Enhancing Search Performance on Gnutella-Like P2P Systems

The big challenges facing the search techniques on Gnutella-like peer-to-peer networks are search efficiency and quality of search results. In this paper, leveraging information retrieval (IR) algorithms such as Vector Space Model (VSM) and relevance ranking algorithms, we present GES (Gnutella with Efficient Search) to improve search performance. The key idea is that GES uses a distributed topology adaptation algorithm to organize semantically relevant nodes into same semantic groups by using the notion of node vector. Given a query, GES employs an efficient search protocol to direct the query to the most relevant semantic groups for answers, thereby achieving high recall with probing only a small fraction of nodes. To the best of our knowledge, GES is the first to identify node vector size as an important role in impacting search performance and to show that the node vector size offers a good trade-off between search performance and bandwidth cost. Moreover, GES adopts automatic query expansion and local data clustering to improve search performance. We show that GES is efficient and even outperforms the centralized node clustering system SETS. For example, in the scenario where node capacity is heterogeneous, GES can achieve 73 percent recall when probing only 20 percent nodes, outperforming SETS by about 18 percent.     

Evaluation of P2P multimedia clustering techniques in JXTA-Overlay

Efficient file searching is an essential feature in P2P systems. While many current approaches use brute force techniques to search files by meta information (file names, extensions or user-provided tags), the interest is in implementing techniques that allow content-based search in P2P systems. Recently, clustering techniques have been used for searching text documents to increase the efficiency of document discovery and retrieval. Integrating such techniques into P2P systems is important to enhance searching in P2P file sharing systems. While some effort has been taken for content-based searching for text documents in P2P systems, there has been few research work for applying these techniques to multimedia content in P2P systems. In this paper, we introduce two P2P content-based clustering techniques for multimedia documents. These techniques are an adaptation of the existing Class-based Semantic Search algorithm for text documents. The proposed algorithms have been integrated into a JXTA-based Overlay P2P platform, and evaluation results are provided. The JXTA-Overlay together with the considered clustering techniques is thus very useful for developing P2P multimedia applications requiring efficient searching of multimedia contents in peer nodes.     

具有社会网络特性的P2P分层搜索机制

无结构P2P网络中基于泛洪法的搜索机制会给系统带来极大的网络负载,结构化P2P网络则需要较大的开销来维护其拓扑结构。针对该问题,给出一种具有社会网络特性的P2P分层搜索机制。根据社会网络的基本原理,将语义相似度高的节点分布在同一个虚拟社区,节点在虚拟社区内能动地建立搜索链接。实验结果证明,该搜索机制能有效地提高P2P网络的资源搜索效率。     

基于社会特性的P2P资源查找策略

提出一种基于社会特性的P2P资源查找策略。将具有类似兴趣的节点组织成多个兴趣簇,形成一个多簇相互交叠的重叠网络拓 扑。节点通过相似度比较,选择与自己兴趣度最相似的候选节点建立邻居关系,结合带偏向的随机走动策略和跨簇节点广度优先搜索策略,进行资源查找。实验结果表明,该策略的查找成功率较高。     

A cache-based search algorithm in unstructured P2P networks

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network is an important component to implement next generation Internet, how to quickly and efficiently search the resources in P2P networks has become one of the most critical issues, at the same time, this is one of greatest concern to users. This paper describes the basic Flooding Peer-to-Peer network search method, followed by analysis of several new search methods pros and cons, and then further analysis of these algorithms is proposed based on a cache-based search algorithm: When a node of the remaining load capacity is high, it will become the center node, and form a joint topology area with the nearby nodes together, then the center node and ordinary nodes also need to store the index cache, at the local region the overheating resources will be copied to the local (that is, the contents cache). The simulation shows that the algorithm can effectively improve the hit rates of resources searching, reduce the query delay.     

