Al2O3基陶瓷材料增韧的研究进展

Al_2O_3基陶瓷材料具有高的化学稳定性,有较好的应用前景,但其脆性限制了它的推广应用,对氧化铝陶瓷进行增韧是解决其脆性问题的一条重要途径。简要介绍了目前氧化铝陶瓷的增韧方法和增韧机理,综述了氧化铝陶瓷增韧的研究现状,分析了氧化铝陶瓷增韧研究中存在的主要问题,展望了氧化铝陶瓷增韧的发展方向,提出了原位生长及复合增韧是高性能Al_2O_3基陶瓷材料的研究重点。     

纳米-Al2O3/SiO2加入量对MgO-Al2O3-SiO2复相陶瓷烧结机理的影响

为了探究纳米-Al₂O₃/SiO₂加入量对MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂复相陶瓷烧结行为的作用机理。以微米级MgO、纳米级Al₂O₃和SiO₂为主要原料制备陶瓷基复合材料。通过XRD和 SEM等检测手段对烧后试样的物相组成和微观结构进行测试与表征,重点研究Al₂O₃/SiO₂的加入对复相陶瓷物相组成、微观结构及烧结性能的影响。结果表明:随着Al₂O₃/SiO₂加入量的增大,试样烧后相对密度和烧后线变化率呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势,加入15%Al₂O₃/SiO₂(质量分数)的试样经1 500 ℃烧结后,其相对密度可以达到94%。引入的Al₂O₃/SiO₂与基体中的MgO生成镁铝尖晶石与镁橄榄石相,原位反应伴随的体积膨胀,抵消部分烧结过程中的体积收缩。Al₂O₃/SiO₂加入量为75%(质量分数)的试样经1 400 ℃烧结后,基体中有大量堇青石相生成,随着煅烧温度提高到1 500 ℃,堇青石分解所产生的高温液相促进了试样的烧结收缩。     

B4C增强Al基复合材料的研究进展

综述了当前B4C增强Al基复合材料的研究现状,通过对比不同制备工艺所得复合材料的拉伸强度、硬度、耐磨性能和延伸率等力学性能,总结了粉末冶金法、高能球磨法、无压渗透法、搅拌铸造法以及其他制备技术的优缺点,提出复合材料制备过程中存在的问题及解决方法;此外还介绍了B4C的强化机制;并对B4C增强Al基复合材料未来发展方向和研究重点进行了展望。     

Y2O3添加量对Al2O3/ZrO2共晶陶瓷显微组织及力学性能的影响

为探索第三组元Y₂O₃添加对Al₂O₃/ZrO₂共晶陶瓷显微组织与机械性能的影响,本文利用低温度梯度的高温熔凝法制备了直径为20 mm的Al₂O₃/ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)共晶陶瓷块体,采用SEM、EDS及XRD技术对共晶陶瓷进行微结构分析,并利用维氏压痕法对其硬度和断裂韧性进行测试。SEM结果表明,凝固组织由群集的共晶团结构组成,随着Y₂O₃添加量的增加,共晶团形态由胞状转变为枝晶状,内部相间距在1~2 μm范围内变化。力学测试表明,Y₂O₃摩尔分数小于1.1%时,由于组织内部存在低硬度m-ZrO₂及微裂纹缺陷,故陶瓷硬度较低,约为(9.53±0.22 )GPa;当Y₂O₃摩尔分数为1.1%时,陶瓷硬度最大,约为(18.05±0.27)GPa;当Y₂O₃的摩尔分数大于1.1%时,由于共晶团边界区内气孔缺陷及粗大组织增多,引起陶瓷硬度值略有下降。低Y₂O₃摩尔分数添加时,陶瓷断裂韧性相对较高,约为(6.30±0.16)MPa·m^1/2,这与其内部存在大量微裂纹缺陷有关;随着Y₂O₃添加量的增加,陶瓷的微裂纹数量减少、边界区内缺陷增多,断裂韧性降低。     

