Al-Si合金铸铁抗锌液腐蚀的研究

研究了不同Ａｌ含量的Ａｌ－Ｓｉ合金铸铁在热浸锌过程中的腐蚀速率、界面组织结构和成分变化。结果表明,随着合金铸铁中Ａｌ和Ｓｉ含量升高腐蚀速率降低,当Ａｌ－Ｓｉ总量为１０（ｗｔ）％时,腐蚀速率小于普通灰铁的１０％。Ａｌ－Ｓｉ合金铸铁锌液腐蚀的原因：（１）表层形成较稳定的Ｆｅ３Ａｌ、ＦｅＡｌ或Ｆｅ３Ｓｉ、Ｆｅ５Ｓｉ３相;（２）界面层中形成较厚的合金相层;二者均使铸铁与锌液反应扩散速率降低。另外,石墨与基体的边界为Ｚｎ原子的侵入提供了通道,温度越高浸蚀越重。在同样的化学成分条件下,球状或蠕状石墨铸铁优于片状石墨铸铁的抗蚀性。     

镍硼镀层对陶瓷与金属联接的影响

采用自催化镀方法对Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷表面进行３Ｎｉ－Ｂ镀层金属化处理，然后，把金属化的Ａｌ２Ｏ３分别和Ｎｉ，Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ合金组成偶对，进行了固相压力扩散焊，并通过组织分分析对界面区的固相反应进行研究。结果表明，经特殊预处理的９９％Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷，其表面镀层Ｎｉ－Ｂ型基体的结合强度可达２５０ＭＰａ以上，镀层呈非晶态，而热处理可完全晶体化。Ｎｉ－Ｂ／Ｎｉ（Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ）对。界面消失，成分完全均匀；Ａｌ２Ｏ３／     

快凝粉末Al-10Fe-1V-2Si-0.5Re耐热铝合金

研究了用超声雾化法制备的快凝粉末Ａｌ－１０Ｆｅ－１Ｖ－２Ｓｉ－０．５Ｒｅ合金的性能及显微组织。结果表明，合金中弥散相，如α－Ａｌ１２（Ｆｅ．Ｖ）３Ｓｉ相在５００℃仍保持较好的稳定性；合金具有良好的室温和高温性能，其室温抗拉强度为５４７ＭＰａ，延伸率达１１％；合金经过３００℃／１００ｈ热暴露后在３００℃的屈服强度仍达２５０ＭＰａ。     

热镀锌和锌铝合金镀层的微观组织及盐雾腐蚀行为

采用间歇式中性盐雾加速试验方法研究了Q235钢热镀锌及55Al-Zn合金镀层的腐蚀行为，利用扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）分析了镀层的微观组织和腐蚀产物的成分。镀层的微观组织分析结果表明热镀锌层由表及里是η相（纯锌），ζ相（FeZn13),δ1相（FeZn7）和α固溶体组成；热镀锌铝合金镀层由两层组成，外层由富锌和富铝两相固溶体组成，内层由单一的η相（Fe2Al5)组成。盐雾试验和腐蚀产物分析结果表明，热镀锌铝合金层的耐腐蚀性能优于热镀锌层。     

快速凝固Al-Fe基合金的组织演化和相选择

对Ａｌ－７．８３Ｆｅ,Ａｌ－５．１６Ｆｅ（ｗｔ％）两种Ａｌ－Ｆｅ快凝条带中不同冷速部位组织进行了ＴＥＭ分析,着重考察了Ａｌ－Ｆｅ快凝合金的组织演化演化及其各竞争初生相的析出次序。结果表明,Ａｌ－Ｆｅ合金快凝组织与成分及熔体的冷速有关,对一定成分的合金,当增加其熔体冷速时,亚稳ＡｌｍＦｅ相优先于Ａｌ６Ｆｅ相析出,初生α－Ａｌ相优先金属间化合物相析出,当合金中Ｆｅ含量越低,形成无一金属间化合物的相单－     

