High-frequency RCS of complex radar targets in real-time

This paper presents a new and original approach for computing the high-frequency radar cross section (RCS) of complex radar targets in real time with a 3-D graphics workstation. The aircraft is modeled with I-DEAS solid modeling software using a parametric surface approach. High-frequency RCS is obtained through physical optics (PO), method of equivalent currents (MEC), physical theory of diffraction (PTD), and impedance boundary condition (IBC). This method is based on a new and original implementation of high-frequency techniques which the authors have called graphical electromagnetic computing (GRECO). A graphical processing approach of an image of the target at the workstation screen is used to identify the surfaces of the target visible from the radar viewpoint and obtain the unit normal at each point. High-frequency approximations to RCS prediction are then easily computed from the knowledge of the unit normal at the illuminated surfaces of the target. The image of the target at the workstation screen (to be processed by GRECO) can be potentially obtained in real time from the I-DEAS geometric model using the 3-D graphics hardware accelerator of the workstation. Therefore, CPU time for RCS prediction is spent only on the electromagnetic part of the computation, while the more time-consuming geometric model manipulations are left to the graphics hardware. This hybrid graphic-electromagnetic computing (GRECO) results in real-time RCS prediction for complex radar targets     

雷达散射截面预估的可视化技术

ＲＣＳ计算的可视化技术是高频ＲＣＳ预估方法与计算机图形学相结合的方法，以非均匀有理Ｂ样条函数的构造自由曲面，以计算机硬件自动处理目标遮挡面，并自动提取计算所需的几何信息。本文给出ＰＯ方法和可视化方法结合的一些结果。     

Greco : graphical processing methods for high-frequency RCS prediction

This paper reviews the graphical processing approach (Greco) to compute high-frequency radar cross section (rcs) of complex radar targets in real time with a 3-D graphics workstation. Targets are modeled with a solid modeling cad package using a parametric surface approach. High-frequency rcs of perfectly conducting objects is obtained through physical optics, elementary edge waves and ray-tracing methods. An image of the target at the workstation screen is processed to obtain unit normals, radius of curvature and orientation of illuminated surfaces and edges. The result is a very fast and efficient code for rcs computation of complex targets.     

Radar cross section (RCS) modeling and simulation, part 1: a tutorial review of definitions, strategies, and canonical examples

Modeling and simulation strategies for radar cross section (RCS) prediction are reviewed, and a novel FDTD-based virtual RCS prediction tool is introduced in this two-part paper. Part 1 is reserved for a tutorial review. Concepts and definitions related to RCS modeling are outlined. Analytical approaches, i.e., high-frequency asymptotics (HFA), as well as powerful time- and frequency-domain numerical methods, are given. Canonical examples using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) Method, the method of moments (MoM), and physical optics (PO) are presented.     

Soft-window averaging of Radar cross sections

Formulae are obtained for when the radar cross section (RCS) of a reflecting surface is smoothly averaged with respect to angle. Our results are derived using the physical optics approximation. The specific cases of near-broadside scattering from cylinders and flat plates are considered in detail. General results are derived for scattering from smooth surfaces in the high-frequency limit. It is shown that the high-frequency approximations to the smooth averages we employ are significantly more accurate than those previously obtained for hard-window averages. This should allow for more efficient and effective evaluations of dynamically collected RCS data. Analogous formulae for frequency averaging are also discussed.     

通用化电磁散射靶船的建模与RCS计算

通过对国外多型现役舰艇舰体、舰载设备的分析,总结出其外部形体特征,建立了通用化、模块化电磁特性靶船模型,综合应用高频RCS分析方法,如物理光学法、一致绕射理论等,对该模型及其缩比模型的RCS进行了计算。对比缩比模型的计算结果和真实测量结果,证明RCS计算结果准确,模型反映了真实靶船的电磁散射特性,满足工程设计需要。     

自由空间复杂导体目标的太赫兹RCS高频分析方法

研究了自由空间复杂导体目标的太赫兹（THz）雷达散射截面（RCS）的高频求解方法。将并矢格林函数引入物理光学方法中,对自由空间环境进行考虑,推导出自由空间物理光学分析方法,并结合图形电磁计算（GRECO）方法,采用分区显示算法改进后,在Visual C++ 2010 程序中实现目标的OpenGL 显示,对自由空间复杂导体目标进行消隐判断,提取像素面元法矢量和深度缓存等有效信息,计算了自由空间复杂导体目标的THz RCS。最后,将程序计算结果与FEKO 软件仿真结果进行比较,结果证明该方法的有效性和准确性。该研究结果为THz 雷达未来在军事、天文和遥感等领域的应用提供了重要依据和方法。     

