Influence of Alloying and Heat Treatment on the Abrasive and Impact–Abrasive Wear Resistance of High-Manganese Steel

The basic factors that affect the wear resistance of high-manganese steel are considered. The literature on this topic is reviewed. Conclusions are formulated regarding the materials used in existing studies. Research topics of interest to enterprises that manufacture and employ Hadfield steel are identified. Materials used in the machining of liquid steel are considered. Production technology for experimental high-manganese steel parts is discussed. The composition of the alloy employed as the base is analyzed. The procedure and equipment used to determine the cooling rate of alloys in the mold and to study the wear resistance in conditions of abrasive and impact–abrasive wear are outlined, as well as methods of thermal analysis. Results are presented for the alloying of Hadfield steel by nitrided ferroalloys and other alloys. The coefficients of abrasive and impact–abrasive wear resistance are plotted for different alloying conditions. In addition, the influence of the alloying elements on the wear resistance of high-manganese steel in different wear conditions is studied. The concentrations of the alloying elements corresponding to maximum abrasive and impact–abrasive wear resistance are established. In addition, the results of thermal analysis are presented. The heating of Hadfield steel castings prior to quenching is considered. The temperature ranges corresponding to processes such as excess-phase deposition, the solution of cementite in austenite, and complete solution of phosphide eutectic and metal carbides are established. The temperature limits of oxidation and decarburization of the steel are also determined. On the basis of the results, recommendations are made with a view to increasing the wear resistance of castings made from high-manganese steel for different operating conditions and also to selecting the heat-treatment temperature for such castings.     

Wear Resistant Steels and Casting Alloys containing Niobium Carbide

Niobium, like titanium and vanadium, forms superhard MC carbides that remain relatively pure in technical alloys on account of their low solubility for other metallic alloying elements. However, because they have a greater hardness than the precipitated chromium carbides commonly used in wear‐resistant alloys, they are suitable as alternative hard phases. This contribution deals with new wear‐resistant steels and casting alloys containing niobium carbide. These include a secondary hardening hardfacing alloy, a composite casting alloy for wear applications at elevated temperatures, a white cast iron as well as two variants of a corrosion‐resistant cold‐work tool steel produced by melt metallurgy and by powder metallurgy. A heat‐resistant casting alloy is also discussed. Based on equilibrium calculations the microstructures developing during production of the alloys are analysed, and the results are discussed with respect to important properties such as abrasive wear and corrosion resistance.     

Fe3Al基合金的高温耐冲蚀磨损性能

利用通以含高浓度ＳＯ２和ＳｉＯ２细颗粒气流的专门装置，研究了Ｆｅ３Ａｌ基金属间化合物的耐高温腐蚀磨损性能。试验结果表明，Ｆｅ３Ａｌ基金属间化合物的抗高温磨损性能优于钴基合金（ＣｏＦｅ１５Ｃｒ２５Ｓｉ７）、高铬镍铁基耐热合金（ＦｅＣｒ２８Ｎｉ７）以及表面喷涂Ｎｉ６０的１８－８不锈钢。     

Abrasive Wear Behaviors of Light-weight Austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C Steel and Mn13Cr2 Steel

The impact abrasive wear behaviors of light-weight austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel with increasing impact wear conditions were studied by comparing with the modified Hadfield (Mn13Cr2)steel.Wear tests were performed with the MLD-10 abrasive wear testing machine.Main parameters such as impact energy,impacting frequency and wear time were evaluated.To explore the abrasive wear behaviors under different impact energies,the parameters in-cluding mass loss,wear resistance and hardness were evaluated in detail.The microstructures of the steels were fur-ther analyzed using optical microscopy (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron micros-copy (TEM)and X-ray diffraction (XRD).Results showed that the light-weight austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel had a better wear resistance than Mn13Cr2 steel under the impact energy tested.The wear resistance of light-weight austenitic Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel was about 1.09-1.17 times as high as that of Mn13Cr2 steel under low and medi-um impact energy (0.5-2.0 J)conditions,and 1.41 times under high impact energy (4.0 J)condition.In Mn13Cr2 steel,the evolution of dislocation substructure with increasing impact energy showed typical stacking fault,interac-tion of twins and dislocations,as well as mechanical twins.The high work-hardening rate in Fe-24Mn-7Al-1C steel was caused by Taylor lattice and high density of dislocation tangles.     

