A model for water sharing in the Ganges River Basin

This study investigates water resources sharing and in particular the impact of the Farakka Barrage in the Ganges River Basin management which has led to conflict between the Ganges states since 1951. A deadlock prevailed between Bangladesh and India during the dry seasons. The 1996 water sharing treaty adopted and the results suggest that availability of flows is crucial during the period 1 March to 31 May. Moreover, the average flow availability at Farakka dam has been gradually declining during the period 1997 to 2007. For 2005 and 2006, it was found that the average flow availability declined by 12 and 25%, respectively. A Stackelberg leader–follower model is described for optimal water allocation in the Ganges River Basin between Bangladesh and India both with and without additional water transfers from Nepal. It is recommended that a market‐based water transfer arrangement from Nepal is implemented for both Bangladesh and India.     

日本的河流水管理

对日本的河流、河流水权和河流水源开发管理进行了介绍。日本的河流众多，但流程短、水流急，主要由地方政府通过完善的水权制度进行管理。水权通过申请获得，根据不同情况收取水权费。河流水源由水资源机构按计划开发，建设和运营资金通过多渠道筹集。     

Integration of hydrological and habitat simulation methods to define minimum environmental flows at the basin scale

New environmental policies establish the need to maintain the ecological integrity of freshwater ecosystems. The hydrologic regime is a key element in determining river processes and therefore the definition of environmental flow regimes (EFR) is essential to achieve this goal. The EFR can be broadly defined as the water required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihood that depend on these ecosystems. Nevertheless, the role of the EFR and the methods to calculate them has not been clearly stated in many countries. This paper sets out a procedure to calculate EFRs, which includes not only a minimum flow, but also a temporal variability of this flow. The procedure integrates the results of hydrologic and habitat simulation methods in a temporal scale that takes into consideration the natural hydrologic seasonality while providing a certain level of flexibility to regulate water resources still meeting the requirements of the Spanish Water Planning legislation. The results highlighted the advantages of using different methodological approaches to calculate EFRs. Therefore, this study concludes the validity of a relatively simple hydrologic method for defining minimum environmental flows at a period of maximum hydrologic stress, but also the need to consider different approaches to take into account as many ecosystem elements as possible.     

Spatiotemporal variations in euphotic depth and their correlation with influencing factors in a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir

After the initial impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), most of its tributaries have been influenced because of the backwater and the input of nutrients. The spatiotemporal variability in euphotic depth and its major influencing factors were investigated in the Xiaojiang River Basin of the TGR to reveal this change. Analyses were based on the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and water quality indices in five sampling sites of the Xiaojiang River from May 2007 to April 2009. Results showed only slight spatial variation in the average euphotic depth while significant temporal variation was taken place. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that the diffuse attenuation coefficients for PAR (K_d(PAR)) was significantly correlated to the total suspended solids (TSS) (R² = 0.6794), but not to chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) (R² = 0.045). The unique hydrological conditions of the TGR might be the determinants of the spatiotemporal variability.     

石子河大坝防洪问题浅议

从石子河大坝存在的工程隐患和管理问题入手,对大坝改造及管理提出建议,以期达到长治市区防汛安全的目的。     

小流域淤地坝系的溃决洪水分析

中国黄土高原建成了数量众多的淤地坝,形成了大量的小流域坝系。当坝系的空间分布不合理时,一坝溃决往往引起下游坝连锁溃决。为了合理评价坝系的整体防洪能力,提出了一套模拟暴雨引起淤地坝坝系连锁溃决过程的方法。定义了坝系中坝的分级规则,提出了一种自动确定每座坝分级的方法。根据坝的分级从低到高的次序,依次对坝系中的每座坝进行产流分析、水库调蓄分析、溃坝判别和溃坝洪水分析,从而模拟坝系的连锁溃决过程。基于上述方法编制了计算程序,对陕西省绥德县的王茂沟小流域坝系的连锁溃决问题进行了模拟,并结合有关淤地坝水毁调查资料对模拟结果进行了分析。     

