Advanced Cold Rolled Steels for Automotive Applications

Advanced high‐strength steels offer a great potential for the further development of automobile bodies‐in‐white due to their combined mechanical properties of high formability and strength. They represent the first choice in material selection for strength and crash‐relevant parts with challenging geometries. The intensive development of multiphase steels by ThyssenKrupp Steel has led to hot dip galvanizing concepts with an outstanding forming potential. Hot rolled, hot dip galvanized complex‐phase steels are currently produced in addition to cold rolled dual phase (DP) and retained austenite (RA) or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. New continuously annealed grades of steel are being developed with tensile strength levels of up to 1000 MPa in combination with sufficient ductility for the high demands of structural automobile components. These steels make use of the classic advantages of microalloying as well as the principles of DP steels and RA / TRIP steels. Further improvement of properties will be reached by the new class of high manganese alloyed steels.     

A Study of Spot Welding of Advanced High Strength Steels for Automotive Applications

The application of advanced high strength steels in automotive industry has highlighted the need for research into spot weldability of these steels.Using weld lobe diagrams,the spot weldability of DP600 steel was found to be poor with conventional weld schedules.An enhanced weld schedule consisting of two pulses with reduced current on the second pulse gave a substantial increase in the lobe width;the first pulse removed the zinc coating and the second pulse controlled the nugget growth.A data acquisition system was designed to monitor weld expulsion during the weld operation.Of the three possible control strategies proposed,especially with AC welding equipment,the dynamic resistance signal is easily obtained and the least expensive.Expulsion phenomena,microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of spot-welded hot dipped galvanized DP600 steel and interstitial free steel were investigated.Further work on dissimilar welds in DP 600 and HSLA 350 was also conducted with emphasis on tensile and fatigue properties and fracture characteristics.The performance of dissimilar spot welds was different from that of the similar spot welds in each of the HSLA350 and DP600 steels.The DP600 weld properties played a dominating role in the hardness and tensile properties of the dissimilar spot welds.However,the fatigue performance of the dissimilar welds was similar to that of the HSLA welds.Details will be presented at the conference.     

汽车用高强度钢的高应变速率

0 前言 通过Split Hopkinson Bar(SHB:张力和压缩试验系统)试验,研究200～100000s-1范围内高应变速率材料的机械性能. 高应变速率是先进的高强度钢(AHSS)的重要特性之一,这是因为高强度钢大多用于易冲撞部位.Ispat Inland公司已经着手一项使一组AHSS钢产生高应变值的研究项目,其中包括双相钢和TRIP钢.由于对钢的高应变速率试验缺乏经验,而且没有标准的试验方法和可行的试验步骤,为此研究出了试验方法及其数据处理过程.本文对两种主要试验方法--伺服液压试验系统和Split Hopkinson Bar进行了比较,提供数据整理和曲线调整的过程,最后研讨了所试验的AHSS钢的高应变速率性能.     

Role of Niobium in Advanced High Strength Steels for Automotive Applications

Two major drivers for the use of newer steels in the automotive industry is fuel efficiency and increased safety performance.Fuel efficiency is mainly a function of weight of steel parts,which in turn,is controlled by gauge and design.Safety is determined by the energy absorbing capacity of the steel used to make the part.All of these factors are incentives for the U.S.automakers to use Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) to replace the conventional steels used to manufacture automotive parts in the past.AHSS is a general term used to describe various families of steels.The most common AHSS is the dual-phase steel that consists of a ferrite-martensite microstructure.These steels are characterized by high strength,good ductility,low tensile to yield strength ratio and high bake-hardenability.Another class of AHSS is the multi-phase steel which have a complex microstructure consisting of various phase constituents and a high yield to tensile strength ratio.Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels is the latest class of AHSS steels finding interest among the U.S.automakers.These steels consist of a ferrite-bainite microstructure with significant amount of retained austenite phase and show the highest combination of strength and elongation,so far,among the AHSS in use.High level of energy absorbing capacity combined with a sustained level of high n value up to the limit of uniform elongation as well as high bake hardenability make these steels particularly attractive for safety critical parts and parts needing complex forming.Finally,martensitic steels with very high strengths are also in use for certain parts.The role of Niobium in all of the above families of advanced steels for the automotive industry will be discussed in this paper.     

