超高压管式反应器端部结构应力场的研究

超高压管式反应器是管式超高压聚乙烯装置的关键设备,其端部通常为夹套与反应管的过盈配合连接结构。利用电阻应变测量技术,针对某石化厂发生疲劳断裂的超高压管式反应器端部结构应力场开展试验研究,采用应力释放法获得过盈配合后的局部应力场数据,在此基础上,建立基于ANSYS软件的有限元模型,并与试验数据进行对比分析。结果表明,端部结构的过盈配合边缘局部范围内存在较高的轴向拉应力,且大于环向应力,应力水平随过盈量增加而提高;接触刚度对应力场数值模拟结果影响较大,在保证收敛的前提下应尽量增大接触刚度以提高模拟精度,有限元模拟结果与试验数据符合得较好。研究结果对后期的数值模拟以及结构失效原因的分析提供重要参考依据。     

履带链轨节极端工况下的应力分析

为了分析外界工况对压装完毕的链轨节单元体应力的影响,对履带机械的3种极端工况做了理论分析,使用多体动力学软件RecurDyn建立履带底盘虚拟样机以获得3种工况下的外载荷值,在ANSYS中建立链轨节装配单元体仿真模型并将3种工况下的载荷值分别导入,得到了链轨节单元体的应力和变形结果。研究表明：链轨节销轴孔在同一装配过盈量下,外载荷作用下链轨节的等效应力比无载荷时平均高出225 MPa,因此建议装配时销轴过盈量为0.10～0.19 mm,销套过盈量为0.13～0.26 mm。该结果对通过优化链轨节压装工艺来降低外载荷下的应力响应,提高链轨节力学性能具有一定的参考意义。     

油管特殊螺纹接头密封及安全综合性能评价

为研究井下复杂工况对油管特殊螺纹接头的影响,利用Abaqus有限元软件建立螺纹接头有限元模型,在一定径向和轴向过盈量下模拟初始螺纹上扣状态,在不同轴向载荷、内压和温度下分析油管特殊螺纹整体结构完整性以及密封性能,并提出整体密封、局部密封性能指数以及综合安全性能评价方法。结果表明：在不同工况条件下特殊螺纹接头Mises应力和接触压力呈现凹型分布趋势,首尾以及最后一扣退刀槽位置是应力相对集中的薄弱部位;温差增大导致接头结构热胀冷缩变形应力水平有明显提高,内压以及轴向载荷增加使整体密封性能有所提高但台肩局部密封性能存在差异;接头使用螺纹脂提高了螺纹接头整体及局部的密封和安全性能;内压越大温度越高接头安全性越低;螺纹在拉伸载荷工况下整体安全性能有所提高,但局部台肩结合处出现分离致使安全性有所下降;在压缩工况条件下螺纹整体安全性有所上升,但受螺纹结构与抗压缩性能影响,超过一定载荷安全性能反而下降。     

重载过盈锁紧液压缸锁紧刚度特性分析

重载过盈锁紧液压缸通过锁紧套与活塞杆之间过盈配合实现机械锁紧，具有锁紧刚度好、锁定精度高等显著优点。分析过盈锁紧液压缸工作原理及采用机械锁紧、液压锁紧时锁紧刚度的计算方法；建立过盈锁紧液压缸有限元模型，在活塞杆杆头轴向和径向施加不同载荷约束，仿真获得不同行程、不同载荷时过盈锁紧液压缸的应力应变特性，并与解析计算值进行对比分析。结果表明：重载过盈锁紧液压缸的机械锁紧刚度达4.7×10⁸ N/m,高出液压锁紧刚度一个数量级以上，40 t轴向载荷作用下轴向形变量不超过1 mm,径向载荷对过盈锁紧液压缸的形变量影响较大，有限元仿真结果与解析计算结果的最大误差在14%左右。为重载过盈锁紧液压缸的设计、研制和应用提供参考。     

核主泵高温工况下叶轮结构力学分析

为了验证主泵叶轮在设计工况下的完整性,通过三维软件Pro/E对主泵叶轮进行三维造型,应用计算流体力学软件ANSYS—CFX和Workbench对主泵叶轮进行耦合计算,分析了在轴向力载荷、转矩载荷、离心力载荷、混合载荷以及125%1临ti界同步转速与1.252倍转矩M。载荷工况下叶轮的最大应力强度分布。分析了叶轮应力、应变的分布规律,揭示出转子部件由于变形过大以及强度不足而引发失效事故。计算结果表明,在反应堆一回路额定工况下,在轴向力+离心力载荷工况下,叶轮产生最大应力变形,叶轮叶片最大变形发生在叶片出口尖部,变形量约0.58 nll/l;最大应力位于叶轮体及叶轮外径之间的过渡区,叶片出口区域最大应力值为112.4 MPa。     

