Equivalent viscous damping in direct displacement‐based design of steel braced reinforced concrete frames

Performance‐based design method, particularly direct displacement‐based design (DDBD) method, has been widely used for seismic design of structures. Estimation of equivalent viscous damping factor used to characterize the substitute structure for different structural systems is a dominant parameter in this design methodology. In this paper, results of experimental and numerical investigations performed for estimating the equivalent viscous damping in DDBD procedure of two lateral resistance systems, moment frames and braced moment frames, are presented. For these investigations, cyclic loading tests are conducted on scaled moment resisting frames with and without bracing. The experimental results are also used to calibrate full‐scale numerical models. A numerical investigation is then conducted on a set of analytical moment resisting frames with and without bracing. The equivalent viscous damping and ductility of each analytical model are calculated from hysteretic responses. On the basis of analytical results, new equations are proposed for equivalent viscous damping as a function of ductility for reinforced concrete and steel braced reinforced concrete frames. As a result, the new equation is used in direct displacement‐based design of a steel braced reinforced concrete frame. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Empirical evaluation of ductility factors for the special steel moment‐resisting frames in view of soil condition

It is well known that the response modification factor (R) takes into account the ductility, over‐strength, redundancy and damping of structural systems. The ductility factor has played an important role in seismic design, as it is a key component of R. In this study, the ductility factors (R_μ,MDOF) of special steel moment‐resisting frames are calculated by multiplying the ductility factor of single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems (R_μ,SDOF) with the multi‐degree of freedom (MDOF) modification factors (R_M). The ductility factors (R_μ,SDOF) of SDOF systems are computed from non‐linear dynamic analysis undergoing different levels of displacement ductility demands and periods when subjected to a large number of recorded earthquake ground motions. To compute the R_μ,SDOF, a group of 1,860 ground motions recorded from 47 earthquakes were considered. R_M factors are proposed to account for the MDOF systems, based on previous studies. A total of 108 prototype steel frames were designed to investigate the ductility factors, considering design parameters such as the number of stories (4, 8 and 16), framing systems (perimeter frames and distributed frames), failure mechanisms (strong column‐weak beam and weak column‐strong beam), soil profiles (S_A, S_C and S_E in Uniform Building Code 1997) and seismic zone factors (Z = 0·075, 0·2, and 0·4 in UBC 1997). The effects of these design parameters on the R_μ,MDOF of special steel‐moment‐resisting frames were investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New approach to evaluate the response modification factors for steel moment resisting frames

The design force levels currently specified by most seismic codes are calculated by dividing the base shear for elastic response by the response modification factor (R). This is based on the fact that the structures possess significant reserve strength, redundancy, damping and capacity to dissipate energy. This paper proposed the evaluation methodology and procedure of the response modification factors for steel moment resisting frames. The response modification factors are evaluated by multiplying ductility factor (R _μ) for SDOF systems, MDOF modification factor (R _M ) and strength factor (R _S ) together. The proposed rules were applied to existing steel moment resisting frames. The nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed to estimate the ductility (R _μ), MDOF modification (R _M ) and strength factors (R _S ). The results showed that the response modification factors (R) have different values with various design parameters such as design base shear coefficient (V/W), failure mechanism, framing system and number of stories.     

An experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of cold-formed steel walls sheathed by thin steel plates

The use of cold-formed steel (CFS) frames has grown extensively in recent years, particularly in the earthquake-prone regions. However, the behavior of lateral resisting systems in CFS structures under seismic loads has not been scrutinized in detail. Towards this, an experimental investigation has been conducted on cold formed steel frames sheathed by thin galvanized steel plates, the results of which are presented here. The experiments involve 24 full-scale steel plated walls tested under cyclic loading with different configurations of studs and screws. Of particular interest were the specimens׳ maximum lateral load capacity and the load-deformation behavior as well as a rational estimation of the seismic response modification factor, R. The study also evaluates the failure modes of the systems. The main factors contributing to the ductile response of these shear walls are also discussed in order to suggest improvements so that the walls respond plastically with a significant drift and without any risk of brittle failure.     