90Cr6MoRE耐磨铸钢的研究

本文研究了中铬钢的化学成、分淬火温度、回火温度、显微组织、相结构与力学性能和耐磨性的关系。结果得出,中铬钢在同一热处理条件下,随碳含量的提高耐磨性随之提高,对同一碳含量大,随淬少温度的提高耐磨性亦随之提高。90Cr-6MoRE钢在磨损试验条件下,耐磨性接近于高铬钢或高铬铸铁,明显地高于高锰钢和低合金钢。90Cr6MoRE钢的碳化物为M_7C_3型加少量M_3C型。90Cr6MoRE钢衬板装机试验寿命比同机高锰钢衬板提高1倍以上。     

Effect of silicon on the wear resistance of high-carbon steels with the structures of isothermal decomposition of austenite during friction and abrasive action

The hardness and wear resistance during sliding and abrasive friction of 80S2 (0.83% C, 1.66% Si) and U8 (0.83% C) steels subjected to the isothermal γ → α decomposition in the temperature range 330–650°C and additional 5-min annealing at 650°C are compared. The optimum decomposition temperature is found to be 550°C. At this temperature, fine lamellar pearlite with the maximum hardness and wear resistance as compared to other pearlitic and bainitic structures forms in the silicon steel. The silicon-alloyed fine lamellar pearlite of 80S2 steel is found to have high hardness and abrasive wear resistance as compared to the similar structure in plain U8 steel; however, this pearlite has no advantages in the wear resistance under conditions of sliding friction on a steel plate. Silicon alloying of the bainitic structures in the eutectoid steel leads to a noticeable decrease in the wear resistance during sliding friction and abrasive action. Friction oxidation is shown to negatively affect the abrasive wear resistance of the silicon steel.     

Alloying Design for High Wear-Resistant Cast Hot-Forging Die Steels

The alloying design of cast hot-forging die steels was analyzed. The relationship of the life of cast hot-forging dies with the failure patterns was studied. The thermal wear resistance was believed to be the key property for the alloying design of cast hot-forging die steels. The alloying design parameters were selected and optimized for the cast hot-forging die steel with high wear resistance. The wear resistance of the optimized cast die steel was evaluated in comparison with commercial H13 steels and 3Cr2WSV steel. In the new cast hot-forging die steel, VC is predominant carbide with Cr and Mo as the main solution elements in α-Fe. It is found that the cast die steel has significantly lower wear rate than normal H13 steel and 3Cr2W8V steel, almost the same as that of high purity H13 steel. The high wear resistance of the new cast hot-forging die steel can be attributed to its reasonable alloying design and nonsensibility to the detrimental function of S and P.     

Characterization of Electroslag Remelted Super Hard High Speed Tool Steel Containing Niobium

In this work, thermodynamical equilibria have been calculated for super hard high speed tool steel (HSS), AISI M41 composition belonging to the multicomponent system Fe–C–Cr–W–Mo–V–Co as well as for its three different variant containing niobium. Some temperature‐concentration diagram for both class of alloys are presented and calculated quantities (melting and transformations, amount and composition of phases) are compared with experimental data. Effect of niobium and high cooling rate during electroslag remelting on the precipitated carbides were discussed. In this work, the effect of niobium on morphology of carbides secondary hardening temperature and wear rate of investigated HSSs were studied. This work aims to study the effect of niobium as alloying element on precipitated carbides type and shape, in addition to study the effect of precipitated carbides after full heat treatment on secondary hardening and wear resistance for investigated steels.     

Comparison of microstructure and property of high chromium bearing steel with and without nitrogen addition

Microstructure and property of bearing steel with and without nitrogen addition were investigated by microstructural observation and hardness measurement after different heat treatment processing. Based on the microstructural observation of both 9Cr18 steel and X90N steel,it was found that nitrogen addition could effectively reduce the amount and size of coarse carbides and also refine the original austenite grain size. Due to addition of nitrogen,more austenite phase was found in X90N steel than in 9Cr18 steel. The retained austenite of X90N steel after quenching at 1 050 °C could be reduced from about 60% to about 7% by cold treatment at-73 °C and subsequent tempering,and thus finally increased the hardness up to 60 HRC after low temperature tempering and to 63 HRC after high temperature tempering. Furthermore,both the wear and corrosion resistance of X90N steel were found much more superior than those of 9Cr18 steel,which was attributed to the addition of nitrogen. It was proposed at last that nitrogen alloying into the high chromium bearing steel was a promising way not only to refine the size of both carbides and austenite,but also to achieve high hardness,high wear property and improved corrosion resistance of the stainless bearing steel.     

