基于力觉伺服轨迹规划的磨抛工业机器人曲面跟踪控制研究

为进一步提升工业机器人磨抛自由曲面时的轨迹跟踪控制技术,设计一种自由曲面磨抛轨迹自动生成方法。生成工件的STL模型,利用Bezier三角曲面拟合方法得到工件的拟合曲面,基于螺旋式磨抛轨迹实现自由曲面轨迹规划;利用等参数法和轨迹偏置的方法生成全部的轨迹,根据曲线路径曲率的变化,自适应调节控制点的间距,避免了曲线偏置时的干涉问题;在工业机器人腕处安装6D力传感器,利用力/位置混合控制方法对工业机器人进行运动轨迹跟踪控制。通过实验平台测试,验证该方法能够有效地进行曲面跟踪控制。     

基于超声测距的自由曲面数字化方法研究

对数学模型未知的自由曲面进行超声仿形测量时，必须事先估算各采样点的位置和法矢。针对此问题，提出了一种两次采样的数字化方法：首先采用双曲线外插方法对曲面进行特征线采样，生成初始曲面；然后采用B样条节点插入算法对初始曲面进行递归分割，生成基于给定采样精度的自适应采样路径。实例表明，该方法能较好地提高自由曲面超声测量的效率。     

自由曲面测量点云数据的建模方法研究

本文提出了一种散乱点云数据的建模新方法。通过对点云数据进行空间三维划分，实现了边界信息的高效提取。采用局部曲面拟合方式得到位于截平面上的有序数据，使得无序的散乱数据形成了有序的阵列数据，实现了NURBS曲面的精确拟合。实验证明，该方法非常适合卷曲类模型的自由曲面重构，在某零件的测量、建模和加工中已经得到了实际应用。     

基于自适应采样的曲面加工误差 在机测量方法

基于模具在机测量的自适应采样结果,提出一种新的获取自由曲面加工误差的方法。该方法首先基于自适应采样获取加工曲面上少量测点的坐标数据,利用NURBS曲面重构来拟合加工曲面;然后基于广义牛顿法计算重构的实际曲面和理论曲面的法向距离,获得自由曲面的加工误差,并对实验加工的模具模型曲面的轮廓度误差进行分析。实验结果表明,基于自适应采样的加工曲面重构方法能够在机测量且有效地获得自由曲面加工误差。     

基于IGES的卷曲类工件结构光测量路径规划研究

本文通过对卷曲类工件IGES文件的分析，本文提出了一种新的基于IGES文件的测量路径规划策略。根据张量积曲面的性质，提出了一种曲面组合算法，运用了张量积曲面的性质，将曲面操作转化为多次曲线操作，将IGES文件中存储的多片曲面片组合为一整片曲面，从而为自由曲面测量路径的提取提供了数学模型。运用二次逼近原理，提出了一种B样条曲线上的等距采样算法。通过在实际系统进行实验，上述策略及算法得到了验证，并在自主开发的智能测量建模加工一体化装备中得到了应用。     

基于三维CAD数模的现代测量技术

给出了基于三维CAD数模的现代测量系统构架,CAD设计产生的零件三维数模导入测量软件,基于导入的CAD数模产生测量路径,生成DMIS自动测量程序给三座标测量机,无需测量机、工程图和实物零件,实现零件测量编程和零件制造的并行工程。以CAD数模为核心的现代测量技术,在高效数模自动编程、自由形状轮廓曲面测量、制造质量检验等方面均有应用。     

自由曲面三坐标加工等间距刀具路径规划

为提高自由曲面数控加工的切削效率,改善刀具的受力状态,提出了一种自由曲面三坐标加工等间距刀具路径规划方法.分析了在实际加工过程中可采用的几种刀具路径规划方法及其实现等距加工的约束条件.研究了等间距刀具路径的计算方法,并针对计算过程中出现的逼近误差校验和刀具路径延伸与裁剪问题给出了解决方法.对等参数线法和等距截面法进行了比较,表明应用该方法规划自由曲面刀具路径,可提高走刀路径对曲面形状变化的适应性和切削行间距分布的均匀性.     

柔性测量臂测头半径补偿算法研究

柔性测量臂测头半径补偿的精度对系统精度具有重要影响.本文在分析半径补偿基本原理的基础上,提出了一种基于测量特征分类的半径补偿算法.该算法首先把测量特征分为点、线、面3种基本特征(其中面特征又分为二次曲面和自由曲面),然后建立各种特征的参数方程,利用测量得到的少量特征点,采用最小二乘法拟合得到被测特征的参数,最后根据被测特征参数进行高精度半径补偿.试验结果表明本文方法确实可行,具有较高的测量精度和较好的实用性.     