Analytical investigation of response modification (behaviour) factor,R, for reinforced concrete frames rehabilitated by steel chevron bracing

Steel bracing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames has received noticeable attention in recent years as a retrofitting measure to increase the shear capacity of the existing RC buildings. In order to evaluate the seismic behaviour of steel-braced RC frames, some key response parameters, including the ductility and the overstrength factors, should first be determined. These two parameters are incorporated in structural design through a force reduction or a response modification factor. In this paper, the ductility and the overstrength factors as well as the response modification factor (or seismic behaviour factor) for steel chevron-braced RC frames have been evaluated by performing inelastic pushover analyses of brace-frame systems of different heights and configurations. The effects of some parameters influencing the value of behaviour factor, including the height of the frame and share of bracing system from the applied lateral load have been investigated. It is found that the latter parameter has a more localised effect on the R values and its influence does not warrant generalisation at this stage. However, the height of this type of lateral load-resisting system has a profound effect on the R factor, as it directly affects the ductility capacity of the dual system. Finally, based on the findings presented in the article, tentative R values have been proposed for steel chevron-braced moment-resisting RC frame dual systems for different ductility demands and compared with different type of bracing systems.     

Performance evaluation of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames using pushover and incremental dynamic analysis

In this study, the seismic performance of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames are evaluated through nonlinear static and dynamic analysis. According to experimental studies, one of the most important parameters affecting the behavior of special and intermediate ductile reinforced concrete frames is the transverse reinforcement ratio. In this paper, constitutive law of material for concrete under the influence of various transverse reinforcement ratios have been derived using Mander et al. model, and 20 ground‐motion accelerograms have been utilized for dynamic analysis. Additionally, the results of pushover and incremental dynamic analysis were compared in order to evaluate seismic performance of the selected high‐rise structures. Results reveal that both types of reinforced concrete frames with beam‐hinge type failure mechanisms have ductile behavior. Special moment frames have higher ductility because of early entry into nonlinear range resulting in higher plastic rotations, which result in greater lateral displacements. Due to the differences in behavior of intermediate and special ductility frames, confinement has an important role in the ductile behavior of structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic behavior analysis for composite structures of steel frame‐reinforced concrete infill wall

The composite structure of steel frame–reinforced concrete infill wall (CSRC) combines the advantages of steel frames and reinforced concrete shear walls. Reinforced concrete infill walls increase the lateral stiffness of steel frames and reduce seismic demands on steel frames thus providing opportunities to use partially restrained connections. In order to study seismic behavior and load transfer mechanism of CSRC, a two‐story one‐bay specimen was tested under cyclic loads. With that, the main characters such as, strength, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation, load distribution, performance of steel frames, partially restrained connections and studs, are analyzed and evaluated. The experimental results show that the structure has adequate strength redundancy and sufficient lateral stiffness. The CSRC system has good ductility and energy dissipation capability. Partially restrained connections could enhance ductility and avoid abrupt decreases in strength and stiffness after the failure of infill walls. The composite interaction is ensured by headed studs, which have failed because of low‐cycle fatigue. Steel frames bear 80%–100% of overturning moments, and the remainder is undertaken by infill walls; steel frames and infill walls resisted 10%–20% and 80%–90% of lateral loads, respectively. Furthermore, relevant design recommendations are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study on the seismic behavior of a shear wall with concrete‐filled steel tubular frames and a corrugated steel plate

Shear walls and core tubes in shear walls constitute the core anti‐earthquake vertical systems of high‐rise buildings. This paper proposes a new type of composite shear wall with concrete‐filled steel tubular frames and corrugated steel plates. The seismic behavior of the new shear wall is studied using a cyclic loading test and damage analysis. The failure mode, load‐carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness degradation, hysteresis behavior, and energy dissipating capacity exhibited in the test are studied. The test results show that when the proposed wall is broken, the tension side of concrete‐filled steel tubes is torn. The concrete at the bottom of the wall is detached and peels off along the through cracks. The energy dissipation capacity of concrete walls is more fully utilized. The proposed wall exhibits excellent deformability, energy dissipation capacity, and the stiffness degradation was slower than that of other walls. The use of corrugated steel plate significantly improved the seismic performance while simultaneously increasing the ductility and reducing the damage. In addition, this paper modified the energy dissipation factor in the Park & Ang model based on the situation of the specimen and experiment. It can be used to evaluate the damage degree of this new type of shear wall.     