ZrO2在β"─Al2O3复合陶瓷中的作用

本文研究了四方和立方ZrO₂在与Na-β"-Al₂O₃的复合陶瓷中作为第二相所起的各种作用。结果说明ZrO₂对复合陶瓷具有细化晶粒、改善显微结构、提高强度和断裂韧性的作用,与此同时也在一定程度上降低离子电导率。在提高力学性能方面,四方ZrO₂除了具有与立方ZrO₂相同的弥散颗粒的作用外,相变所起的作用也是很显着的。ZrO₂-Na-β"-Al₂O₃复合陶瓷是一种有应用价值的固体电解质材料。     

片状Al2O3对Al2O3/FEP复合材料热导率的影响

通过混炼工艺制备了片状Al₂O₃填充聚全氟乙丙烯(FEP)复合材料,以颗粒状Al₂O₃为对比样品,研究了片状Al₂O₃形状和尺寸对 FEP基复合材料热导率的影响,利用SEM观察了FEP基复合材料的微观形貌。结果表明：在低填充量下,Al₂O₃颗粒在FEP基体中呈“海岛”状分布,没有形成连续的导热网链,但其热导率明显提高;复合材料拉伸强度与断裂伸长率随Al₂O₃含量的增加而减小;低填充量时复合材料热导率的提高主要来自Al₂O₃的微细片状结构,这种微细片状结构一方面提高了有效导热路径,另一方面增加了颗粒与基体之间接触面积,因此有利于热导率的提高。     

原位生成Al2O3/Cu复合材料的新工艺

采用一种新型工艺制备了Al₂O₃/Cu复合材料。高能球磨制备亚稳态的Cu-0.8 wt% Al合金粉,再将Cu₂O粉与其一起进行高能球磨,然后将复合粉末压坯在真空炉中同时进行氧化和烧结。该工艺省略了还原剩余Cu₂O的环节,氧化和烧结时间仅为1 h。生成的Al₂O₃的粒径约250nm,颗粒间距约500 nm,均匀弥散分布;该材料冷加工后性能接近SCM制品性能。该配比的Al₂O₃/Cu复合材料的热稳定性良好,在800℃下循环冷淬20次无裂纹;软化温度为700℃。     

机械化学合成Ni2Al3/Al2O3去合金化制备Raney-Ni/Al2O3复合粉体

以NiO粉和Al粉为原料,采用机械球磨诱发化学反应制备了Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和附带能量色散谱仪(EDS)的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合粉体球磨过程中的固态反应过程、表面形貌进行表征。将Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体用浓度为20%的NaOH溶液腐蚀2h,可得到纳米晶结构的Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉体。利用XRD和TEM对其物相和结构进行了表征。结果表明,球磨1h后混合粉末仍为NiO粉和Al粉,球磨3h后NiO粉和Al粉在机械力的作用下反应形成Ni_2Al_3和Al_2O_3粉体,机械力诱发的NiO和Al之间的反应属于突发型反应,继续球磨10h后形成Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体。Ni_2Al_3/Al_2O_3复合粉体在70℃、质量比为20%NaOH溶液中刻蚀2h,可获得Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉体。     

两种Al2O3短纤维增强纯Al复合材料拉伸断裂过程与强化机理研究

选用国产Al₂O₄纤维与英国Saffil纤维怍为增强体,工业纯Al作为基体制成复合材料。在扫描电镜下,进行了微观断裂过程动态观察,并结合强度测定及断口分析探讨了不同情况下的断裂机理。     

纳米Al2O3改性玻璃纤维增强复合材料低温力学性能研究

简述了纳米Al2O3改性玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的制备,并对其常温、低温力学性能进行实验。结果表明,常温、低温下,复合材料的力学性能随着纳米Al2O3含量的增加都呈现先增强后减弱的趋势。低温处理使复合材料的力学性能得到提升,并且低温下Al2O3的引入对复合材料强度的改善效果比常温下明显,Al2O3含量为1%(质量分数)时,拉伸强度提高比例高达16.61%。其原因是低温下基体强度增大,另外基体热膨胀系数大,收缩明显,界面粘接强度增大,纳米Al2O3颗粒在界面处与树脂基体结合更深入,从而使纳米粒子阻碍微裂纹扩展的能力更强。     