自由曲面数控加工刀具轨迹映射算法

对自由曲面的数控加工,寻求最优的刀具轨迹生成方法至关重要。本文基于开源3D库Open CASCADE(OCC)和编程开发环境Microsoft Visual Studio 2010(VS2010),应用B样条表达的自由曲面,采用“投影法”思想,研究“重用已有相似刀具路径”方法,提出了处理自由曲面的NC刀具轨迹映射算法。为了验证算法的有效性和可行性,实验建立5类自由曲面,启动设计的轨迹映射算法,输出曲面的NC加工轨迹质量可以满足设计要求,实现了刀具轨迹的重用。     

基于高斯混合模型的机器人曲面打磨路径规划

针对自由曲面上不规则区域的机器人打磨路径规划问题，提出一种基于高斯混合模型(GMM)的自适应路径规划方法。首先借助测地线的数值求解实现多边形网格上的指数映射与对数映射，然后基于黎曼流形上的GMM实现曲面上不规则区域的统计建模，并基于平行样式完成对不规则区域的打磨路径规划。所提方法简练描述了曲面上不规则区域的分布情况，并高效实现了局部覆盖路径规划。最后使用工业机器人在NURBS曲面工件的实验平台上进行实验，实验结果验证了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

Performance investigation of fitting algorithms in surface micro-topography grinding processes based on multi-dimensional fuzzy relation set

For the purpose of improving the resultant performance processes of microsurface precise grinding in different machining conditions, the obtained grinded surface should be quality-evaluated and influence-assessed under the instructions of topography modeling. Since microsurface fitting algorithms exerts a considerable influence on those constructed topography mathematical features in geometric domain, which results to different grinding micro-topography processes caused by one specific influence mechanism, and makes the performance investigation of fitting algorithms in surface micro-topography grinding processes indispensable. Through extracting the coordinate positions of those selected physical control points in one objective surface topography sample to be grinded by using a series of precise spatial coordinate measurement apparatuses, several typical algorithms of surface fitting in geometric domain were used for constructing the micro-topography models of those sample section surface with complicated point cloud. On the base of computing the newly proposed mathematical features caused from those micro-topography models, fuzzy evaluation data sequences were established and one new multi-dimensional mathematical quantitative evaluation method derived from fuzzy relation set was proposed and employed to deal with their inherent mutual-relationships. As the performance comparisons of resultant grinded topography between using surface modeling operations and not using surface modeling operations were clearly quantified, it is obvious that the multi-dimensional fuzzy influence relation set between surface fitting algorithms, topography geometric features, and practical grinding processes in different experimental conditions will be quantitatively analyzed in detail, which contributes to the acquirement of final conclusions concerned with the inherent influence mechanism and mutual mathematical relation set emerged from the performance results of different surface fitting algorithms, together with the topography spatial features and practical surface grinding process characteristics in one specific experimental conditions as well. Through realizing grinding processes evaluation based on multi-dimensional fuzzy relation set and making performance comparisons with several other typical statistical evaluation methods in index analysis, an in-depth performance inspection of surface precise grinding with objective micro-topography will be facilitated and optimized; simultaneously, a new research idea for improving microsurface modeling and its subsequent grinding processes in a practical experimental operation can also be demonstrated in the long run.     

Real-time simulation and visualization of robotic belt grinding processes

Real time simulation and visualization are important for robot programmers to verify and optimize the path planning for the robotic belt grinding process. A new free-form surface representation based on discrete surfel element is developed to facilitate the system implementation, which exploits the advantage of the new development of point-based rendering technology in computer graphics. A local process model is integrated to calculate the material removal rate by considering the local geometry information and non-uniform force distribution. The final surface grinding error is easy to be assessed and visualized for quality evaluation. The experiments show that the simulation error is below 15%, even for a non-uniform contact under stable cutting conditions.     

基于网格化局部差值拟合的自由曲面加工路径规划方法

基于网格化局部插值拟合的曲面加工路径规划方法是在传统的等参数离散法基础上,对离散的密集的刀心点云进行网格化重新规划。提出了一种对刀心点云投影并进行网格化的新方法。在网格点局部根据临近的刀心点进行局部插值拟合的方法得到新的刀心点,在保证刀心点集能够满足重建要求的前提下,使加工路径规则化。可以根据误差计算公式对网格密度和离散密度进行判断和调整以实现优化。     

Correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm for free-form surface machining