Predicting ductility demands on reinforced concrete moment‐resisting frames for moderate seismicity

The seismic responses of existing reinforced concrete‐framed buildings that are primarily designed and detailed to resist onerous combinations of gravity and wind loads are simulated for the conditions of moderate seis micity. A procedure is established for relating the non‐seismic and seismic behaviours of structures. By using the proposed procedure, the theoretical curvature ductility demands of ordinary reinforced concrete moment‐resisting frames can be evaluated. It has been shown that shear response of the frames due to earthquakes is dominant and adopted as a basis for estimating ductility demands. It is concluded that for low‐rise ordinary moment‐resisting framed buildings in regions liable to low or moderate sesimicity, the reduction factor suggested in the 1997 UBC might not be appropriate for use in the seismic analysis of these structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of seismic behavior improvement in RC MRFs retrofitted by controlled rocking wall systems

Using rocking wall systems is a recent technique to improve seismic behavior in reinforced concrete structures. This paper compares three 10‐story and three 20‐story reinforced concrete frames (moment‐resisting frames) with intermediate ductility, reinforced concrete frames with shear wall, and reinforced concrete frames with controlled rocking wall (RCRW) by the use of pushover analysis. At the end of the research, the wall in a 20‐story RCRW system is post‐tensioned then analyzed, and its results were compared with RCRW results. Simulation and numerical analysis were performed with OpenSees software. The results show that plastic hinge formation and inter‐story drifts are well distributed in the structure with rocking wall system in comparison with the other systems. Meanwhile, energy dissipation and displacement ductility are increased in RCRW frames. With post‐tensioning wall in RCRW, the drift ratios are more uniformed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic behavior of coupled shear wall structures with various concrete and steel coupling beams

A novel 2‐level yielding steel coupling beam (TYSCB) has been developed to enhance the seismic performance of coupled shear wall systems. The TYSCB consists of a shear‐yielding beam designed to yield first under minor earthquakes and a bend‐yielding beam designed to yield under severe earthquakes. A comparison of seismic behavior of 4 20‐storey coupled shear wall structures with reinforced concrete coupling beams, complete steel coupling beams, fuse steel coupling beams, and TYSCB is presented. The dimensions and force‐displacement curves of these coupling beams are first designed. Nonlinear dynamic analyses on these structures are carried out under minor and severe earthquakes. The seismic behavior of these models is studied by comparing their storey shear forces, storey drift ratios and ductility demands. The results show that the base shear and storey drift of the structure with TYSCB under both minor and severe earthquakes are less than those of structures with concrete coupling beams and complete steel coupling beams. Furthermore, the ductility demand of coupled shear walls with TYSCB subjected to severe earthquakes can be greatly released compared with those using fuse steel coupling beams. This indicates that the proposed TYSCB has a better balance between ductility demand and energy dissipation, compared to traditional steel coupling beams.     

Cyclic loading test of T‐shaped mid‐rise shear wall

Shear wall systems are the most commonly used lateral load resisting systems in high‐rise buildings. Six 1:2 scale mid‐rise T‐shaped reinforced concrete shear wall specimens with aspect ratio of 1.75, 2.15 and 2.80 were respectively tested under reversed cyclic loading. The seismic behavior and displacement ductility were investigated. The effects of aspect ratio, axial load level and transverse steel ratio on the seismic behavior and displacement ductility were also analyzed. Test results were discussed and compared with T‐shaped steel–concrete composite shear wall. Results mainly showed that the T‐shaped shear wall specimens mainly presented bending–shear failure mode and were all destroyed because of the concrete crushing at the web (negative direction) and the longitudinal reinforcement of the web reaching the limited deformation (positive direction), showing that the web was the weakest part of T‐shape shear wall. The ductility of the specimens was decreased, and the ultimate load‐bearing capacity was increased by increasing the axial load. To specimens with smaller aspect ratio and higher axial load ratio, the special transverse steel ratio of the web should be increased to improve the crushing strain of the confined concrete of the web in order to satisfy the ductility of the walls. The seismic performance was obviously improved in the T‐shaped steel–concrete shear wall compared with that of the T‐shaped reinforced concrete shear wall. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ductility reduction factor and collapse mechanism evaluation of a new steel knee braced frame

