics module of the software package MatCalc, computer simulations are performed. The predicted interfacial energy of precipitates is adjusted to match the observed kinetics. A comparison between experimental information and simulation, i.e. time ‐ temperature ‐ precipitation (TTP) diagrams, is drawn and discussed. The results of the computer simulations using modified interfacial energies are in good agreement with the experiments.     

Two-Sublattice Thermodynamic Model on Carbonitride Precipitation in Microalloyed Steels Bearing Nb-V-Ti

Based on the two sublattice model of the regular solution,one being metal atom sublattice and another being interstitial atom sublattice,a thermodynamic model for the precipitates of niobium carbonitride,vanadium carbonitride and titanium carbonitride was established to study the starting-temperature of precipitates and the austenite compositions at given temperature in a low carbon steel.The calculation results show that starting-temperature of the precipitation of niobium carbonitride,vanadium carbonitride and titanium carbonitride are 1100℃,920℃ and 1340℃,respectively,the mole fraction of carbonitride precipitates is 8.65×10-4 in the 0.053C-0.0028N-1.28Mn-0.008S-0.031Al-0.046Nb-0.008Ti0.029V-Fe steel.When the N content is from 0.0028% to 0.0056%,the starting-temperature of the precipitation of the titanium carbonitride changes from 1340℃ to 1430℃.And the C content is from 0.053% to 0.07%,the startingtemperature of the precipitation of the titanium carbonitride hardly changes,but the atomic fraction of niobium in the carbonitride obviously increases.     

中碳铌微合金钢的应变诱导析出行为

通过应力松弛法验证了修正后的DS析出模型,得到了中碳铌微合金钢的应变诱导析出规律,结果表明:修改后的DS模型由于考虑了Si、Mn元素对碳氮化物应变诱导析出的影响,得到的PTT曲线与试验测得的曲线基本吻合,可用于Si、Mn含量较高的铌微合金钢应变诱导析出行为的预测;对于本试验用钢,PTT曲线具有典型的C型特征,鼻子温度在900℃左右,并且,随着应变速率的增大,PTT曲线左移,析出孕育期缩短。     

高V钢中V(C,N)沉淀强化作用的研究

通过实验室轧钢试验,研究了三种高V钢轧制状态下的组织的和力学性能,并用透射电镜观察了V（C,N）析出的状况.结果表明,高V钢中可以获得单相的铁素体组织,并可以获得较高的强度,最高的屈服强度值达到525 MPa.对C3钢而言,由V（C,N）析出颗粒的沉淀强化造成的屈服强度增量最大可达244 MPa.透射电镜观察结果表明,高V钢中容易获得相间析出.试验获得的V（C,N）析出颗粒为4～10 nm,经计算分析,该尺寸在V（C,N）最大沉淀强化效果的范围.     

钛铌微合金化齿轮钢的奥氏体晶粒长大研究

 采用热模拟渗碳方法研究了Ti、Ti-Nb微合金化的20CrMnTi和20CrMnTiNb渗碳齿轮钢在930~1200℃的奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,添加0. 038%(质量分数,下同)的钛和0. 048%的铌的20CrMnTiNb钢中含有铌和钛的析出相,其粒子间距为0. 361μm;而含0. 054%的钛的20CrMnTi钢中仅含有较大尺寸的TiN析出相,粒子间距为0. 471μm,前者奥氏体晶粒粗化倾向明显低于后者。20CrMnTiNb钢经1000℃奥氏体化10h后奥氏体晶粒长大不明显,且无混晶现象,适合高温渗碳工艺。     

低碳钒氮微合金钢中V(C,N)在奥氏体中的析出动力学

控制VN在奥氏体中的有效析出是利用VN诱导晶内铁素体细化铁素体晶粒的关键技术。采用应力松弛方法研究了低碳钒氮微合金钢中V(C,N)在奥氏体区的等温析出行为。结果表明：试验钢的析出-温度-时间曲线(PTT)呈典型的C形,本试验条件下析出开始时间最短的“鼻子”温度为870℃左右。钢中的碳、氮含量以及变形量对PTT曲线有较大影响,它们增加均使C曲线向左移,特别是氮含量对V(C,N)析出的影响最显著。在碳含量约为0．10％的试验钢中,当氮含量从0．0036％增加到0．0140％时,可使870℃的析出开始时间从400s缩短到70s左右。     

Nb(C,N) Precipitation and Austenite Recrystallization

The influence of boron addition, amount of deformation, and solution heat-treatment temperature on the precipitation and recrystallization behaviors of a family of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels was studied. A stress relaxation technique was employed to detect the occurrence of austenite recrystallization and to determine the precipitation start(P _s) and finish(P _f) times. After preheating to 1100 °C or 1200 °C for 30 minutes, the specimens were cooled to test temperatures between 800 °C and 1000 °C. They were subsequently deformed to true strains of 5 or 25 pct and subjected to stress relaxation. The advent of recrystallization produced a sharp increase in relaxation rate, while the occurrence of carbonitride precipitation led to the appear- ance of a stress plateau. The results indicate that the presence of boron (1) accelerates carbo- nitride precipitation and (2) retards austenite recrystallization when present in combination with Nb. The precipitation-time-temperature (PTT) diagrams determined in this investigation are C-shaped for both the B-free as well as the B-modified Nb steels. These data were analyzed in terms of the classical theory of nucleation, on the basis of which it is demonstrated that the acceleration of the nucleation kinetics of precipitation can be attributed to the segregation of boron and of boron-vacancy complexes to dislocations and grain boundaries, as well as to the faster diffusion of Nb in the presence of boron.     