Relationship between Work Hardening Behaviour and Deformation Structure in Ni‐free High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels

The work hardening behaviour of high nitrogen austenitic steel (HNS) depends not only on the nitrogen content but also on the addition of substitutional alloying elements such as Mn and Ni, although the effect of nitrogen content has been considered to be a main factor controlling the work hardening rate in HNS. In this study, two kinds of high nitrogen austenitic steels containing nearly 1 mass‐% of nitrogen with and without Mn (Fe‐25%Cr‐1.1%N and Fe‐21%Cr‐0.9%N‐23%Mn alloys) were tensile‐tested and their work hardening behaviour was investigated for the purpose of clarifying the effect of Mn on the work hardening behaviour. Then the results were related to the change in deformation substructure. In the Fe‐25Cr‐1.1N alloy, the work hardening rate kept high until fracture occurred, while in the Fe‐21Cr‐0.9N‐23Mn alloy it tended to decrease gradually with tensile deformation in the high strain region. It was concluded that the difference in work hardening behaviour between both alloys is attributed to the change in dislocation substructure from planar dislocation array to dislocation cell by the addition of Mn.     

The Development of a Processing Window for the Continuous Galvanizing of a Mn–Cr–Si Martensitic Steel

Martensitic or complex phase steels are leading candidates for automotive impact management applications. However, achieving high strengths while obtaining high quality coatings via continuous galvanizing is a challenge due to cooling rate limitations of the processing equipment and selective oxidation of alloying elements such as Cr, Mn, and Si adversely affecting reactive wetting. The galvanizability of a Cr? Mn? Si steel with a target tensile strength above 1250 MPa was investigated within the context of the continuous galvanizing line. The continuous cooling transformation behavior of the candidate alloy was determined, from which intercritical and austenitic annealing thermal cycles were developed. The evolution of substrate surface chemistry and oxide morphology during these treatments and their subsequent effect on reactive wetting during galvanizing were characterized. The target strength of 1250 MPa was achieved and high quality coatings produced using both intercritical (75% γ) and austenitic (100% γ) annealing using a conventional 95%N₂–5%H₂, ?30°C dew point process atmosphere and 0.20 wt% dissolved (effective) Al bath, despite the presence of significant Mn and Cr oxides on the substrate surfaces. It is proposed that complete reactive wetting by the Zn(Al, Fe) bath was promoted by in situ aluminothermic reduction of the Mn and Cr‐oxides by the dissolved bath Al.     

铁基Cr3C2复合涂层的组织及性能研究

利用空气燃料超音速火焰喷涂技术(HVAF)在D2钢表面制得Cr3C2-FeCrBSi复合涂层.借用光学显微镜(OM)、维氏硬度计、扫描电镜(SEM)、拉伸试验机及摩擦磨损试验机对复合涂层的显微结构、力学性能及摩擦磨损性能进行表征与测试,研究了不同比例纳米-微米Cr3C2陶瓷增强相对复合涂层组织结构及性能的影响.试验结果...     

Relation between microstructure and some mechanical properties of dual-phase medium-C–Cr cast steel

The influence of dual-phase structure (ferrite + martensite) on the impact toughness and rate of abrasive wear for as-cast and normalized steel (0.29 C, 1.15 Mn, 0.9 Si and 0.95% Cr) is investigated. The increased grain refinement and the well arranged lamellar packets of martensite and ferrite obtained during intercritical quenching (from 810°C) of normalized and prequenched (from 880°C) steel created a satisfactory combination between toughness and abrasive wear resistance over those measured for intercritically quenched as-cast steel with or without prequenching.     

Correlation between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High C‐Cr Cast Steel

The effect of carbide morphology and matrix structure on abrasion resistance of cast alloyed steel with 2.57% C, 16.2% Cr and 0.78% Mo was studied in the as‐cast and heat treated conditions. Samples were austenitized at three different temperatures of 980, 1050 and 1250 °C for 15 minutes and followed by tempering at 540 °C for 3 hours. The austenitizing temperature of 980 °C revealed fully martensitic structure with little amount of retained austenite, while at 1050 °C the matrix was austenitic with massive amount of coarse secondary carbides. The austenitic matrix with very fine secondary carbides was developed at 1250 °C. The maximum abrasion resistance was obtained at 1050 °C due to the highest structure hardness and existence of both eutectic and secondary carbides in larger size than the formed groove by the abrasive particles during the wear test. On the other hand, the as‐cast pearlitic structure showed high wear rate by an applied load of up to 0.2 bar, followed by very rapid increase in wear rate with higher applied loads. It could be considered that the austenitizing temperature of 1050 °C showed better combination of abrasion resistance and toughness in comparison with other heat treatment cycles.     