转盘轴承对数修形滚子的静态特性分析

针对圆柱滚子的结构特点,基于ABAQUS建立对数修形滚子与滚道接触的局部有限元模型,对其进行数值模拟仿真,分别分析纯径向力工况、中心偏载工况和偏中心倾斜工况的对数修形滚子对转盘轴承应力分布的影响。结果表明:纯径向力工况下,轻载时应力分布均匀,滚子端部未出现应力集中,重载时滚子中部应力分布均匀,端部出现应力集中;在中心偏载工况和偏中心倾斜工况,随载荷增加,滚子端部应力集中越明显。     

基于响应面法的超高压柱塞泵缸套优化设计

超高压柱塞泵缸套在工作过程中承受脉动载荷作用,设计过程中需要考虑其疲劳寿命对可靠性的影响.根据缸套的结构形式和载荷特点,得到了脉动应力的幅值和影响因素.基于自紧增强理论设计了一种分层套接缸套结构,并分析了尺寸参数、材料性能以及过盈量对高压工作状态下内壁面切向应力的影响规律.在不改变缸套外形尺寸以及功能的前提下,以套接尺寸和过盈量为设计变量,以工作状态下缸套内壁最大切向应力等于0为目标,结合响应面法和APDL模型进行优化设计,得到了设计参数组合并验证其输出值的准确性.结果表明选取合适的套接设计尺寸可大幅降低内壁面的切向应力脉动幅值,且平均应力为压应力,进而提高了缸套的疲劳寿命.     

焦炭塔的疲劳累积损伤及套合效应研究

基于Abaqus平台的二次开发,对典型工况下焦炭塔一个周期的瞬态温度场进行了数值模拟,对进油、进水阶段的径向、轴向温差进行了对比分析,并解释了周向、轴向热应力形成机理;在考虑焦炭与塔壁套合效应的基础上,对Mises应力最大节点进行了组合应力分析,发现焦炭塔在整个生产周期中几乎都处于比例加载状态;鉴于此,通过RainFlow循环计数法对非恒幅应力波形进行了划分,根据疲劳损伤的线性累积原则,计算出了角焊缝的理论寿命值;将有焦炭时的轴向、周向应力值与无焦炭时的进行了对比分析,发现焦炭对塔壁周向套合效应显著,应力增幅近50%;并对套合引起的周向应力进行了理论公式计算,得到了与有限元计算吻合的结果,表明了有限元计算的有效性。     

核主泵导叶体在高温工况下的结构力学分析

为验证核主泵导叶体在高温工况下的结构完整性,通过水力模型试验测得叶片压力分布,从而优化叶片压力场。导叶叶片顶部到叶片根部压力趋势为线性梯度,沿圆周方向无压力梯度。提出了模型泵叶片与真机间的压力换算,以模型试验测得模型泵叶片压力,通过模型泵与真机泵之间的轴向力比值及转矩比值分别计算轴向力载荷有效系数及转矩载荷有效系数,进而计算获得轴向力与转矩载荷下叶片压力,导入ANSYS软件计算导叶体轴向力F_(sh)与转矩M_c在载荷下的最大应力及变形量。通过计算导叶体在设计寿命内经受的载荷周期循环,引入海夫Haigh图谱,通过材料极限疲劳试验评定导叶体在极限载荷工况下的疲劳极限值;优化了导叶体的加载工况,计算出轴向与转矩载荷下最大应力值的疲劳失效安全系数,从而确认疲劳安全性。     

空心轴过盈配合结构循环微动磨损的仿真研究

基于Archard磨损模型建立空心轴过盈配合结构的微动磨损模型,通过有限元计算得到两种过盈量空心轴在微动循环周次的变化下配合面磨损轮廓和接触压应力、摩擦切应力、滑移幅值等微动参量,并与其中一种过盈量的实心轴过盈配合结构相应计算结果进行对比。结果表明,在相同过盈量和外载条件下,空心轴过盈配合结构的微动磨损程度大于实心轴过盈配合结构;在微动磨损对配合面形貌的影响下,空心轴配合面上的微动参量随循环周次增加的变化规律与实心轴结构基本一致:循环周次增加,接触压应力、摩擦切应力和滑移幅值随之增大;接触压应力峰值位置向配合中心移动;摩擦切应力峰值由粘着-滑移交界处向磨损-未磨损交界处转移,并向配合中心移动;增大空心轴过盈配合结构的过盈量能减小空心轴微动磨损的程度。     