一种Nb-Ti微合金钢微合金碳氮化物析出行为的研究

利用热模拟和TEM技术研究了Nb—Ti微合金钢中微合金碳氮化物的析出行为,研究结果表明,高温奥氏体区析出的微合金碳氮化物数量随变形量的增大而增加,尺寸随着变形温度的升高稍有增大。铁素体区析出的微合金碳氮化物尺寸比在形变奥氏体中析出的更为细小,数量随着保温时间的增加而增多,但尺寸变化不大;当温度较低的时候,微合金碳氮化物主要在位错线等晶内缺陷处析出。     

Nb、V、Ti在微合金钢中回溶规律的研究

通过萃取复形薄膜的方法,采用高分辨透射电镜和能量色散X射线光谱技术,研究了Nb-V-Ti和V-Ti微合金钢中,Nb、V、Ti的碳氮化物在不同温度和不同时间下保温时的回溶情况.结果表明,Nb-V-Ti微合金钢中较大的析出物是由少量的Nb、V和大量Ti一起在凝固过程中析出,形成复合的(Nb,V,Ti)(C,N)析出物.V-Ti微合金钢中,Ti的加入对于V的回溶具有拖曳作用.     

碳氮化钒在奥氏体中析出的动力学模型

 采用应力松弛方法研究了钒氮微合金钢中V(C,N)在奥氏体区的等温析出行为,证实了动力学计算模型的模拟结果。结果表明,试验钢的析出 温度 时间(PTT)曲线呈典型的“C”形,本试验条件下析出开始时间最短的“鼻子”温度为850 ℃左右,与模型计算得到的820 ℃相差很小。钢中氮含量对PTT曲线形状有较大影响,随着氮含量的增加C曲线向左移动,这与模型计算结果非常吻合。     

钒微合金钢中碳氮化钒固溶量及化学组成的计算与分析

根据相关热力学理论,提出了钒微合金钢中钒、碳、氮元素在奥氏体中的平衡固溶量及平衡沉淀析出的碳氮化钒的化学式系数的理论计算方法,对典型化学成分的钒微合金钢进行了理论计算并对计算结果进行了分析。     

Effect of Nb on Ferrite Recrystallization and Austenite Decomposition in Microalloyed Steels

A promising new method for steel design is based on controlling alloy chemistry and thermomechanical processing parameters to tailor microstructural evolution though an explicit understanding of the physical mechanisms governing microstructural change. Additions of Nb have been shown to have a large effect on microstructural processes in steels and this contribution summarizes recent work on elucidating the effect of Nb on the processes of recrystallization in ferrite and the kinetics of the austenite to ferrite phase transformation. In particular, emphasis is placed on distinguishing the effects of Nb in solution and Nb present as Nb‐containing precipitates. Nb in solution is shown to have a very strong effect on the recrystallization in ferrite and this can be quantified and understood in terms of the well‐known solute‐drag effect. The effect of NbC particles on the kinetics of the austenite to ferrite phase transformation is, however, less clear. Theoretical considerations would lead us to expect interphase boundary carbide precipitation to influence the transformation rate but novel decarburization experiments suggest this is not the case. This illustrates that although we are making progress on our understanding of the physical mechanisms governing change in Nb containing steels, there remains a number of important issues requiring further work.     

低碳微合金钢中Nb、Ti碳氮化物的回溶行为研究

利用透射电镜和X射线衍射技术研究了一种低碳微合金钢中Nb、Ti碳氮化物的回溶行为.研究结果表明,随着加热温度的升高,保温时间的延长,第二相粒子发生回溶,第二相粒子的数量减少,尺寸也逐渐变细小.同时,粒子形貌由主要呈近球形逐渐变为主要呈方形.加热过程中,Nb和Ti的碳氮化物均会发生溶解,Nb的回溶速度要比Ti快.     

连铸过程中铸坯应变对碳氮化铌析出行为的影响

采用应变诱导析出模型分析了连铸过程中铸坯应变对碳氮化铌析出行为的影响。结果表明:拉速变化对碳氮化铌的最快析出时间有一定的影响,在同样的应变及应变温度下,拉速越快碳氮化铌最快析出时间越短;在连铸过程的矫直段及弯曲段,由于铸坯应变及应变速率较小,在研究连铸过程碳氮化铌析出行为时铸坯应变对碳氮化铌析出行为的影响可以忽略。     

CSP低碳微Ti钢中Ti(C,N)的析出行为

通过实验观察及热力学计算,研究了CSP低碳微Ti钢中的Ti(C,N)析出.实验观察到大量15~30nm的Ti(C,N)第二相粒子,它们在铸坯均热保温和前两道次的热轧中析出并长大充分;均热前CSP铸坯中只有很少量尺寸约大于50nm的TiN粒子析出,铸坯中观察不到微米级的大块TiN夹杂.研究结果表明,CSP工艺下粒子析出行为同传统工艺相比发生了变化,所以微量Ti在钢中的作用也有很大不同.     

钛微合金钢中碳氮化钛固溶量及化学组成的计算与分析

根据相关热力学理论,提出了钛微合金钢中钛、碳、氮元素在奥氏体中的平衡固溶量及平衡沉淀析出的碳氮化钛的化学式系数的理论计算方法,对典型化学成分的钛微合金钢进行了理论计算并对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明,通常情况下在较高温度析出或未溶的碳氮化钛相当接近于TiN.