In this study, the suitability of a new structural system called the knee braced frames (KBFs) is investigated for seismic resistant steel structures. In these structural systems, ends of beams are connected to columns by hinges (simple connection) instead of rigid connections, and ends of knee braced elements are connected to columns and beams by hinges as well. In the present paper, in addition to a comparison between elastic behaviour and elastic fundamental natural period, the ductility reduction factor and the type of collapse mechanism in steel KBFs and steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) are compared. The study revealed that the stiffness of steel buildings can be increased considerably by applying knee braced elements and the effects of knee braced elements are highly dependent on knee braced configuration. By applying the pushover analysis, it was observed that the type of collapse mechanism of KBFs is very similar to the mechanism of MRFs. Furthermore in most cases, the ductility reduction factor, R_μ, obtained from steel KBFs is greater than the ductility reduction factor obtained for steel MRFs. Based on the similarity between type of collapse mechanism and the proximity of ductility reduction coefficients of the KBFs and MRFs systems, it can be concluded that the new steel knee braced frame systems can be categorised as steel MRFs with rigid connections.     

Seismic performance of corrugated steel plate concrete composite shear walls

In this paper, composite shear walls with different encased steel plates (flat, horizontal corrugated, and vertical corrugated) were tested and simulated by Abaqus to investigate the seismic behavior of corrugated steel plate concrete composite shear walls (SPCSWs). The failure characteristics, deformation and energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness and bearing capacity of the structures under low‐frequency cyclic load were analyzed, and indexes of the seismic performance were obtained. The formulas of the shear‐bearing capacity of steel plate concrete composite shear walls are suggested, and the shear‐sharing ratio of each member is obtained. According to the obtained results, corrugated steel plates can bond with concrete well, and the bearing capacity of the vertical corrugated SPCSW are higher than that of the horizontal corrugated SPCSW. Compared with flat SPCSW, corrugated SPCSW has higher initial stiffness and lateral stiffness, better ductility and energy dissipation ability, and the degradation of bearing capacity and stiffness is slower. The shear‐sharing ratio of a steel plate is larger than that of reinforced concrete in the flat SPCSW and the vertical corrugated SPCSW, the shear force shared by steel plate and reinforced concrete in horizontal corrugated SPCSW is basically the same.     

钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土剪力墙受剪承载力计算

通过5个钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土剪力墙和1个钢管混凝土边框混凝土剪力墙的低周反复加载试验,研究钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土剪力墙的受力机理及破坏模式,分析钢纤维体积率和混凝土强度对其抗震性能的影响。结果表明：钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土剪力墙的破坏模式为剪切破坏;墙体裂缝主要为典型的斜裂缝,钢纤维可有效限制剪力墙裂缝宽度,改善裂缝形态;随着钢纤维体积率的增大,剪力墙受剪承载力、延性和耗能能力明显提高;其他影响因素相同的条件下,钢纤维体积率为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的剪力墙受剪承载力较未掺钢纤维剪力墙的分别提高了4.4%、12.7%和18.6%;随着混凝土强度的提高,剪力墙受剪承载力和耗能能力明显提高,但延性降低;其他影响因素相同的条件下,钢纤维混凝土强度等级为CF60、CF80剪力墙的受剪承载力较CF40剪力墙的分别提高了24%和37%。结合对文中及国内外相关文献试验数据的综合分析,提出了考虑钢纤维体积率和混凝土强度等影响的钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土剪力墙受剪承载力计算方法,与试验结果吻合较好。     

钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土中高剪力墙受弯承载力计算方法

为改善中高剪力墙的抗震性能,提出钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土剪力墙.通过8个剪跨比为1.5的钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土中高剪力墙和1个剪跨比为1.5的钢管混凝土边框混凝土中高剪力墙的低周反复加载试验,研究钢管混凝土边框钢纤维混凝土中高剪力墙的受力机理及破坏模式,分析钢纤维体积率、钢纤维掺加高度、混凝土强度和轴压比对其抗震...     

