浓香型白酒生态洞酿糟醅中微生物的变化研究

本项目利用黄鹤楼酒生态洞酿车间,探索其区别于其他传统白酒生产的独特之处。研究了不同季节浓香型白酒典型微生物菌群在整个发酵周期的动态变化,通过平板计数法对春夏秋冬4个季节窖池典型微生物菌群数量进行动态监测,比对在相同生产工艺条件下,酿造浓香型白酒发酵过程中糟醅微生物(酵母菌、细菌、霉菌)的数量变化,为黄鹤楼生态洞酿基酒产质量在不同季节的稳定性提供依据。     

酱香型白酒1轮次酿造细菌的菌群结构

为进一步解析酱香型白酒传统固态发酵过程中复杂的微生物体系,采用高通量测序等方法对酱香型白酒1轮次堆积发酵和窖池发酵酒醅中的细菌菌群结构进行研究,结果表明堆积发酵过程的细菌多样性和丰富度均高于窖池发酵,进入窖池发酵阶段,细菌的多样性和丰富度呈现急剧大幅下降。在门和属水平上,堆积发酵检出的总细菌、主要细菌和优势细菌种类均比窖池发酵同比数据多;进入窖池发酵后,微生态很快就由复杂的多菌属生态结构演替为单一的乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)为主导的生态结构。堆积发酵过程优势细菌属有乳酸杆菌属等13个,其中乳酸杆菌属、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)占主导地位。窖池发酵阶段乳酸杆菌属占绝对主导地位。堆积和窖池发酵细菌属水平总丰度前25的物种之间绝大多数呈显著正相关,堆积发酵过程乳酸杆菌属对其生态内的其他菌属的抑制作用强于窖池发酵。研究结果揭示了酱香型白酒1轮次堆积和窖池发酵过程中的细菌菌群结构,为传统白酒固态发酵机制及产业发展奠定了科学基础。     

太白酒发酵过程中酒醅微生物区系分析

以太白酒厂秋季正常生产窖池为试验窖。对窖池酒醅的微生物区系进行分析。研究凤香型白酒发酵过程中酒醅微生物区系的多样性、构成及演替呈动态消长的变化趋势。结果表明。发酵4d时上中层酒醅中的酵母菌、霉菌、放线菌增殖迅速;发酵7d后,好氧细菌和芽孢菌急剧增殖,酵母菌、霉菌、放线菌急剧减少;发酵18d以后,酵母菌、好氧细菌和霉菌均急剧减少,芽孢菌的数量相对增加。     

浓香型酒香型的一种可能成因——窖池微生物的迁移

通过监测窖池不同位点兼性厌氧微生物数量变化及相应理化指标,研究浓香型酒发酵体系中微生物与主体香气成分的关系,初步揭示窖池微生物的迁移性在发酵呈香过程中的影响.结果显示与主体香气相关的功能菌群从窖泥与糟醅接触面向远端窖池内糟醅迁移.     

酱香型白酒第二轮次酒发酵过程微生物多样性研究

为探究酱香型白酒二轮次发酵过程中微生物群落结构的变化、微生物多样性以及物种与样品之间的关系,应用高通量测序技术对酱香型白酒第二轮次酒生产堆积及窖池发酵过程酒醅中微生物的多样性及其主要功能菌群进行研究。结果表明,在堆积过程中共检测到细菌138个属,真菌54个属;窖池发酵过程中共检测到细菌262个属,真菌267个属。酒醅中主要细菌类群为Firmicutes和Proteobacteria,主要真菌类群为Ascomycota和Basidiomycota。堆积过程中绝对优势细菌属有Bacillus、Enterococcus、Lactococcus、Lactobacillus;绝对优势真菌属有Thermoascus、Thermomyces、Candida、Aspergillus。在窖池发酵酒醅中其绝对优势细菌属为Lactobacillus;绝对优势真菌属为Saccharomyces、Candida、Penicillium、Fusarium。由于堆积、窖池发酵酒醅所处发酵环境、发酵物料物态及其工艺参数差异较大原因,使得两者之间生物物种存在较大差异。     

不同窖龄窖泥微生态变化研究

对泸州老窖不同窖龄的窖底泥与窖壁泥中的微生物变化进行了研究.结果表明:窖壁泥的好氧细菌数量和窖底泥的好氧芽孢细菌数量均随着窖龄的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,而窖壁泥的好氧芽孢细菌数量和窖底泥的好氧细菌数量均随着窖龄的增加呈先降后升的趋势;窖底泥的厌氧细菌和厌氧芽孢细菌以及窖壁泥的厌氧芽袍细菌数量随着窖龄的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,不同窖龄的窖壁泥的厌氧细菌数量没有明显差异;不同窖龄的窖泥的好氧细菌、好氧芽孢细菌、厌氧细菌以及厌氧芽孢细菌数量总趋势为窖底泥显著高于窖壁泥;不同窖龄的窖泥中的霉菌和酵母菌数量均较少.     

浓香型白酒窖池糟醅原核微生物区系的分类研究

为了探讨中国传统白酒窖池糟醅中的原核微生物区系的构成及变化,运用PCR扩增技术和16SrDNA序列同源性分析等方法测定糟醅中原核微生物的16SrDNA基因全序列,根据与基因数据库中相似菌群16SrDNA序列的同源性,分析窖池糟醅中原核微生物的生理特性和区系分布。结果发现,发酵60d的浓香型白酒糟醅中,真细菌主要分为6个菌群：低GKmol％革兰氏阳性菌、高G Cmol％革兰氏阳性放线菌群、革兰氏阴性拟杆菌群、革兰氏阴性变形杆菌群、革兰氏阳性纤毛菌群和耵Ⅵ7门,其中β-变形杆菌群约占窖池糟醅中原核微生物的80％;古菌主要为产甲烷古细菌,包括Methanoculleus群和Methanospirillum群。通过不同窖池的比较分析得出,微生物的多样性与窖池微生态密切相关。     

三井窖池微生物和理化参数的变化研究

为了探讨浓香型白酒发酵过程中的微生物消长、物质变化和温度变化三者之间的关系,以三井酒业五粮车间正常发酵的窖池为试验窖池,分别对每个窖池的微生物、物质变化和温度进行跟踪。结果表明：微生物的大量繁殖会导致温度升高以及理化指标的变化;温度变化和微生物的消长有同步现象;酸度和酒精度的升高会导致部分微生物数量的下降。     

温度控制下浓香型白酒窖池温度变化及酵母数量变化趋势研究

利用换热装置控制浓香型白酒窖池发酵温度;在维持中后期窖池顶温的措施下,通过对正常发酵与控温发酵窖池酵母数量变化监测,探讨发酵温度对窖池微生物区系结构组成的影响和对白酒固态厌氧发酵的作用机制。结果显示:控温措施作用明显;温度变化对酵母数量影响显著。     

浓香型酒人工窖泥酿造过程中微生物变化研究

对浓香型酒人工窖泥酿造过程中微生物变化进行了研究。结果表明:4个处理的人工窖泥酿造1轮的窖壁泥,其好氧细菌、好氧芽胞细菌、厌氧细菌、厌氧芽胞细菌数量均较建窖起始泥有大幅度的增加,以后随着酿造轮次的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,霉菌和酵母菌数量在酿造过程中均较少;窖底泥的好氧细菌、好氧芽胞细菌、厌氧细菌以及厌氧芽胞细菌均明显高于窖壁泥,分别是窖壁泥的2.44倍、1.66倍、3.15倍和3.67倍。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.