WC含量对明弧堆焊奥氏体合金显微组织及耐磨性的影响

采用金属粉型药芯焊丝自保护明弧焊制备Cr9Mn6Nb2WVSi Ti奥氏体耐磨堆焊合金,借助XRD,SEM,EDS及光学显微镜研究外加WC颗粒对其显微组织及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,随焊丝药芯中WC增加,奥氏体晶粒细化,沿晶分布的多元合金化碳化物数量增加。初生γ-Fe相原位析出了(Nb,Ti,V)C相和残留WCx颗粒,起到晶内弥散强化作用,沿晶分布的(Nb,Ti,V)C和M_6C(M=Fe,Cr,Mn,V,W)相隔断了网状或树枝状的沿晶M_7C_3相,使其细化、断续分布而提高合金韧性,减轻沿晶碳化物数量增加的不利影响。硬度和磨损测试结果显示,明弧堆焊奥氏体合金洛氏硬度仅为40~47,但其磨损质量损失低于高铬铸铁合金,具有良好耐磨性;随外加WC含量提高,奥氏体合金晶内和晶界显微硬度差异显著减小,合金表面趋于均匀磨损而改善耐磨性。该奥氏体合金的磨损机制主要是磨粒显微切削,适用于带有一定冲击载荷磨粒磨损的工况下使用。     

Mechanical Properties of (20–30)Mn12Cr(0.56–0.7)CN Corrosion Resistant Austenitic TWIP Steels

New developed (20–30)Mn12Cr(0.56–0.7)CN TWIP steels developed from thermodynamic calculations exhibit great mechanical properties, such as high strength (1800 MPa UTS), deformability (80–100% elongation), toughness (300 J ISO‐V), and impact wear resistance equivalent to that of Hadfield steel. In addition, they exhibit corrosion resistance by passivation in aqueous acidic media. Microstructure examination by SEM and EBSD at different degrees of deformation reveals that twinning takes place and is responsible for the high cold‐work hardening of the steels. Stacking fault energy measurement of three different developed steels locates them in the range of 30–40 mJ m^?2, being highly dependent on the N and Mn contents. Measurements carried out with digital image correlation indicate that at room temperature dynamic strain aging or Portevin–LeChatelier effect takes place. Measurements of impact toughness indicate that the steels have ductile to brittle transition at cryogenic temperatures as a consequence of the effect of nitrogen on the deformation mechanisms, resulting in a quasi‐cleavage fracture along the {111} planes at ?196°C.     

高铬白口铸铁低速重载条件下的干滑动摩擦磨损特性

研究了不同类型碳化物和不同基体组织的高铬白口铸铁在低速（滑动速度为0.4187～1.0467m/s），重载（接触应力为1～21MPa）条件下与淬火40Cr钢（硬度HRC51～53）配副的干滑动摩擦磨损特性，结果表明，在（Fe,Cr)7C3、（Fe,Cr）3C和（Fe,Cr）33C63种碳化物中，（Fe,Cr）7C3有利于提高高铬白口铸铁的耐磨性，（Fe,Cr）3C有利于降低摩擦系数，共析组织，奥氏体和马氏体3种基体相比，共析组织基体使合金具有较高的摩擦系数，而奥氏体基体合金的耐磨性最好，存在一个临界摩擦应力，当摩擦应力大于此值时，磨损率急剧上升。     

Wear Resistance of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings in Intensive Abrasive Wear Conditions

The abrasive wear resistance of plasma-sprayed oxide ceramic (Al2O3 and Cr2O3) and clad cermet ((Ti–Cr–C)–30% Ni and (TiC)–30% Ni) coatings was studied. The wear characteristics of the coatings such as wear rates, friction forces, friction coefficients, and wear groove depth determined with two methods were compared. The wear test methods included simulation of the friction process using loose abrasive particles and reciprocal ball-on-disk friction using a diamond indenter. The plasma-sprayed TiC-based coatings showed the lowest wear rate and can be applied to protect equipment parts subjected to intensive abrasive wear. The wear loss of the (Ti–Cr–C)–30% Ni and (TiC)–30% Ni coatings determined by friction against loose abrasive particles was 10–17 μm, while the wear loss of the oxide ceramic coatings was 20–42 μm, being 2–2.5 times higher on average.