残余应力松弛和自增强处理压力对在役高压容器的安全影响

为了确定残余应力松弛和自增强处理压力对在役高压容器安全性能的影响,通过分析测试结果获得了残余应力的松弛规律,计算了在工作压力、残余应力作用下的当量等效应力沿壁厚分布情况,模拟计算出了不同的工作压力、自增强处理压力下的安全系数,推导出了最佳自增强处理压力。结果表明所研究的高压聚乙烯反应管在使用10年后,环向应力在近内壁区衰减最快,从-600MPa衰减到-333MPa,衰减率达45%;在弹性区衰减较小,残余应力峰值位置外移,但其峰值大小变化不大。对于自增强处理后的压力容器,在工作压力作用下,随着残余应力的松弛,内壁面当量等效应力增大,当量等效应力在弹塑性交界处最大,应该按此处的当量等效应力计算安全系数。依据示例聚乙烯反应管尺寸,模拟计算出在工作压力分别为180、280、380MPa时,经过自增强处理压力分别为606、677、743MPa的最佳自增强处理后,其安全系数比残余应力全部衰减为0时分别高16%、26%、37%。压力容器工作压力越大,经最佳自增强处理后安全系数增大得越多,但残余应力衰减对其安全影响越大。     

A residual stress analysis program using a Matlab GUI on an autofrettaged compound cylinder

A program for the residual stress analysis of an autofrettaged compound cylinder is designed using a Matlab graphical user interface (GUI) and program design technique. The high-pressure vessels are autofrettaged in order to increase their operating pressure and fatigue life. An autofrettage process causes plastic expansion of the inner section of the cylinder, adding residual compressive stress to the bore after relaxation. Such a compound cylinder is produced via a shrink-fit procedure that incorporates a monobloc tube that has previously undergone autofrettage. This paper presents a simple and visual tool to calculate the residual stress and describe the distribution of residual stress for both the elastic-perfectly plastic model and the strain-hardening model.     

缺口件两轴循环弹塑性有限元分析及寿命预测

利用弹塑性有限元模拟,对高温两轴比例与非比例拉扭应变循环加载下的光滑薄壁管件与缺口轴类件进行研究.材料弹塑性特性用Von Mises屈服准则、多线性运动硬化准则和高温单轴循环加载的应力应变数据来描述.采用柱坐标系下在试样一端加轴向和周向位移来实现拉扭应变加载.对光滑薄壁管件的后处理结果与试验结果比较,证实了这种方法的正确性和可用性,进而应用到缺口件,得到缺口根部局部的循环应力应变响应.基于有限元数据,采用Kandil-Brown-Miller法和Smith-Watson-Topper法预测了缺口件疲劳裂纹萌生寿命.     

Distribution of stress in axially symmetrical shrink-fit assemblies

This paper reviews some of the work which has been directed towards gaining an understanding of elastic shrink-fit stress distributions, and presents computed data for a range of axially symmetrical shrink-fit assemblies. The results are in part supported by three-dimensional photoelastic data, obtained by use of stress-freezing techniques. Among the various configurations which have been analyzed are two cases of which there appears to be no published information of any form. In the light of the results obtained shrink-fit design procedure is subjected to a critical review.     

钠冷快堆堆外核测量系统设计

核测量系统是核电厂仪控系统信息功能中最重要的测量系统之一,核测量系统从反应堆完全停堆到150%额定功率的范围内,对反应堆的换料、启动、功率运行、停堆等各种状态下的反应堆核功率、周期等参数进行监测,并向保护系统、控制室系统等提供相关参数,用于控制显示或保护。快堆的核测量系统与压水堆有较多不同,本文从快堆的特殊核物理现象,堆芯布置、探测器布置、探测孔道设置、探测器选型、量程覆盖设计等多个角度,对快堆核测量系统的设计进行对比研究分析,并结合实际工程设计,介绍快堆核测量系统的结构,探测器选型、数据处理的技术特点。     

刀杆外径对热缩刀杆与刀具配合的力学特性影响分析

为探究刀杆外径对热缩刀杆与刀具配合的力学特性的影响,对热缩刀杆与刀具配合模型进行理论研究,利用有限元软件ANSYS对静态、径向力作用下及感应加热情况下的不同刀杆外径的热缩刀杆与刀具配合等效应力、接触压力、热变形及热应力等力学特性进行对比分析。结果表明,随着刀杆外径的增大,热缩刀杆与刀具配合的总的接触压力、最大等效应力及热应力增大,配合面的最小热位移差值减小。在径向力的作用下,热缩刀杆上的接触应力不再均匀,最大接触应力明显增大,刀具也因径向力的作用而产生变形。在此基础上进一步给出了热缩刀杆外径的控制方法与流程,对热缩刀杆的合理设计和选用具有一定的现实指导意义。     

