Consolidation analysis of clayey deposits under vacuum pressure with horizontal drains

A method has been developed for the consolidation analysis of dredged mud or clayey soil deposits containing strip-type, prefabricated horizontal drains (PHDs), based on either the axisymmetric or plane strain unit cell theory. An approximate consolidation theory has also been proposed for a surface soil layer subjected to vacuum pressure applied through the PHDs at a shallow depth from the surface. The proposed method and the consolidation theory have then been applied to the analysis of a field project in Japan involving dredged mud consolidated by vacuum pressure with PHDs. By comparing the field-measured and analyzed results in terms of water content distributions with depth and the thickness variation of the deposit, the usefulness of the proposed method has been demonstrated.     

Vacuum-drain consolidation induced pressure distribution and ground deformation

The method of using a surface or subsurface soil layer as an air-sealing layer to carry out vacuum consolidation is referred to as the vacuum-drain method. A method of determining the vacuum-drain consolidation induced vacuum pressure distribution in the ground has been proposed based on unit cell finite element analysis results. With the calculated vacuum pressure distribution, a method for calculating the settlement–time curve and the lateral displacement profile at the edge of the vacuum consolidation area has been established. Finally, the proposed methods were applied to a project using the vacuum-drain method at Tokyo Bay in Japan. Comparing the calculated results with the measured field values indicates that the methods can be a useful tool for designing vacuum consolidation project.     

真空井点降水技术在强夯地基加固中的应用研究

结合上海市某重点工程地基处理项目,针对上部粉质粘土、下部砂质粉土的场地条件,研究了真空井点降水技术在强夯地基加固中的应用。着重分析了真空井点降水技术在降低地下水位、减少浅层土体含水量、加速超静孔隙水压力消散这3方面的作用。     

排水板真空度损耗的排水固结解析解

无砂真空预压吹填软土在国内造地工程中广泛应用,但实践表明传统固结解析解已不足以预测其加固性状和加固效果。从固结方程出发,在原有的等应变假设基础上,在定解条件中增加了吹填土特有的高度欠固结特性和无砂真空预压特别明显的真空度损耗,重新推导得到径向和竖向完全协调的新的等应变解析解——JJJ解答,以解决无砂真空预压吹填软土的排水固结设计理论问题。JJJ法作为固结方程的原生解答,兼容以往所有该类解析解的同时,增加了针对高度欠固结土类和排水板真空度损耗严重的排水固结问题的解决能力。经现场和试验验证,JJJ解析解可相当精确预测无砂真空预压吹填软土的复杂固结过程和加固土体超孔压分布和孔压消散分布,该解答同时也适用于堆载和真空预压的工况。     

水泥搅拌桩和砂桩在真空预压防护工程中应用与分析

基于南沙港区格栅水泥搅拌桩和砂桩联合防护真空预压影响区内高压电缆沟的工程实例,分析了该真空预压影响区的防护方案,对比试验研究影响区防护和未防护断面的表层位移、深层侧向位移和地层中孔隙水压力变化规律;位移测试结果表明该防护方案是有效的,保护了高压电缆沟的安全;地层中孔压变化结果表明深层格栅水泥搅拌桩周围土体有渗流发生,该地层土体中孔隙水压力降低及地下水渗流使土中有效应力改变是周围土体发生变形的主要原因。     

水平黏性土地基动力离心模型试验

从黏性土地基模型的制备、固结到50 g离心机加速度条件下对振动台激励的反应等方面,介绍水平黏性土地基地震动力响应的离心模型试验方法和步骤。试验结果表明,在地震动作用下,所研究的黏性土地基土层从下到上最大地震峰值加速度逐渐增加,说明该自由场地基土层从下到上对地震有放大作用。从土层的加速度反应谱可以看出,在输入的Parkfield地震波作用下,该地基的自然频率为0.5 Hz,地基对低频成分有放大作用,而对大于10 Hz的频率成分几乎没有放大作用。由位移和孔压的变化曲线可知,地基表层土在地震过程中发生的侧向位移最大,而表层以下的土层侧向位移不大。地震过程中中下部土层的孔压增长量最大,中上部土层的孔压增长量次之,底部土层的孔压增长量最小。     

