狂犬病人免疫球蛋白低pH孵放工艺的病毒灭活验证

目的对狂犬病人免疫球蛋白(human rabies immunoglobulin)低pH孵放生产工艺[pH 3.8～4.4,(24±1)℃,21 d]进行脂包膜病毒灭活验证。方法以伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)、水疱性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)、辛德毕斯病毒(sindbis virus,SV)和人免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)作为研究病毒,考察低pH孵放对这些脂包膜病毒的灭活能力。同时考察低pH孵放步骤对制品质量的影响。结果在工艺设定的参数范围内,低pH孵放后4种脂包膜病毒的滴度降低均在4.00 Log以上,且3批狂犬病人免疫球蛋白的纯度和分子大小分布保持稳定,抗体效价与灭活前差异均在方法允许的波动范围内。结论低pH孵放工艺能有效地灭活脂包膜病毒,保证了狂犬病人免疫球蛋白制品的质量及安全性。     

采用低pH法灭活人乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白中的病毒

目的　考察人乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白 (HBIG)于低pH孵放下 ,其病毒灭活情况 ,及对抗—HBs效价、IgG组份的影响。方法　将HBIG原液调pH至 4 0于 2 4℃± 1℃孵放 2 1d ,以及将成品于 2～ 8℃放置 3年比较抗—HBs、IgG各组份指标的变化。结果　HBIG原液按上述条件病毒灭活效果可达到 7 0 0logTCID50 0 1mL以上 ,抗—HBs效价、IgG单体与二聚体 (D +M)的含量均有所下降。成品 2～ 8℃放置 3年 ,抗—HBs效价、IgG单体与二聚体的含量较稳定。结论　人乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白经低PH灭活病毒法灭活病毒有效 ,灭活后 ,抗—HBs效价、IgG单体与二聚体之和均有所下降 ,但其成品放于 2～ 8℃ ,抗—HBs效价、IgG单体与二聚体含量较稳定     

两种低pH孵放法灭活静注人免疫球蛋白中脂包膜病毒效果比较

目的比较两种低pH孵放法对静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulins,IVIG)中脂包膜病毒的灭活效果。方法 IVIG中分别加入两种核酸类型的脂包膜病毒水疱性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)及伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)作为指示病毒,以经典工艺(23～25℃灭活21 d)及新工艺[(37±0. 5)℃灭活9 h]低pH(pH为3. 8～4. 4)孵放法进行病毒灭活,分别检测不同灭活时间的病毒滴度,比较灭活效果。结果经典工艺低pH孵放法对VSV灭活效果≥5. 88 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL,对PRV的灭活效果≥6. 00 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL,且灭活的样品在敏感细胞盲传3代无细胞病变。新工艺低pH孵放法对VSV灭活效果≥4. 62 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL,对PRV的灭活效果≥6. 12 logTCID_(50)/0. 1 mL。结论两种低p H孵放法对指示病毒的灭活能力均符合国家标准,但经典工艺对两种指示病毒的灭活效果好且灭活彻底。     

静注人免疫球蛋白新生产工艺病毒灭活/去除效果的验证及评估

目的对静注人免疫球蛋白(intravenous human immunoglobulin,IVIG)新生产工艺的病毒灭活/去除效果进行验证及评估。方法选择4种脂包膜病毒[人免疫缺陷综合征病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)、伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)、辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis virus,SV)和水疱性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)]及非脂包膜病毒[猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)]作为验证病毒,在缩小的生产规模条件下考察辛酸钠沉淀/深层过滤、低pH孵放和纳米膜过滤步骤对一种或几种指示病毒的灭活/去除能力。结果辛酸钠沉淀/深层过滤步骤可灭活/去除PPV 1.88 Log;低pH孵放对HIV、PRV、SV和VSV的灭活效果最低分别为≥5.22、≥4.26、≥6.56和≥5.69 Log;Bio EX纳米膜可去除PPV达4 Log以上。结论 IVIG新生产工艺的病毒灭活/去除效果合格,可有效灭活/去除未知的、新出现的病原体。     