Autofrettage of thick-walled pipe bends

The bending of a thick-walled cylinder to a given radius involves an elastic–plastic deformation that results in a residual, axial stress distribution. The latter alternates from maximum tension to maximum compression between top and bottom halves of the cross-section. The residual stress levels depend upon the depth of plastic penetration and may be determined as a closed solution when they arise from a bending moment applied to either a non-hardening or linearly-hardening material. When the bent pipe receives an autofrettage treatment without an intermediate heat treatment, this produces a further residual, triaxial stress state. The interaction between the residual states from bending and autofrettage has an important effect upon the net axial stress and the equivalent stress. It is shown that large plastic penetrations arising from bending and autofrettage can residually stress the section beyond its yield point: in tension and in compression across both its halves. With the unloading from each process, a Bauschinger effect reduces the yield point to assist with the onset of reversed plasticity. The latter is far less beneficial than when unloading is elastic. It is shown how a nonlinear kinematic hardening model can be employed to avoid unloading plasticity at the inner and outer diameters. The consequence of interacting residual stresses is that axial stress can play as important a role as hoop stress when designing for safe service loadings. In general, an enhanced residual stress state is beneficial when compressive but detrimental when tensile. Pre-compression is often employed in practice to reduce tensile stress arising from internal pressure, axial force and self-weight. Here, the compressive residuals arising from an autofrettage treatment have long been exploited to enhance the fatigue life of process piping and weaponry.     

应用X射线衍射法测定轴类工件中的残余应力

根据测试距车轴表面2mm深度处残余应力的要求,推导了剥层测残余应力的修正公式,利用生死单元法模拟了车轴车削的过程,验证了该修正公式的正确性,并采用X射线衍射法测定了距某车轴表面2mm深度处的轴向和周向残余应力。结果表明:X射线衍射法和修正公式能有效测出距车轴表面2mm深度处的残余应力;轴向残余应力最大值(绝对值)和周向残余应力最大值(绝对值)分别出现在0°测点和90°测点,其值分别为-139.15MPa和-105.21MPa,轴向残余应力和周向残余应力各点的差值均小于EN13261标准规定的40MPa。     

Elastic-plastic stress analysis and fatigue lifetime prediction of cross-bores in autofrettaged pressure vessels

Elastic-plastic stress analysis has been performed to evaluate the fatigue life of an autofrettaged pressure vessel containing cross-bores subjected to pulsating internal pressure of 200 MPa. Finite element analyses were used to calculate the residual and operating stress distributions of the pressure vessel due to the autofrettage process and pulsating internal pressure, respectively. Theoretical stress concentration factors of 3.06, 2.58, and 2.64 were obtained at the cross-bore of the pressure vessel due to internal pressure, 50%, and 100% autofrettage loadings, respectively. Local stresses and local strains determined from the elastic-plastic finite element analysis were employed to calculate the failure location and fatigue life of the pressure vessel with radial cross-bores, incorporating the low-cycle fatigue properties of the pressure vessel steel and fatigue damage parameters. Increase in the amount of overstrain by autofrettage process moved the crack initiation location from the inner radius toward a mid-wall, and extended the crack initiation life, Predicted fatigue life of the fully autofrettaged pressure vessel with cross-bores increased about 50%, compared to the unautofrettaged pressure vessel. At the autofrettage level higher than 50%, the failure location and fatigue life of the pressure vessel were not significantly influenced by the autofrettage level.     

Residual stress analysis of an external grooved thick-walled pressure vessel

Residual stress analysis of an autofrettaged thick-walled pressure vessel containing an external groove was described in order to calculate the stress concentration at the external groove. The autofrettage residual stress distributions of the external grooved thick-walled pressure vessel were simulated using an equivalent thermal loading from the analogy of thermal and autofrettage residual stress fields. Thermal stresses due to the simulated thermal loadings for various degrees of autofrettage overstrain level were computed using finite element methods. Very high stress concentration factors due to autofrettage loadings were obtained at the external groove root that contained a sharp root radius. Experimental measurement of residual stresses for a fully autofrettaged smooth thick-walled pressure vessel using an equivalent saw cut method resulted in very close agreement with the theoretical autofrettage residual stress distributions. The stress analysis results implied that the autofrettage residual stress concentration might cause a cracking problem at the external groove root of the thick-walled pressure vessel, indicating that lower autofrettage overstrain and a groove geometry change were desirable for enhanced durability.