自组织聚类的P2P语义路由算法

为解决结构化P2P语义路由过程效率低的问题,通过分析哈希函数,归纳出目的节点、传统语义路由中继节点序列、聚类邻居节点集三者之间的逻辑关联特性,提出一种自组织聚类的P2P语义路由算法,在提高路由效率的同时,保证P2P网络的对等性、自组织性及规模可缩放性。     

基于兴趣域的非结构化P2P模型

泛洪式路由（Flooding）是在非结构化对等网络中进行有效资源查找的主要方式,但其路由过程将产生大量冗余消息,因而严重制约了其可扩展性。随节点数增多,泛洪式路由的网络带宽消耗也变得异常严重。针对非结构化P2P网络拓扑的特点,结合对已有的非结构化P2P搜索算法的研究,文章提出了一种基于兴趣域的非结构化P2P搜索算法,使得节点能在短时间内查找到有效的资源,减少了查询信息量,缩短了路由路径,提高了搜索效率。     

基于P2P的路由查询机制

针对现有P2P检索的路由盲目性问题,提出能够适应网络可扩展性的路由查询机制。在检索过程中根据各节点的响应顺序,将每条查询路径上的回复节点信息分别保存在与它相邻的2个回复节点的路由信息表中,据此为以后的检索提供路由。在没有路由信息可用时,选择原始邻居节点进行路由,以利用原始拓扑结构的特点。实验结果表明,该机制能有效减少消息转发数量,提高信息检索的成功率。     

基于分类节点的P2P语义路由模型

对于P2P语义覆盖网络,语义信息的维护和智能路径的选择是实现的难点。根据小世界原理,提出了一种新的基于节点分类划分的P2P语义路由模型。通过建立节点本体来描述节点的网络结构和节点下的内容项,在此基础上创建了路由消息格式和节点分类划分的方法,然后创建了支持内容语义查询的节点内相关性内容查询算法和节点间消息路由算法。通过实验对比,该语义路由模型能够提高P2P系统下的内容查找速度并且能够显著降低占用的网络带宽。     

基于信任管理的对等网络路由选择

在对等网络中每个节点都充当了路由的作用,在搜索某文件时,正确地选择转发节点,可提高搜索文件的效率。构建了基于信任的动态拓扑模型,给出了节点信任度评估的方法;提出了用加密发送消息的方法,确定故障节点;通过设定CPU的响应时间阈值,解决高可信节点因被链接过多而导致的节点拥塞,避免对高可信节点的完全依赖;设计了基于信任的节点链接更新算法,提高了网络性能。通过仿真实验验证了该方法的正确性。     

基于本体的P2P复杂搜索

传统的DHT-P2P系统有一定的局限性，如基于单特征词搜索，计算机不理解用户搜索请求的含义等。对基于本体的P2P复杂搜索进行了研究。应用向量空间模型理论去描述文档，同时对P2P标识符空间进行分割，使相似文档在邻近的节点范围内聚集，不但解决了多特征词复杂搜索的问题，而且提高了搜索的速度。利用本体知识的帮助去理解用户的搜索请求，合理扩大搜索范围，避免搜索结果出现遗漏。实验结果表明，依据该理论构建的仿真系统实现了复杂搜索，搜索速度较快，提高了查全率，且节点达到了较好的负载平衡。     

基于Kademlia的P2P网络资源定位模型改进

根据基于分布式散列表(DHT)的P2P网络资源定位方法,将虚拟节点引入结构化P2P系统,在拓扑形成时充分利用网络访问的区域性和物理网络中节点的邻近性来降低访问延迟并优化路由选择。构建一种改进的基于Kademlia的P2P网络资源定位模型,提高了网络可扩展性和可管理性及网络运行效率和资源利用率。仿真结果表明,改进后的模型继承了DHT和Kademlia的优点,在路由选择、查找成功率和平均逻辑路径长度等方面的性能均优于原Kademlia模型。     

基于P-范式模型的P2P网络分组查询算法

P2P系统的可用性取决于查找数据的有效方法。利用节点兴趣和节点与中心节点的通信延迟建立链接,动态分组P2P网络的节点,查询节点通过中心节点转发搜索请求给其他中心节点,中心节点收到搜索请求后,若查找资源的主题排在本组关注的前K（K一般取1～3）位,则搜索本组内所有节点。在此基础上,提出了一种基于P-范式模型的P2P网络分组查询算法。算法分析和实验结果表明该算法的性能优于MSW查询算法。     

基于语义扩展的P2P网络

针对当前P2P系统中多数为媒体文件,而对应描述信息有限的问题,提出了一个通过Web信息挖掘来扩展语义的算法.同时提出了一个基于语义跳表的多层环网络结构,帮助用户进行相关内容推荐.实验表明,用本文所提出的方法,在消息量很小的情况下,与传统的基于中心服务器的检索精度很相近,具有实用价值.     