型钢高性能混凝土剪力墙受剪承载力试验研究

为了研究型钢高性能混凝土剪力墙受剪性能,进行了3片剪力墙试件水平加载试验,试件均发生剪切破坏,对影响其破坏形态、承载力及延性的主要因素进行了分析。根据试验结果,在我国现行《型钢混凝土组合结构技术规程》的型钢混凝土剪力墙受剪承载力计算公式基础上,提出型钢高性能混凝土剪力墙受剪承载力计算公式,通过计算结果与试验实测结果的对比,提出的公式能较好地反映试验结果,且计算结果偏于安全。     

Seismic performance analysis and evaluation of tall structures using grille-type steel plate composite shear walls

Grille-type steel plate composite (GSPC) shear wall is an innovative wall system consisting of concrete cores, steel faceplates, steel tie plates, and steel channels with more advantages than conventional reinforced concrete (RC) walls, including better ductility, higher bearing capacity, and easy-modular characteristics. This paper mainly discusses the seismic performance and damage resistance of GSPC walls to the entire structure from the aspect of the structural level. Three nonlinear numerical models of high-rise structures with different structural heights and types were established by PERFORM-3D software to study the influence of GSPC walls on the change in structural internal forces and deformations compared with RC walls. One of these structures was selected to conduct the seismic fragility analysis based on the incremental dynamic analysis and to assess the structure's seismic performance with GSPC walls. Finally, the seismic damage prediction method was used to evaluate the damage levels of the GSPC wall structure. Results indicate that the structures with GSPC walls suffer more significant seismic forces than those with RC walls, although they experience lesser structural deformations. Moreover, GSPC walls can effectively improve the structure's collapse and seismic damage resistance.     

Nonlinear seismic assessment of irregular coupled wall systems using high‐performance fiber‐reinforced cement composites

Reinforced concrete coupled wall systems that consist of multiple shear walls linked by coupling beams are known to be very effective for resisting lateral loads in high‐rise buildings. As to improving the seismic capacity of coupled wall systems, high‐performance fiber‐reinforced cement composites (HPFRCCs) have been recently considered. These materials are characterized by tension strain‐hardening behavior that can improve the ductility and toughness of structures subjected to reversed cyclic loading. In this study, nonlinear finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of HPFRCCs on the seismic behavior of irregular tall buildings with coupled wall systems. The coupling beams were modeled using moment hinge elements, and the structural walls were modeled using fiber elements. Comparisons between analysis and test results of coupled wall specimens with and without HPFRCCs indicate that the modeling methods used well predict both the overall and local behaviors. The responses of a 56‐story irregular tall building with coupled walls are discussed with focus on the effects of HPFRCCs. It is noted that the use of HPFRCCs in coupling beams and structural walls of one‐fourth height from the base greatly affects the failure mode. For irregular tall buildings, nonlinear response history analysis indicates higher mode effects are critical.     

内置钢板与内置钢桁架混凝土组合剪力墙抗震性能对比研究

通过对2组内置钢板混凝土组合剪力墙和内置钢桁架混凝土组合剪力墙拟静力试验的模拟,确定计算模型的建立方法,并选取2片相同含钢率的内置钢板混凝土组合剪力墙和内置钢桁架混凝土组合剪力墙模型进行侧向低周反复荷载作用下的计算分析,对比了2片剪力墙模型的承载力、刚度及其退化过程、延性、耗能及滞回特性,并选取实际工程为算例,对采用两种组合剪力墙的整体结构从抗侧刚度、破坏模式、层间位移角、位移时程及塑性发展等方面进行了抗震性能的对比。研究结果表明：对于构件层次,随着墙体高宽比的增大,内置钢板混凝土组合剪力墙的承载力、耗能能力及延性逐渐优于内置钢桁架混凝土组合剪力墙;对于结构层次,当墙体高宽比较大时,采用内置钢板混凝土组合剪力墙结构的抗震性能要优于采用内置钢桁架混凝土组合剪力墙的结构。