临近空间高超声速目标RCS模拟技术研究

针对雷达探测临近空间高超声速目标模拟试验中的雷达散射截面（radar cross section，RCS）逼真模拟问题，提出了一种适用于临近空间高超声速飞行器等离子体鞘套下目标RCS衰减模拟方法.首先利用不同高度、不同速度对应的等离子体频率和电子碰撞频率的相关数据，拟合得出不同速度、不同高度对应的等离子体频率和电子碰撞频率关系表；其次，实时查表得到给定雷达频率情况下不同目标高度与速度对应的等离子体频率和电子碰撞频率，建立目标等离子体包覆模型和电磁波传输模型，计算雷达电磁波的衰减系数和反射系数；最后，通过雷达电磁波的衰减系数和反射系数模拟出目标RCS衰减.通过与有关实测数据比对，证明了方法的合理性.仿真分析可知，利用高频率雷达探测临近空间高超声速飞行器将更容易得到连续的航迹，产生雷达"黑障"的时间更短.     

基于改进物理光学法的电大目标双站RCS的预估

研究了电大尺寸目标双站电磁散射的改进物理光学法。针对以往双站高频算法由于忽略阴影区电流影响,导致大双站角下计算误差有所增大的问题,提取电流步进法中的迭代算子,考虑阴影区不同面元的耦合影响,与图形电磁计算方法相结合,推导出了改进的物理光学公式。分别提取照明区和阴影区面元,按照入射波方向进行排序迭代求解,快速有效地计算了电大目标的双站雷达散射截面(RCS)。通过与多层快速多极子,以及高低频混合方法进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

目标雷达散射截面的高频适用条件

根据雷达方程中雷达散射截面参数的物理意义，提出了可以将目标雷达散射截面看成为反射面天线的分析模型，用该模型估算了任意形状平板导体目标后向雷达散射截面，分析了亚毫米波频段使用雷达散射截面参数的适用条件，提出了亚毫米波频段雷达方程中应用雷达散射截面参数的限制条件，给出了平板导体在目标近场条件下，目标实际的雷达散射截面的变化规律，以及与对应情况下平面波照射时的雷达散射截面的关系。     

基于时域物理光学法的涂覆目标瞬态散射分析

为了对涂覆雷达吸波材料(RAM)的电大尺寸目标的时域瞬态散射特性和宽带RCS进行快速计算,以满足工程上对目标电磁散射特性的计算向宽频带、向时域靠拢的需求。通过引入阻抗边界条件(IBC),计算了涂覆RAM 目标表面的等效反射系数,将等效反射系数代入频域物理光学法(PO)的表达式,并进行逆傅里叶变换(IFT),推导出了适用于涂覆RAM的目标的时域物理光学法(TDPO)积分表达式。使用OpenGL 控制图形处理器(GPU)来对目标的面元模型进行消隐处理,提高了运算速度。最后通过两个仿真算例,对TDPO与频域PO计算所得的时域瞬态响应和宽带RCS 进行对比,验证了TDPO计算结果与频域PO计算结果具有同等精度。     

Calculation and analysis of electromagnetic scattering by helicopter rotating blades

This paper describes an application of physical optics and the method of equivalent currents to the calculation of radar cross section (RCS) of a helicopter rotor. The problem is treated using a quasi-stationary approach. The calculation can be parameterized as a function of the locations of the radar transmitter and receiver in relation to the rotor center. Therefore, this offers the possibility of monostatic and bistatic simulations in the far field and near field. Blade geometry is taken into account using a triangular meshing generated by the I-DEAS meshing software. Digital applications are presented and the effects on the RCS spectrum of incidence, frequency, blade number, and the near field are analyzed.     

An estimation and verification of vessel radar cross sections for high-frequency surface-wave radar

The radar cross sections of both small and large ships for high-frequency surface-wave radar (HFSWR) were studied by using the numerical electromagnetics code, and by using measurements from an HFSWR system at Cape Race, Newfoundland, Canada. The results of the study indicated that Teleost, a 2405-ton Canadian Coast Guard ship, and large cargo container vessels (-36000 ton) have comparable RCS values at 3.1 and 4.1 MHz. This was verified by comparing Teleost signals with the reflections of seven cargo-container vessels, identified during an operational evaluation of the HFSWR. The conclusion of the study was that Teleost and the large cargo container vessels had an angle-averaged radar cross section (RCS) of -40 dBm/sup 2/, while small vessels (-1000 tons) could reasonably be characterized by an angle-averaged RCS of -30 dBm/sup 2/, in the lower end of the HF band (3-5 MHz).     