基于网络全局与搜索局部特性的P2P搜索算法

现有启发式搜索只考虑了搜索过程中的局部性原理,少数的考虑了网络的全局特征,却没有一个算法能同时利用局部性原理和全局性原理来指导搜索过程。为此提出了一种基于动态拓扑调整的搜索算法GLMW,在考虑网络的幂律特征与异构性的基础上利用搜索过程中存在的局部特征来构建搜索协议。通过在仿真软件上的实验,不同的网络规模下比较分析结果表明,算法可以得到更好的查询效果。在同等网络环境下,GLMW查询到的目标副本文件数较多,延时较短,对网络中高能力节点的利用率高。     

基于路由学习的非结构化P2P搜索技术研究

针对无结构化P2P环境下P2P泛洪搜索的盲目性和高资源消耗性,提出一个基于路由学习的非结构化P2P搜索算法,建立两个索引表,存储三类节点信息,通过学习关联节点的信息,建立路由表,并定时与路由表内节点交换信息,减少搜索时间,降低搜索开销。理论和仿真实验证明该算法能有效地提高搜索速度,降低搜索开销。     

考虑搜索行为与节点内容的P2P搜索方法①

针对基于兴趣驱动的P2P搜索方法在挖掘节点兴趣和扩展搜索兴趣的上下文语义等方面不足,改进Social-P2P算法,给出考虑搜索行为和节点内容的P2P搜索方法。引入概念格理论,根据节点内容和用户搜索行为建立朋友列表,以朋友列表为形式背景构造概念格,建立兴趣域。搜索消息在概念格内查询,缩短搜索路径和减少搜索消息,概念偏序关系扩展查询消息的上下文语义,增强搜索精确度。实验验证该方法比Social-P2P搜索方法和泛洪搜索方法具有更好的召回率和精确率。     

SSON：一种基于结构化P2P网络路由的语义覆盖网络结构

本文基于结构化P2P网络路由机制,采用基于主题划分的方法,提出了基于结构化P2P网络路由的语义覆盖网络SSON。SSON通过结构化P2P网络的标识符映射机制,根据资源类别将结点组织成层次化的覆盖网络,该覆盖网络结构确保搜索限制在与查询主题相关的局部结点子集中。该结构充分利用了结构化P2P网络的优点,解决了基于非结构化P2P网络建立的语义覆盖网络的对主题群的搜索低效问题,同时克服了结构化P2P网络仅支持精确匹配查找的缺点,为结构化P2P网络提供了可靠、高效的语义查询机制,极大地提高了查全率。     

PGSW-OS: a novel approach for resource management in a semantic web operating system based on a P2P grid architecture

A web operating system is an operating system that users can access from any hardware at any location. A peer-to-peer (P2P) grid uses P2P communication for resource management and communication between nodes in a grid and manages resources locally in each cluster, and this provides a proper architecture for a web operating system. Use of semantic technology in web operating systems is an emerging field that improves the management and discovery of resources and services. In this paper, we propose PGSW-OS (P2P grid semantic Web OS), a model based on a P2P grid architecture and semantic technology to improve resource management in a web operating system through resource discovery with the aid of semantic features. Our approach integrates distributed hash tables (DHTs) and semantic overlay networks to enable semantic-based resource management by advertising resources in the DHT based upon their annotations to enable semantic-based resource matchmaking. Our model includes ontologies and virtual organizations. Our technique decreases the computational complexity of searching in a web operating system environment. We perform a simulation study using the Gridsim simulator, and our experiments show that our model provides enhanced utilization of resources, better search expressiveness, scalability, and precision.     

层次化的分布式路由结构

在P2P网络中构建了一种基于IPv6地址的分层的分布式路由结构,旨在解决目前分布式哈希表路由中存在的物理拓扑与逻辑网络不匹配造成的寻路效率低下的问题。通过对IPv6地址的每一级集聚标识符分别进行哈希构建节点标识符,构造有层次的节点路由信息,使得物理上相邻的节点在覆盖网络中也邻近,很好地降低了查询时延,提高了查询效率。同时,使用多关键字映射,根据各关键字的权值建立分层的关键字标识符,形成相似节点的聚集,实现了多关键字查找,并提高了相似数据的查询效率。