The existing interpolation algorithm cannot meet the need of high-speed and high-accuracy machining of a free-form surface. So this paper proposed a correcting and compressing interpolation algorithm. Depending on the distance and angle evaluated from the adjacent command points, the machining path of free form can be divided into two machining types. For those regions where the accurate figure is critical such as corners, the convention linear interpolation is performed exactly between the adjacent command points. For those regions having a large radius of curvature where the smooth figure is critical, firstly, the interior point selection method based on circle transition is derived to reduce the tolerance between the machining path and the original surface; secondly, the interior point correction method based on the least-square method is proposed to reduce the calculation error and round-off error in the interior point and estimate the first- and second-order derivative vectors of the interior point; thirdly, the shape-defining point is selected by the bend direction of the machining path and fitted to a quintic spline curve which has the C2 continuity; fourthly, the fitting accuracy controlling method is proposed to ensure the machining accuracy; lastly, the curve interpolation is performed on the fitted smooth curve. Machining tests carried out on a vertical machining center show that the proposed algorithm can improve the machining efficiency and machining quality of a free-form surface.     

An improved calculation method for cutting contact point and tool orientation analysis according to the CC points

Tool path generation is an important step of five-axis NC milling which plays an important role in parametric surfaces and free-form surfaces manufacturing. Cutter contacting (CC) point calculation is considered as a basic procedure of tool path generation. The step lengths formed by cutter contacting points have an effect on the chord error along feed direction. In traditional calculation method for CC point discretization, the segments connected by adjacent CC points distribute on both sides of the theoretical tool path curve. This situation magnifies the cutting error to some extent and enlarges the expected margin if the surface demands polishing or grinding. Aiming at this issue, this paper proposes an improved constant chord error method for CC point calculation. In the proposed method, the CC points lay on the theoretical tool path curve when the tool path curve is concave and lay on the chord error offset curve when is convex, which ensures the segments connected by the adjacent CC points distribute on one side of design surface, the side of the scallop height between tool paths. Therefore, the actual margin of polishing or grinding can be reduced. The influence of inflection points is also considered in this method to avoid accuracy deterioration caused by the long steps occurring near the inflection points. In part processing, local gouging and global collision must be avoided in tool orientation determination. This paper analyzes tool orientations with no rear gouging and no collision based on the calculated CC points. The novel discretization method for CC points is calculated on a single blade model, and the tool orientations are generated on an open integral impeller. A DMG DMU50 machine tool and a Hexagon three coordinates measuring machine are applied for experiments and measurements. The results show that, the CC point discretization method proposed in this paper offers many advantages over the traditional constant chord error method and commercial software, such as quantity of points, curve fitting, no overcut, and residual margin distributing. At last, blade and tunnel of the open integral impeller with safety tool orientation is machined and verified on the DMG DMU50 machine tool.     

Development and Polishing Process of a Mobile Robot Finishing Large Mold Surface

□ A novel self-determination polishing robot finishing large mold free-form surface is developed, and the finishing process method is researched. Contrary to traditional approaches, our premise is that a large mold surface can be polished by using a small robot. This robot system is mainly composed of a polishing robot part, a computer system and a visual positioning system. A type of robot with four uniform distribution wheels was designed, which has two driving wheels and two driven wheels. Active compliant control of the polishing tool was provided by a pneumatic servo system, and a new special compliant abrasive tool was proposed on the basis of robot characteristics. The process planning steps consisted of subdividing the free-form surface, choosing an abrasive tool, planning the polishing path and optimizing machining parameters. Based on the orthogonal experiment and the grey relational analysis method, the optimal parameter combination was obtained for polishing force, tool speed and feed rate. Aiming to polishing times, the surface roughness method and polishing efficiency method were studied in detail. The polishing experiments were carried out in the robot using process parameters obtained by the efficiency method. These research results provided significant theory foundation and experimental data for a mobile robot planning polishing to realize intelligible process parameter selection.     

自由曲面测量若干关键问题的研究

结合国内外研究现状 ,对自由曲面测量中曲面CAD模型已知时测点的自适应分布、测量路径优化、自由曲面形状误差评定和 CAD模型未知时的测量规划和测点数据处理等几个关键问题的实现方法进行了分析研究 ,并对测点的自适应分布做了仿真研究 ,证明了其有效性     

自由曲面五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法

为了在满足逼近误差要求的同时最大程度减少冗余刀轨,对自由曲面提出了一种五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法.首先对刀触点轨迹基于线性误差计算出初始刀触点点集,再以局部干涉调整前倾角的方式计算出无干涉刀位点和刀轴矢量;以最大非线性误差刀位处到刀触点轨迹的最小值作为相邻刀位点之间的逼近误差,并基于数据点自适应离散法计算逼近误差;...