微波和真空烧结制备La2O3掺杂Al2O3透明陶瓷

通过共沉淀法制备La2O3掺杂Al_2O_3纳米粉,粉体经压制后分别采用微波和真空烧结制备Al_2O_3透明陶瓷。结果表明:Al_2O_3粉末颗粒大小均匀,近似球形,为40~60nm;两种烧结方式制备的试样XRD图中均为α-Al_2O_3,未检测到其它相。La2O3掺杂量为1%时,随烧结温度升高,两种烧结方法得到的Al_2O_3陶瓷的相对密度和抗弯强度均呈上升趋势,且微波烧结陶瓷的相对密度和抗弯强度明显高于真空烧结。1500℃烧结时,随La2O3掺杂量的增加,Al_2O_3陶瓷的相对密度均先增大后减小,当La2O3掺杂量为1%时,Al_2O_3陶瓷的相对密度和抗弯强度均最大。微波烧结陶瓷的透光率明显高于真空烧结,且其断口晶粒比真空烧结明显细少。     

Si3N4/hBN复相陶瓷的研究现状及进展

Si3N4/hBN复相陶瓷凭借优良的综合力学性能,逐渐成为人们研究的热点。从制备工艺和性能出发阐述了国内外Si3N4/hBN复相陶瓷的研究现状,分析了各种制备方法的优缺点以及hBN含量对Si3N4/hBN复相陶瓷的可加工性能、力学性能、介电性能、摩擦学性能的影响,并指出简化工艺、降低烧结温度、hBN含量与性能定量表征等可能是今后的发展方向。     

添加La2O3对粉煤灰合成Al2O3-SiC复合粉体的影响

以粉煤灰和活性炭为原料,通过碳热还原反应在Ar气氛下合成Al_2O_3-SiC粉体,探究了一条低成本合成Al_2O_3-SiC粉体的可行途径。研究了添加La_2O_3对合成过程的影响。采用XRD和SEM表征了材料的物相组成和显微形貌。结果表明:当粉煤灰与活性炭质量比为100∶44,在1 550℃下保温5h,添加6%(质量分数)的La_2O_3时,可合成性能良好的Al_2O_3-SiC粉体,颗粒分布均匀,平均粒径为0.5~1μm,较不添加La_2O_3合成温度降低约50℃。     

MgO/Al2O3比对MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系统玻璃分相与析晶的影响

采用高温熔融法制备了具有不同MgO/Al₂O₃比的堇青石微晶玻璃。采用差热分析仪(DTA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试技术研究了MgO/Al₂O₃比对该系统玻璃分相和析晶的影响。结果表明:当SiO₂含量不变时,随着MgO/Al₂O₃比的减小,分相形貌由连通的蠕虫状逐渐变为孤立的球形结构,且分相粒子尺寸逐渐减小,从200~300 nm减小至30~50 nm。当MgO/Al₂O₃比从3降到1,析晶峰温度由997 ℃升至1 105 ℃,析晶的难度逐渐提高。当MgO/Al₂O₃比为3时,MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系统玻璃经950 ℃热处理后即产生大量分相,经1 050 ℃热处理后在分相液滴中析出大量堇青石晶体,且堇青石优先在富Mg相中析出。提高MgO/Al₂O₃比有利于MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系统玻璃在分相中析晶,反之,则会降低系统的分相和析晶能力。     

Preparation and properties of nano-SiC strengthening Al2O3 composite ceramics

The processing and mechanical behaviors of Al₂O₃-xwt.%SiC (x = 1, 2, 5, ASx) nano-composites prepared by the in situ synthesis of SiC from polycarbosilane (PCS) were investigated. The composites were densified by hot pressing. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the sintered composites were analyzed. The results showed that a fully dense structure was obtained when a few nano-SiC were doped and that the fracture toughness and strength were highly improved compared with those of monolithic Al₂O₃. The fracture toughness reached 5.1 MPa m^1/2 in AS2 composite. The maximum flexural strength was 516 MPa obtained in AS1 composite.     

