The Influence of Non‐Metallic Inclusions Physical State on Effectiveness of the Steel Filtration Process

The work presents theoretical fundamentals of the process of refining molten steel from liquid non‐metallic inclusions, using the method of filtration with ceramic filters ‐ the thermodynamic precondition for the absorption of liquid non‐metallic inclusions on the surface of a ceramic filter. The theoretical consideration has been supported by the results of laboratory tests on the filtration of steel which was previously reduced with complex deoxidants giving liquid products of deoxidization. The filtration process of steel melts reduced with complex deoxidants of type Al‐Mn‐Si has proved to be more efficient. The deoxidation products were identified on the filtration surface of the ceramic filters.     

钙含量对钢水流动性的影响

钙处理钢水能够在较低过热度下正常浇铸.为弄清楚钙处理影响钢水流动性的原因和确定最佳的钙含量范围,从钙含量和钢水中夹杂物固相率之间的关系方面研究了钙元素在钢水中的行为.分析不同钙含量的钙处理钢试样中的夹杂物成分并利用Al2O3-CaO-SiO2三元相图确定试样中钙铝和钙铝硅酸盐夹杂物在浇铸温度下的存在状态,由此得到钙含量和夹杂物固相率之间的关系.改善钢水流动性最佳的钙含量范围在(17～23)×10-6之间.     

脱氧工艺对硅钢连铸坯非金属夹杂物的影响研究

 研究了Al+FeSi以及FeSi两种不同脱氧工艺对硅钢铸坯中非金属夹杂物的影响。通过合理的试验设计并运用T［O］含量测定、金相分析、SEM及EDS等研究手段,对铸坯中的夹杂物进行了分析,研究表明Al+FeSi复合脱氧不仅比FeSi脱氧具有更强的脱氧能力,且能使铸坯中的夹杂物在尺寸和数量上有明显降低,夹杂物的特征也由Si O Al Mn Ti Fe系变性为以尺寸＜5 μm的Al2O3夹杂为核心、包覆Al Si S Mn Ca Ti Fe O系的复合夹杂。     

中间包内钢液经石灰过滤器后的清洁度

通过工业试验研究了中间包内安装石灰过滤器后钢液中夹杂物的行为。工业试验表明,采用石灰过滤器后,钢中夹杂物平均降低20%。在此基础上建立了中间包安装过滤器后钢中夹杂物的去除模型。模型计算结果与试验值基本符合。     

冶金熔渣对不锈钢中非金属夹杂物的影响

利用示踪试验,研究了在304不锈钢生产过程中,钢水接触的各种冶金熔渣对连铸坯中非金属夹杂物的影响。研究发现,AOD钢渣混出时进入钢水中的小渣滴是钢中非金属夹杂物的主要来源之一,而大包顶渣、中间包覆盖剂和结晶器保护渣不会对钢液造成明显污染。     

Characterisation of Dispersed Nano‐Sulphides Precipitated in Low Carbon Steel Solidified under High Rate of Cooling

The aim of this study was to investigate size distribution, chemistry, thermal stability and deformability of nano‐sulphides finer than about 100 nm formed in low carbon steel solidified under high rate of cooling and to assess the effect of the nano‐sulphides on the properties of steel. Laboratory mini‐ingots of low carbon steel containing various amounts of Mn, Cu and S, solidified under conditions simulating the direct strip casting process, were used as experimental material. Nano‐sulphides of MnS, (Mn,Cu)S, CuS, Cu_2‐xS and CuS_2‐x were identified in substantial quantities (volume fraction up to 3 ·10^?4) using TEM techniques. It was shown that interaction between the nano‐sulphides and migrating grain boundaries of austenite occurred during annealing and in the course of thermomechanical processing resulting in grain refinement. Nano‐sulphides of MnS and (Mn,Cu)S type were also identified in significant quantities (volume fraction up to 6 ·10^?4) in the shell and corner areas of commercial continuously cast billet.     

舞钢精炼工艺对钢水纯净度的影响

舞钢公司一炼钢厂在精炼过程中采用不同精炼方法,对精炼后钢水中夹杂物的数量和尺寸进行分析,探索出降低夹杂物数量和尺寸的方法,为提高钢材质量提供了有效的措施。     

Application of a Model for Liquid Inclusion Separation at a Steel‐Slag Interface for Laboratory and Industrial Situations

A mathematical model based on the equations of particle motion was used to predict inclusion behavior observed at steel‐slag interface in an in‐situ Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope. The results show that the model can be used to explain some phenomena observed in the experiments. In addition, a parameter study was done in order to illustrate how the model can be used to study the effect of physical properties on the inclusion behavior at the slag‐steel interface for some typical industrial ladle metallurgy conditions. Furthermore, to study the effect of steel temperature, sulfur and oxygen content in the steel, slag and inclusion density as well as initial inclusion velocity on the inclusions behavior at the slag‐steel interface. The results show that the temperature and initial velocity was of less importance and that the oxygen content in the steel had a larger influence on the inclusion behavior than the sulfur content in the steel.     