淤地坝调洪演算探讨

指出淤地坝调洪演算的结果直接关系到工程的安全性和经济性,结合工程实例探讨了利用入库洪水过程线进行调洪的方法,以便更准确、更合理的确定工程坝高和溢洪道的尺寸。     

The current state of the use of large wood in river restoration and management

Trees fall naturally into rivers generating flow heterogeneity, inducing geomorphological features, and creating habitats for biota. Wood is increasingly used in restoration projects and the potential of wood acting as leaky barriers to deliver natural flood management by ‘slowing the flow’ is recognised. However, wood in rivers can pose a risk to infrastructure and locally increase flood hazards. The aim of this paper is to provide an up‐to‐date summary of the benefits and risks associated with using wood to promote geomorphological processes to restore and manage rivers. This summary was developed through a workshop that brought together academics, river managers, restoration practitioners and consultants in the UK to share science and best practice on wood in rivers. A consensus was developed on four key issues: (i) hydrogeomorphological effects, (ii) current use in restoration and management, (iii) uncertainties and risks and (iv) tools and guidance required to inform process‐based restoration and management.     

Disturbance of water‐air temperature synchronisation by dam reservoirs

A thermal regime of aquatic ecosystems determines the possibility of survival and development of aquatic biota. Thermal stratification of river water impounded by dam reservoirs can cause a permanent disturbance in the naturally existing water‐air temperature relationship downstream of reservoirs. This article aims at determining the role of dam reservoirs in the disturbance of naturally shaped synchronous behaviour of water‐air temperatures. The object of the analysis is the Carpathian river Dunajec downstream of a reservoir complex built in 1994–1997. Results of spectral analysis indicate that the annual scale is the main scale of water temperature (WT) variation, and this scale corresponds to the main frequency of phase synchronisation. However, following the reservoirs construction, the definite synchronous behaviour of interacting air and WTs was apparently distorted, because the response time of WT to changing atmospheric conditions has considerably increased in comparison with the predam period.     

Consideration of hydromorphology and sediment in the implementation of the EU water framework and floods directives: a comparative analysis of selected EU member states

The EU Water Framework and Floods Directives represent important legislative instruments introduced in the water policy during the last two decades. Despite their holistic and complementary approaches, which should yield many benefits, the lack of importance given to the consideration of hydromorphology and sediments is a weakness. This will hinder the achievement of the Directives' goals, since hydrology and geomorphology of rivers and the character and dynamics of sediments are essential components of the aquatic habitat and ecosystem health. The entrainment, transport and deposition of sediments determine the interrelationships between river channel geometry and flow regime, which affect flood risk. The paper reports on the findings of a survey undertaken in 2015 as part of the HYTECH project, which questioned 20 EU Water Authorities about the importance they attached to hydromorphological quality elements and sediment transport during the implementation cycles of both Directives.     

三峡工程泄洪坝段上游坝面裂缝处理技术

分析了三峡工程泄洪坝段出现裂缝的特征和裂缝形成原因，介绍了裂缝处理原则和方案，并对裂缝处理所选用的材料及其施工工艺作了详细阐述。裂缝处理后效果检查显示工程所采用的处理方案是成功的。     

Fenay Beck Flood-Alleviation Scheme

The paper describes flood detention and channel improvement schemes which have been designed to alleviate the flooding of domestic and industrial properties to a 50-year standard of protection. Landscape architects were incorporated into the design teams to cover environmental aspects.
The flood-detention dam would have been constructed mainly of colliery waste, and the design of the concrete horseshoe spillway and stilling basin was checked using a 1 : 40 physical model. River regulation would be by an automatic vertical gate activated by downstream water levels.
Following planning refusal, a channel-improvement scheme was adopted, which is presently under construction. Reduction in valley storage increased downstream flows, necessitating the enlargement of an old brick and concrete culvert within the ICI works to ensure that there were no detrimental effects within their boundary. An increased benefit/cost ratio of 3.46, as compared with 2.55 obtained for the detention scheme, was partly due to the application of new standards.     