Fabrication of porous Al2O3-MgAl2O4 ceramics using combustion-synthesized powders containing in situ produced pore-forming agents

Novel pore-forming agents as well as other starting materials were produced in situ via a solution combustion process and were used to fabricate porous Al₂O₃-MgAl₂O₄ ceramics. The relative fuel-to-oxidant ratios (φ_e) of 1.06, 1.28, 1.49 and 1.70 were achieved by varying the amount of starch in the precursors. Effects of φ_e on the weight percent of the pore-forming agents in the powders, open porosity and Vickers hardness of the as-prepared porous ceramics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the weight percent of the pore-forming agents in the powders increased significantly_, while porosity of the as-prepared ceramics first increased and then decreased as φ_e rose from 1.06 to 1.70. Meanwhile, pore size distribution became far narrower and the Vickers hardness of the porous ceramics increased as φ_e increased.     

Lightweight geopolymer made of highly porous siliceous materials with various Na2O/Al2O3 and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios

The syntheses of lightweight geopolymeric materials from highly porous siliceous materials viz. diatomaceous earth (DE) and rice husk ash (RHA) with high starting SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios of 13.0-33.5 and Na₂O/Al₂O₃ ratios of 0.66-3.0 were studied. The effects of fineness and calcination temperature of DE, concentrations of NaOH and KOH, DE to RHA ratio; curing temperature and time on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the geopolymer pastes were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum calcination temperature of DE was 800 °C. Increasing fineness of DE and starting Na₂O/Al₂O₃ ratio resulted in an increase in compressive strength of geopolymer paste. Geopolymer pastes activated with NaOH gave higher compressive strengths than those with KOH. The optimum curing temperature and time were 75 °C and 5 days. The lightweight geopolymer material with mean bulk density of 0.88 g/cm³ and compressive strength of 15 kg/cm² was obtained. Incorporation of 40% RHA to increase starting SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and Na₂O/Al₂O₃ ratios to 22.5 and 1.7 and enhanced the compressive strength of geopolymer paste to 24 kg/cm² with only a marginal increase of bulk density to 1.01 g/cm³. However, the geopolymer materials with high Na₂O/Al₂O₃ (>1.5) were not stable in water submersion.     

Investigation of chlorination process in aluminum production by carbothermic-chlorination reduction of Al2O3 under vacuum

The chlorination process in aluminum production by carbothermic-chlorination reduction of Al₂O₃ under vacuum has been investigated by XRD, SEM and thermodynamic analysis. The results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that the chlorination of Al₄C₃ or Al₄O₄C possibly proceeded at temperature 1300 °C under 5-50 Pa. The experiment results showed that aluminum could be produced by the chlorination of Al₄C₃ or Al₄O₄C and the decomposition of AlCl(g). According to the analysis of experiment results, Al₄C₃ and Al₄O₄C were the main reactants participated in chlorination process in aluminum production by carbothermic-chlorination reduction of Al₂O₃ under vacuum. AlCl(g) generated in chlorination of Al₄C₃ or Al₄O₄C would decompose into Al and AlCl₃(g), and then aluminum product would condense in condensation tower.     

纳米Fe2O3水泥基复合材料制备的响应曲面研究

配制三种常用高效减水剂溶液,观察纳米Fe_2O_3在三种溶液中的分散效果;基于响应曲面正交旋转组合设计,并考虑纳米Fe_2O_3掺量(Nano-Fe_2O_3content,NFC)、聚羧酸减水剂母液掺量(Polycarboxylate superplasticizer content,PSC)、水胶比(Water-binder rational,WBR)三因素,研究水泥硬化浆体的配比参数与强度间的响应曲面,分析各参数对强度的影响规律。结果表明:纳米Fe_2O_3在聚羧酸高性能减水剂母液溶液中分散效果最好;当配比参数NFC=0.027、PSC=0.017 5、WBR=0.28时,水泥硬化浆体具有较高的强度;从统计学与实践角度来看,响应曲面方程具有较高的可靠性和精度;抗压强度随PSC的增大先增大后减小,随WBR的增大而减小,随NFC的增大而增大;最佳数值附近存在最适宜配方和掺量,使水泥基复合材料具有较好的强度和施工性;响应曲面法(Response surface methodology,RSM)可广泛应用于新型水泥基复合材料的研发领域,发展前景广阔。