一种角反射体雷达散射截面积的高频预估算法

几何光学/区域投影(Geometrical Optics/Area Projection, GO/AP)法是一种综合利用GO和AP进行电大尺寸目标单站雷达散射截面积(Radar Cross Section, RCS)预估的高频混合算法.文章推导建立了利用GO/AP法进行RCS预估的通用流程, 计算出不同入射方向下三角形三面角反射RCS的完整表达式; 将其与RCS最大值的经验公式以及FEKO软件的仿真结果进行对比, 验证了GO/AP法的可行性; 在边界入射方向对GO/AP算法进行改进, 进一步拓宽了GO/AP法对观察角的适应范围.     

Asymptotic computation of the RCS of low observable axisymmetricobjects at high frequency

A method based on high-frequency asymptotic techniques is described for rapid radar cross section (RCS) computation for arbitrary convex axisymmetric objects whose geometry is described in a computer-aided design (CAD) format. A modified version of the physical theory of diffraction (PTD), which is free from divergence problems at caustics and shadow boundaries and yields good accuracy even for low-RCS objects, is employed. The spurious contributions due to sudden truncation of the physical optics (PO) currents on the shadow boundary, which yield nonphysical results, are removed, and the accuracy of the PTD is enhanced by adding the contributions due to the creeping waves and the fringe-wave currents for discontinuities in the curvature. This modified PTD yields results that are consistent with the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) when the stationary phase evaluation of the fields from the induced currents is valid, and also allows the RCS to be computed for the entire range of incidence angles. The results agree well with those computed with an integral equation code     

物理光学迭代法的子域连接法

本文提出的物理光学迭代法的子域连接法不但适用对电大尺寸一般腔体雷达截面的计算,而且能有效降低数值计算时间.它是将腔体分成若干个子腔体,每个子腔体用物理光学迭代法分析,子腔体之间电磁耦合通过对整个腔体循环迭代计入.数值结果验证了本文方法的正确性.     

部分涂敷目标的RCS仿真计算

涂敷雷达吸波材料(RAM)是目前最为常用的一种减缩雷达散射截面(RCS)的方法,可以在全角度下减小雷达目标的RCS值.采用非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)参数曲面模拟目标外形,运用物理光学法计算电大尺寸部分涂敷目标的RCS.结果显示,在目标一定的部位上而不是在所有部件上涂敷吸波材料,在一定的观察点上仍然能起到减小RCS的作用,既满足了角度范围的需要又节省了RAM的使用费用.     

Diffraction by a terminated semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguidewith three-layer material loading

The plane wave diffraction by a terminated semi-infinite parallel-plate waveguide with three-layer material loading is rigorously analyzed for E polarization using the Wiener-Hopf technique. Introducing the Fourier transform for the scattered field and applying boundary conditions in the transform domain, the problem is formulated in terms of the simultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations, which are solved via the factorization and decomposition procedure. The scattered field is evaluated by taking the inverse Fourier transform and applying the saddle point method. Representative numerical examples of the radar cross section (RCS) are given for various physical parameters and the backscattering characteristics are discussed in detail. Some comparisons with a high-frequency technique are also given to validate the present method     

Target reflectivity and RCS interactions in integrated maritimesurveillance systems based on surface-wave high-frequency radars

Abnormal fluctuations have been observed in detected power levels of some of the targets during trials of the integrated maritime surveillance system (IMS) based on the Canadian east coast surface-wave high-frequency radar (HFSWR). The power level of most of the surface and air targets fluctuated within measurement-error limits (a few dB) during consecutive detections. These fluctuations have been observed to be more than 15 dB for a huge oil platform and nearby large tankers. These fluctuations are quite different than those observed in microwave radars, such as pulse-to-pulse or scan-to-scan fluctuations (which are modeled as different Swerling-type targets), and as are mentioned in most of the classical radar handbooks. In order to understand the reason behind these fluctuations, the behavior of the target reflectivity and radar cross section (RCS) of surface and air targets and their mutual RCS interaction were investigated. Powerful numerical techniques were used to model and understand the target reflectivity and RCS interactions, mostly in the resonance regime. Different scenarios were created, and the mutual RCS behavior of nearby large targets (such as oil tankers and/or fixed offshore oil platforms) as they were maneuvering were modeled. It was shown that 10 dB to 20 dB RCS fluctuations should be expected when targets interact, especially in the resonance regime     

Inband scattering from arrays with series feed networks

Approximate equations are presented for the radar cross section (RCS) of a phased array antenna with a series feed beamforming network. The incident radar wave is assumed to be at the same frequency as the antenna operating frequency. In deriving the RCS formulas, multiple reflections are neglected, and like devices in the feed are assumed to have identical transmission and reflection coefficients. The approximate results are shown to be in excellent agreement with results obtained using a scattering matrix approach. The behavior of the RCS as a function of several feed design parameters is also investigated