用透射和扫描电镜观察Ni—Cr—Al合金γ‘和Cr（α）析出相

Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－３％Ａｌ－０．２％Ｃｅ合金０．３ｍｍ细丝经５００－６００℃时效处理，用透射和扫描电镜观察组织形貌，用化学定量提取法和测定微区成分的方法确定相Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ａｌ的含量，用程控图像仪测定富Ｃｒ（α）相析出颗粒大小和分布，查明了γ相沿基体９１００）面共格析出并细小颗粒状，在γ相周围析出的过饱和富Ｃｒ（α）相弥散分布在合金基体中，据此认为该合金是由γ相和富Ｃｒ（α）相复合析出强化合金基体的。     

TiC—Al2O3—Fe金属陶瓷的蔓延高温合成研究

通过自蔓延高温合成结合准热等静压法（ＳＨＳ／ＰＨＩＰ）制备出了致密度为９７．７％的ＴｉＣ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－２０Ｆｅ３合金陶瓷（ＴＡＦ２０）,分析了金属陶瓷的相组成、微观组织及性能。结果表明：金属陶瓷由ＴｉＣ,Ａｌ２Ｏ３陶瓷颗粒和Ｆｅ粘结相组成;粘结相中Ｆｅ与Ａｌ２Ｏ３之间的界面光滑,与ＴｉＣ之间有一薄的扩散层;ＴＡＦ２０金属陶瓷的抗强度和抗压强度分别为８９０ＭＰａ和１８．４ＧＰａ。     

快凝Al-Fe-V-Si-Nd合金中纳米相穆斯堡尔谱的介电子结构分析

测量了快凝Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｖ－Ｓｉ－Ｎｄ合金在６４８Ｋ热处理前后的穆斯堡尔谱。依据固体与分子经验电子理论（ＥＥＴ）,计算了快凝Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｖ－Ｓｉ－Ｎｄ合金中Ａｌ８Ｆｅ４Ｎｄ相的介电子结构,并建立了Ｆｅ与近邻原子的空间键络。通过与α－Ａｌ３（Ｆｅ,Ｖ）３Ｓｉ相中Ｆｅ原子的价电子的价电子结构的比较分析,从键络的微观角度出发初步探讨了Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｖ－Ｓｉ－Ｎｄ合金在相变前后穆斯堡尔谱参数变化的原因。     

重力分离SHS法制备陶瓷内衬复合钢管耐蚀性的研究

基于重力分离ＳＨＳ法制备了陶瓷内衬复合钢管，分析了内衬陶瓷层的组织结构及添加剂ＳｉＯ２和ＣｒＯ３对复合钢管耐蚀性的影响。研究发现，内衬陶瓷层主要由构成枝晶的α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３基体相和分布于其间的ＦｅＯ·Ａｌ２Ｏ３尖晶石相所组成，ＳｉＯ２主要以石英相结构存在于枝晶晶界中。在Ｆｅ２Ｏ３＋Ａｌ＋ＳｉＯ２体系中，陶瓷层的腐蚀主要为晶间腐蚀，并在ＳｉＯ２添加量为４％ｗｔ时，复合钢管的腐蚀失重率出现极大值（约为１     

机械合金化Fe－Al－（Si）合金组织结构的研究

通过Ｘ射线和透射电镜等分析手段，研究了机械合金化（ＭＡ）对Ｆｅ_（７１．３）Ａｌ_（２８．４）（ＣｅＯ_２）_（０．３）和Ｆｅ_（７３．３）Ａｌ_（９．８）Ｓｉ_（１６．６）（ｃｅＯ_２）_（０．３_成分合金组织结构的影响。实验结果表明：随着ＭＡ时间的增加，α－Ｆｅ固溶体形成。当ＭＡ至７２ｈ后，α－Ｆｅ固溶体相对稳定化，其点阵常数、有效晶粒直径不再变化。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.