汽车轻量化与先进的高强度钢板

介绍了国际汽车轻量化项目及其主要研究结果，着重论述了先进高强度钢板(AHSS)的生产、特点及其使用，结合国内汽车工业和宝钢的实际情况，探讨了今后在汽车轻量化过程中所应开展的工作。     

先进高强度汽车用钢的多维度协同设计与调控

阐述了先进高强度汽车用钢的概念,介绍了其发展及应用情况。提出了汽车用钢多维度设计理念,包括热处理过程中的多尺度设计和具有良好成形性的汽车用钢设计。指出汽车轻量化设计不应仅局限于获得理想的力学性能,要进行多维度的协同设计,并通过智能化微观组织调控来定制及满足差异化的要求。     

Quenching and Partitioning of CMnSi Steels Containing Elevated Manganese Levels

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) is receiving increased attention as a potential processing route to develop “Third Generation” advanced high strength steel (AHSS) properties. The Q&P process consists of quenching a steel from a reheat temperature to a pre‐determined temperature in the M_s ? M_f temperature region followed by a so‐called partitioning treatment at the quench temperature or higher. The present contribution investigates the Q&P response of laboratory‐processed CMnSi alloys with 3 or 5 wt% manganese. Samples were processed at quench temperatures between 70 and 250°C with partitioning temperatures of 400 and 450°C for times up to 100 s. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction were utilized to evaluate the Q&P microstructures. Attractive properties were generated with tensile strength/total elongation combinations such as 1500 MPa and 17%.     

汽车螺旋悬挂弹簧用钢的发展动向

介绍了轿车螺旋悬挂弹簧的减重要求和弹簧设计应力的变化，提出了弹簧钢高应力化的主要途径，并介绍了国内外高强度弹簧钢的研究和开发情况，与工业发达国家不断推出新工艺和新钢种相比，我国弹簧钢的研究和开发水平还存在较大的差距。     

Development of A Series NV-F Grade Extra High Strength Plate Steels for Offshore Structure and Shipbuilding

Systematic research on developing a series of extra high strength steel plates for shipbuilding via thermomechanical control process (TMCP) is introduced.A microalloyed low carbon-equivalent SiMnCrNiCu steel was used to develop F460 steel.Ultra low carbon Cu-Ni containing steels were used to develop NV-F550,NV-F620 and NV-F690 steel plates.The effect of TMCP parameters on microstructure and properties was investigated by test-scale plant trials.Industrial production trials were conducted to verify the validity of the laboratory studies on the F460 steel.Heavy plates in 45-60 mm thickness met Det Norske Veritas NV-F460 specification.The effect of heat-input on the mechanical properties of the coarse-grained-heat-affect-zone (CGHAZ) of the advanced heavy plates was studied.     

汽车用先进高强度钢的开发及应用进展

 先进的高强度钢在汽车减重、节能、提高安全性、降低排放等方面展现出了广阔的前景,在新一代汽车伙伴计划、超轻钢车身——先进概念车等项目上得到了应用和推广。简述了先进高强度汽车用钢板的最新开发和应用进展情况。     

高氮钢的基础研究及应用进展

介绍了高氮钢结构特点的最新研究,高氮钢平衡相图的进展及其在高氮钢成分设计方面的应用;概括了氮在钢液中的溶解度公式和高氮钢熔炼过程中的关键问题;分析了氮在奥氏体钢、铁素体钢和双相不锈钢中的作用,即氮在不牺牲强度的同时不仅提高了钢的韧性,且改善了钢的抗腐蚀性能;并列举了一些典型的高氮钢的用途。     

Fatigue Behavior of Dual‐Phase and TWIP Steels for Lightweight Automotive Structures

Car bodies are increasingly made with high‐strength steels, for both lightweighting and safety purposes. Steel sheets, made by continuous casting, hot rolling, cold rolling, and continuous heat treating, are used to deep draw the car body parts, which are then joined by resistance spot welding (RSW). Two high‐strength automotive steels, with similar tensile strength, are studied here. The low alloy, dual‐phase steel consist of ferrite and martensite, obtained by an intercritical heat treatment, followed by fast cooling. The innovative, high‐Mn TWIP steel exhibits a promising combination of strength and toughness, arising from the austenitic structure, strengthened by C, and from the twinning induced plasticity effect. Tensile specimens are fatigue tested at room temperature with zero load ratio, both in the as‐fabricated (unnotched) condition and after the RSW of an homologous sheet square. Moreover, pre‐cracked compact tension specimens are tested with load ratio 0.1 to determine the fatigue crack growth behavior. These results are completed with crystallographic, microstructural, tensile, and fractographic examinations, and the influence of the microstructure and of the welding process is discussed.     