襄城县北汝河蓄水工程中的橡胶坝设计

介绍了橡胶坝的特点,结合襄城县北汝河蓄水工程的建设要求及目的,对该工程坝址方案进行了比选,分别阐述了土建和橡胶坝袋两项分部工程的设计及相关计算,并指出该橡胶坝建成后的效益及注意事项,为后续工程设计及施工提供参考。     

蔡庄水库溢洪道橡胶坝安装施工实践

针对蔡庄水库溢洪道橡胶坝工程，介绍了橡胶坝袋的安装方法，并对坝袋进行了充水试运行以及后期处理，并指出了运行中可能存在的一些不足，以提高橡胶坝安装的机械化及专业化水平。     

可持续发展与地下水资源管理研究

本文根据可持续发展的最新理论, 针对地下水资源管理存在的问题, 提出在可持续发展目标下进行地下水资源管理的思想。结合地下水水量水质耦合模型,提出地下水系统环境容量的概念。并给出一种考虑地下水资源与社会、经济、环境相协调的地下水资源优化管理模型框架     

水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境影响研究

尽管国内外的水库工程在防洪、灌溉、发电、供水、航运、水产养殖等方面发挥了巨大作用,但随着使用寿命、功能退化、加固维修费用高等,部分水库大坝将退役或被拆除。了解关于拆坝带来的潜在影响的一条途径是回顾在本河流系统上修建大坝所造成的后果。首先从水库大坝对气候、水质、生物、水库淤积等方面的影响综述了水库大坝的修建及其环境影响。结合国内外实际,综述了我国和美国的拆坝现状,分析了大坝拆除的原因以及拆坝对生态环境影响的时空影响,综述了拆坝后评估生态环境影响的方法,并首次对国内某水库进行了河流生境评估调研。结果表明,水库大坝的兴建与退役拆除均是复杂的系统工程,水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境影响研究具有重要的意义,我国在这方面刚刚起步。     

The effects of water management on annual maximum floods of Lake Como and River Adda at Lecco (Italy)

This paper presents the results of an analysis aimed to assess the impact exerted on the flood regime of Lake Como and its emissary by different kinds of waterworks in the Adda basin (Italy). This includes construction of reservoirs in the Alps, increase in flow capacity of the exutory and regulation of Lake Como. The assessment of the management effect on peak floods is of particular interest as flood damages could be particularly heavy in densely populated areas along the lake banks and in the river flood plain downstream of the lake. The analysis is carried out by comparing the annual maxima of Lake Como levels and the river Adda discharges at Lecco, at the lake exutory, in different real and hypothetical situations. Both the construction of alpine reservoirs and the improvement of flow capacity of the exutory decrease lake levels and flood discharges, while lake regulation (for irrigation and power production) increases them. The overall effect is a generalised reduction of the flood levels and a slight increase in the discharges with return periods lower than 10 years. The discharges with higher return periods, instead, remain unchanged. The difference between peak and mean daily discharges negligible in all cases disappears altogether for return periods higher than 10 years.     

文峪河橡胶坝蓄水工程设计方案

根据文峪河综合整治工程的基本概况,就文峪河橡胶坝蓄水工程设计标准及工程等级作了简要介绍,并从总平面布置、河道治理横断面设计、蓄水工程水源方案、建筑物设计方案等方面具体阐述了该工程设计方案,为同类工程设计提供参考。     

Urban drainage in Ireland – embracing sustainable systems

The current approach to stormwater management in Ireland requires that outflows from new developments are restricted to greenfield values that would have occurred prior to development. This typically involved the use of holding tanks constructed within developments to attenuate stormwater from where it was released at a reduced rate via a control structure to a nearby drainage network or watercourse. Improved drainage policies now require that sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are used to meet this objective. This study presents an evaluation of perceived issues that may impede the adoption of new policies. The findings are based on surveys and focus groups of practitioners involved with the planning and design of drainage systems. Although the study indicates that benefits of SuDS are reasonably well understood, their use, for many reasons, has remained less popular. Concerns with ongoing maintenance and long‐term responsibility of SuDS remain impediments to the embracing of these systems in drainage strategies.