吹填软土植物垫层真空预压现场试验研究

 针对崇明岛吹填软土地基砂源紧缺、人机进场与施工困难、无法满足农业用地需求等状况,提出采用现场芦苇代替砂垫层进行真空预压地基处理试验研究,并与无垫层真空预压进行对比。通过试验研究发现：由于有垫层与无垫层导致真空预压法的加载规律不同,使得地基土的固结特性与效果也不同。无芦苇垫层时真空度经过主管、塑料排水板,短时间内即加载到土体上,地基前期固结速率比较快,但速率降低也很快,地基沉降达到稳定的时间短、所完成的沉降量小;有芦苇垫层时真空度需经过芦苇垫层的扩散缓慢地加载到土体上,负压荷载加到土体上的历时长,地基前期固结速率比较慢,但速率降低也慢,沉降速率在经历约8 d、沉降量在经历约33 d后才与前者相当,但最终所完成的沉降量却比无垫层时高出约10.4%,地基承载力也略高于无垫层情况。研究结果表明,植物垫层真空预压处理吹填软土地基是可行的,且由于其效果好、成本低,值得在类似工程中推广应用。     

真空预压法有限元计算比较

 按照固结度等效的原则,提出将单井涂抹效应对涂抹区内土体渗透性的弱化作用转化为减小单井影响区内土体水平向渗透系数的方法,并讨论单元尺寸对固结度的影响。该计算方法既可减少前处理工作量,又可考虑涂抹效应。结合广州南沙港一真空预压工程,建立三维模型进行有限元计算分析,并通过实测资料和目前常用的平面应变简化方法对计算值进行比较和讨论。研究结果表明,J. C. Chai方法将砂井地基转换为均质地基,所得结果偏保守,而“砂墙”等效方法通过砂井间距来调整渗透系数,会使计算结果偏大,三维有限元法比平面应变方法更能反映砂井地基的固结变形。     

袋装淤泥质土挡墙现场试验研究

在平原地区航道建设过程中,航道开挖会产生大量的淤泥质土,将开挖的淤泥质土装入土工袋用于修筑引航道挡墙,能够有效解决开挖淤泥处理的问题。结合苏州杨林塘航道整治工程,利用航道开挖的淤泥质土,通过室内无侧限压缩与固结试验研究了土工袋处理淤泥质土的作用原理;对100 m长的袋装淤泥质土挡墙试验段开展了现场试验,实测了挡墙施工过程中与竣工后的水平位移、侧向土压力及表面沉降。结果表明土工袋能够加速袋内土体固结,增大袋内土体强度;竣工7个月后实测墙体最大水平位移为29.42 mm,发生在挡墙顶部,墙顶面沉降位移为19.2 cm,基本达到稳定;由于土工袋层间摩擦作用,土工袋挡墙墙后土压力从墙内向墙外会逐渐减小;与常规重力式混凝土挡墙相比,所设计的袋装淤泥质土挡墙能够有效降低工程造价。     

真空和堆载作用了砂井地基固结的边界元分析

边界元法是70年代发展起来的一种新的数值计算方法。本文把边界元法应用于求解真空压力和堆载压力作用下的软粘土砂井地基固结变形的平面应变问题。笔者在文中推导了线性比奥固结理论的边界积分方程,并结合天津新港软土地基的真空预压袋装砂井加固工程就真空预压和堆载预压两种情况进行了计算对比分析;对于砂井地基和无砂井地基的预压效果问题也进行了相应的计算;在文中还把边界元、有限元及差分的计算结果与实测值做了对比。     

A simple solution for prefabricated vertical drain with surcharge preloading combined with vacuum consolidation

Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with the surcharge preloading and vacuum consolidation has become considerably popular for ground improvement projects. A simple solution that incorporates the fundamental embankment features, such as the average degree of consolidation and excess pore pressure, are essential for the design of soft ground improvements by PVDs with vacuum preloading. However, most of the solutions for vertical drains with vacuum consolidation require numerical simulations, whose implementation tends to be laborious. In contrast, a simple solution for vacuum consolidation under time-dependent loading has not yet been proposed. In this study, a simple solution that can be easily incorporated into a conventional spreadsheet is derived for PVDs with vacuum preloading by applying the Laplace transform technique. The proposed solution accounts for several actual construction conditions, such as initial surcharge load, vacuum pump trial period, variations of radial permeability, and time-dependent loading. The results obtained from this proposed approach were validated with those from the finite element method and field data from the case study of the Cai Mep International Terminal project in southern Vietnam. The derived solutions, including the excess pore pressures and average degrees of consolidation, were in good agreement with the predicted and observed data.     

Pilot tests on vacuum preloading method combined with short and long PVDs

Dredged marine clay has been widely used as a filling material for land reclamation in China. The difficulty of using the vacuum preloading method to improve the dredged marine clay together with the bottom sediment clay is the different spacing requirement of the PVDs. To solve this problem, the Vacuum Preloading method combined with the Short and Long PVDs (VPSL) is proposed in this paper. The short PVDs are installed only into the dredged marine clay layer in-between the long PVDs which are installed through the whole clay layer. Pilot tests are also conducted at a land reclamation site in Tianjin, China, to investigate the performance of the proposed method. The ground settlement, the applied vacuum pressure and the pore water pressure in the soil are monitored during the pilot tests. The average degrees of consolidation are calculated based on the monitored settlement and pore pressure data. It is found that the proposed VPSL method is more effective for improving top dredged clay together with the bottom sediment clay than the conventional vacuum preloading method. The vane shear strength profiles of soil layers after ground improvement also show that the VPSL method is more effective to achieve a uniform soil strength profile.     

A method for predicting consolidation settlements of floating column improved clayey subsoil

A method of predicting the consolidation settlement-time curve of floating soil-cement column on improved soft clayey subsoil has been proposed. The degree of the consolidation (U(t)) of the system is calculated by the double soil-layer consolidation theory, and the methods for evaluating the equivalent hydraulic conductivity (k) and the coefficient of volume compressibility (m_v) of the part of the column improved layer have been proposed. The effectiveness of the method was verified by comparing predictions with the results of finite element analysis (FEA) using a unit cell model. The consolidation settlement (s(t)) can be calculated by the method of treating a part of the column improved layer as an unimproved layer and using the corresponding average U(t) value. By comparing the predicted results with the measurements of laboratory model tests and three case histories in Fukuoka, Japan, the effectiveness of the proposed methods has been verified. It is suggested that the method can be used for designing the soft clayey subsoil improvement using floating soil-cement columns.     

Description of partial sandy layers of dredged clay deposit using penetration resistance in installation of prefabricated vertical drains

The dredged soil dumped into a reclamation facility is generally heterogeneous. If the reclamation is executed using hydraulic transportation through pipes, large particles will be deposited around their outlets, and fine particles will be deposited apart from those outlets, resulting in significant grain size segregation. Therefore, ground improvement by applying a preload or vacuum to the dredged soil deposit with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) may result in an unexpected differential settlement. In the present study, partial sandy layers in a dredged soil deposit were identified as three-dimensional information using the penetration resistance of the mandrel in the PVD installation, which was recorded as dense information for a wide region. It was clarified that the depth profile of the penetration resistance of the mandrel in the PVD installation was useful for investigating the soil stratigraphy, because it is closely related to the depth profile of the tip resistance in cone penetration tests (CPTU). The relative penetration resistance, defined as the penetration resistance eliminating the data trend that reflects the effects of the overburden stress, shear strength, sleeve friction and buoyance, is useful for identifying the partial sandy layers in a dredged soil deposit. A classification equation was proposed for identifying the partial sandy layers. Firstly, the depth profile without the sandy layer was approximated, and then the threshold value of 1.0 MN/m² was used to identify the partial sandy layer. To verify the availability of this proposed method, the depth profiles were compared with the results of CPTU tests. In addition, the predicted settlement, calculated on the basis of the stratigraphy obtained using the penetration resistance of the PVDs, was compared with the ground surface profile leveled after vacuum consolidation.     