实芯钙芯线在钢水精炼过程的应用

为提高精炼过程钙处理效果,莱钢特钢事业部50tLF精炼炉采用实芯钙芯线替代硅钙包芯线进行钢水钙处理。应用表明,钙平均收得率达16.61%,钢水可浇性良好,废坯切除量大幅减少;钢材氧含量及A、B、D类夹杂物级别均不同程度降低,产品质量良好。与喂硅钙线相比,吨钢降低成本3.50元,直接经济效益达200余万元。     

Mathematical Modelling of Non‐equilibrium Decarburization Process during Vacuum Circulation Refining of Molten Steel: Mathematical Model of the Process

The characteristics of the non‐equilibrium decarburization process during the vacuum circulation (RH) refining of molten steel have been considered and analysed. On the basis of the fundamentals of metallurgical reaction engineering and non‐equilibrium thermodynamics, as well as the two‐fluid model for gas‐liquid two‐phase flow and a modified k‐? model for turbulent flow, a novel three‐dimensional mathematical model for the process has been proposed and developed. The details of the model, including the establishment of the governing equations and the especially modified two‐equation k‐? model, the determination of the appropriate source terms and boundary conditions and others, have been presented. The related parameters of the model have been discussed and determined for the decarburization refining process of molten steel in a 90‐t multifunction RH degasser under RH and RH‐KTB operating conditions.     

渣 钢反应对高强度合金结构钢中生成较低熔点 非金属夹杂物的影响

 钢中非金属夹杂物绝大多数为较低熔点夹杂物,可以显著改善钢材的抗疲劳破坏性能。对炉渣 钢液 夹杂物间相互作用进行了实验室研究,发现钢中MgO Al2O3系高熔点夹杂物的比率随渣 钢反应时间增加而减少,与Al2O3的质量分数为20％和CaO/SiO2约为5的炉渣相比,采用Al2O3的质量分数为41％和CaO/SiO2约为65的炉渣,CaO MgO Al2O3 SiO2系夹杂物的比率由24.3%增加至81.7％,大多数夹杂物位于较低熔点成分区域（≤1500 ℃）。     

Mathematical Modelling of Non‐equilibrium Decarburization Process during Vacuum Circulation Refining of Molten Steel: Application of the Model and Results (II) ‐ Non‐equilibrium Factors and their Influences on the Decarburization Process

The results, which were obtained by applying the novel three‐dimensional mathematical model proposed and developed earlier [1] to model and analyse the decarburization process of molten steel during the RH and RH‐KTB refining in a 90‐t multifunction RH degasser, showed that under the conditions of the present work, the contributions of the flow, mass diffusion and chemical reactions and other non‐equilibrium processes to the Raleigh‐Onsager dissipation function are not large throughout vacuum circulation refining of molten steel. Thus, it is held everywhere in the whole flow field of the system that the value of the non‐linear dissipation factor is approximately equal to one. The entropy generation and energy dissipation in the system rapidly decrease with increasing refining time. Compared to the work done by the drag force while the bubbles passing through the liquid phase as well as by the viscous and turbulent flow and diffusion processes, the carbon‐oxygen reaction itself plays a more governing role to the entropy production and energy dissipation in the system. The RH refining process of low and ultra‐low carbon steels seems to be close to the linear zone of the non‐equilibrium state. The influences of the viscous and turbulent flow dissipation as well as diffusion processes on the non‐equilibrium activity coefficients of the carbon and oxygen in the molten steel may almost be neglected. Except in the regions where the chemical C‐O reaction takes place (the up‐snorkel zone and the bath in the vacuum vessel), the non‐equilibrium components of the non‐equilibrium activity coefficients of the carbon and oxygen in the molten steel at the other places in the degasser are all tending towards one. The non‐equilibrium effects (mainly, the C‐O reaction itself) give a restraining role on the decarburization of liquid steel in the RH refining process. This model is able to model more reasonably and precisely the non‐equilibrium decarburization process during the vacuum circulation refining of molten steel in comparison to a model without considering the non‐equilibrium effects.