The Impact of Selective Oxidation on the Phase Transformation in the Sub‐Surface of Advanced High Strength Steels

The present paper contributes in the discussion of heterogeneous gas/metal reactions by discussing the influence of the dew point (dp) during intercritical annealing on the sub‐surface constitution. Annealing trials with different Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) were carried out and the element distribution within the sub‐surface was analysed by glow discharge optical emission spectrometer (GD‐OES). For modelling purpose the gained element distribution data were adjusted in a way that the selective oxidation products were considered within the sub‐surface element profiles. Several transformation temperatures along the depth profiles according to the adjusted GD‐OES data have been computed for the dp ?30 °C and +5 °C. In all cases the according models have been implemented in Matlab. The thermodynamic data have been obtained via the Matlab‐ThermoCalc interface. Empirical equations have been applied for the determination of the bainite and martensite start temperatures. It is shown that the sub‐surface constitution and the transformation temperature differ significantly. In most cases the change of the transformation temperature within the surface and sub‐surface reaches up to 100 °C compared to the bulk. For a Dual‐Phase (DP) Steel with C(0.15%)Mn(1.7%)Al(1.7%)Cr(0.5%), the change of the A_e1‐temperature is with 300 °C significantly higher. However one has to keep in mind that the 2‐phase composition can not be assumed to be constant during intercritical annealing. It is therefore concluded that for the purpose of simulating the selective oxidation processes during intercritical annealing of AHSS the continuous change of the sub‐surface constitution must be incorporated in the future work.     

Research and Practice of Production Technology for High Performance Low Alloy Steels in WISCO

The product system of high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) produced by Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation (WISCO) was presented.A series of high performance structural steels have been developed for important construction projects around the world in different areas,such as bridge,pressure vessel,pipe line,shipbuilding,architecture,machinery and railway wagons.In order to promote the development of large heat input welding steel,high grade thick pipeline steel and long span bridge steel,a lot of advanced production technologies have been achieved through intensive investigation,such as the control of high purity,high homogenization and free defects in steel slabs,the rules of high melting point particle formation and distribution in micro and nano scale during steel production,and the TMCP technology for ultra low carbon bainite steel for medium and heavy plates.WISCO will carry on research and application of economic and weather-resistant steels and promote the developing and producing technologies of HSLA steel.     

稀土元素在高强韧钢中的作用及应用前景

深入分析了稀土在钢中的作用机理,阐明了稀土是钢的一种有效的深度净化和变质剂,固溶稀土的存在强烈影响微结构,可控制局域弱化,降低微结构的能态,有效抑制钢中有害元素和脆性相偏聚所造成的脆性断裂,稀土可望成为发展21世纪高强韧钢,提高高强钢韧性的重要元素。     

汽车轻量化用高强度钢板的发展

轻量化是汽车"减重节能"的需要,采用高强度钢板不但可以实现汽车的轻量化,同时还能提高汽车的被动安全性,因此高强度钢板在汽车上的使用日益增多.简要回顾了近年来国外汽车轻量化项目研究的成果,特别是高强度钢板的发展情况,结合汽车使用的部件,重点介绍了宝钢各类高强度钢板的特性及其使用情况,探讨了今后在汽车轻量化过程中所应开展的工作.     

新一代高强度螺栓钢的研究开发

介绍了近年来新一代高强度螺栓钢包括洁净螺栓钢、微合金非调质钢、硼钢以及耐延迟断裂高强度钢的研究开发现状及其发展趋势.     

Strain Hardening and Strain Rate Sensitivity Behaviors of Advanced High Strength Steels

 The mechanical properties of commercial dual phase (DP), transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), and high strength low alloy (HSLA-340) steel sheets are investigated and compared at various strain rates ranging from 0. 0017 to 0. 17 s-1 at ambient temperature. TRIP steel outperforms the other two materials, having comparable ductility and twice as large strength relative to DP steel. TRIP has larger strength and much larger ductility than HSLA-340. The exceuent ductility of TRIP800 is due to its high strain hardening capability, which promotes stable plastic deformation. It is observed that the strain hardening rate in TRIP800 does not decrease to zero at failure, as common in most materials in which failure is preceded by necking.