软土地基真空预压加固的有限元分析

以平面应变比对固结理论为基础,通过比较前人研究成果,选择考虑竖向排水体涂抹效应的砂井地基等效计算方法,根据真空预压加固软土地基的机理,运用有限元分析,提出一种真空预压计算方法。由于真空预压过程中地下水头将降低,因此在计算中采取降低地下水头的方式等效模拟地基表面施加的的真空度。结合工程实例给出算例,对该方法的可靠性进行研究。通过将计算结果同实测资料进行对比,验证了该方法的准确性。     

薄砂层长短板结合真空预压法处理吹填淤泥土试验研究

薄砂层长短板真空预压法是快速加固新近吹填淤泥的一种新工艺。研究表明,抽真空 90 ～ 120 d 吹填淤泥土层平均压缩量可达到 30% ,呈现明显的大变形特征;平均固结度可达到 80% 以上;强度增长明显,检测表层承载力可达到 50 kPa 以上。该方法节省用砂量,便于泥面插板施工,显著改善表层排水条件,能满足浅层快速加固的建设要求。设置护膜土工布有利于水平排水和膜下真空度稳定。设置薄砂层和长短板结合的竖向排水体形式,可平衡和抑制负压作用下新近吹填淤泥土颗粒的径向流动,避免出现排水板周围淤泥抱团而导致的径向排水通道堵塞问题,保障场地加固效果的均匀性。加固后吹填淤泥的物理力学性质得到大幅度改善,与正常淤泥质软土相比,其发展趋势和轨迹是相符的,主要指标值之间的相关性规律是基本一致的。     

真空预压法加固软基三维有限元计算

为预测广州南沙港区某真空预压加固工程的效果与影响范围,针对真空预压加固大面积软基的变形特点,提出将单井涂抹效应对涂抹区内土体渗透性的弱化作用转化为减小单井影响区内土体水平向渗透系数的方法,既可减少三维有限元计算的前处理工作量,又可考虑砂井地基的涂抹效应,讨论了网格尺寸对固结度的影响。并视土体为多孔介质,采用比奥固结理论,结合依托工程,建立了较大规模的三维模型并进行有限元计算分析,计算结果与现场监测数据吻合得较好。     

砂井排水法在镇江电厂三期干煤棚工程中的应用

基于轴对称单井理论,将砂井打设所导致整个地基竖向渗透性增强的影响等效在太沙基单向固结方程的渗透系数上,确定出地基的竖向等效渗透系数,从而将砂井地基转换成无砂井地基的固结排水问题。这样对整个土基进行真三维固结的有限元分析就可以预测砂井地基固结排水所导致的不均匀沉降、土体侧向变形以及土体内的孔压消散,最后,通过某工程实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

双层地基─维固结理论与应用

本文研究了双层地基一维固结问题，给出了荷载随时间任意变化及起始孔压沿深度任意分布情况下双层地基一维固结解答，讨论了双层地基一维固结特性，并为双层地基平均固结度的实际计算提供了图表。与均质地基不同，双层地基平均固结度按沉降定义和按平均孔压定义是有区别的。土的固结系数并不是决定双层地基固结速率的唯一指标。土的压缩性对双层地基固结有重要影响，土越硬，固结越快。     

排水粉喷桩复合地基固结计算方法的探讨

针对排水粉喷桩复合地基这种新型工法,建立了相应的简化固结分析模型;同时为考虑下卧层与加固区的孔压连续问题,将加固区模型一维等效,采用双层地基模型进行编程计算。两种模型得到的超静孔压消散规律,固结度增长规律以及沉降历时曲线均与现场实际情况相一致,验证了本文提出的加固区模型的适用性以及双层地基方法在排水粉喷桩复合地基固结计算中的可行性。