验证低pH法灭活人白细胞干扰素α病毒的效果

目的 以HIV-1、VSV和Sindbis为模型病毒,验证低pH法(pH2.0)灭活人白细胞干扰素α病毒效果。方法 将模型病毒按1:9(V/V)加入干扰素中,混匀后调pH至2.0。4℃放7d后,测病毒滴度。未发现细胞病变(CPE)的样品须盲传3代并观察7d,若仍无CPE,则判定无病毒存在。结果 4 log的HIV-1、6.63 log的VSV和6.38 log的Sindbis病毒被灭活,干扰素活性未受影响。结论 低pH法(pH2.0)灭活病毒经济有效,可提高人白细胞干扰素的安全性。     

低pH病毒灭活工艺对抗人淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白质量的影响

抗人淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白（ＡＬＧ）是由多份猪免疫血浆为原料制备的产品,免疫所用的抗原来源于人的淋巴细胞,同时在ＡＬＧ生产过程中,使用了人血浆、人红细胞以及人胎盘组织吸收杂抗体。尽管对所用的人源性原料中血源性病毒实行了越来越严格的筛选,但由于筛选方法本身的限制和感染窗口期的存在,人源性原料的污染很难避免。因此有必要对ＡＬＧ中人源性病毒进行灭活。本文对抗人淋巴细免疫球蛋白进行病毒灭活后的质量进行了分析。结果抗人淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白通过低ｐＨ孵化２４天后（ｐＨ４．１±０．３）,其免疫效价仍不低于１：４００…     

鼠神经生长因子病毒灭活效果的验证

目的对鼠神经生长因子(mouse nerve growth factor,mNGF)病毒灭活工艺进行验证。方法以伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)和Sindbis病毒为指示病毒,考察辛酸钠法对mNGF原液中病毒的灭活效果,并比较灭活后与未灭活原液的mNGF活性、纯度、等电点及其-20℃贮存0、3、6个月的稳定性。结果 mNGF原液经0.3%辛酸钠、pH(5.0±0.2)、(25±1)℃灭活90 min,PRV和Sindbis病毒滴度均下降6 lgCCID50/ml以上,灭活60、90 min样品盲传3代后,均未检测出病毒。灭活后与未灭活原液的mNGF活性无差异,比活性均在5.0×105 AU/mg以上,蛋白纯度均为100%,等电聚焦主区带均在8.65~9.30之间;-20℃贮存0、3、6个月,蛋白纯度均为100%,比活性均无明显差异,且6个月内比活性均未明显降低。结论辛酸钠法可安全、快速、高效地灭活mNGF原液中的指示病毒及其所代表的相关病毒,保证了产品的质量及其工艺的稳定性,保障了临床用药的安全性。     

pH值、辛酸钠浓度和灭活时间对病毒灭活效果的影响

目的探讨p H值、辛酸钠浓度和灭活时间对辛酸钠用于人免疫球蛋白制品中加入的脂包膜指示病毒灭活效果的影响。方法向不同p H值和不同辛酸钠浓度的人免疫球蛋白制品中加入指示病毒伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV),于30℃水浴条件下作用不同时间后,采用细胞病变法测定残余病毒滴度,对不出现病变的细胞盲传3代。探讨p H值、辛酸钠浓度和灭活时间对辛酸钠灭活PRV效果的影响。结果在酸性p H值(4.6±0.2)条件下,当辛酸钠浓度在7~13 mmol/L时,均能在5 min以内灭活PRV≥7.00 Lg TCID50/0.1 ml。在中性p H值(7.4±0.2)条件下,13 mmol/L辛酸钠能瞬时灭活PRV≥7.00 Lg TCID50/0.1 ml,而7、9和11 mmol/L浓度的辛酸钠能灭活PRV 2.8、0.43和3.2 Lg TCID50/0.1 ml,均不能瞬时完全灭活病毒,但继续灭活至5 min,可灭活PRV≥7.00 Lg TCID50/0.1 ml。灭活后不出现病变的细胞盲传3代未出现细胞病变。结论辛酸钠可有效灭活加入人免疫球蛋白制品中的脂包膜指示病毒PRV;且酸性p H值条件下,辛酸钠的灭活效果优于p H值中性条件;辛酸钠对指示病毒的作用是灭活而非抑制。     

人纤维蛋白原干热病毒灭活效果及灭活前后的质量变化

目的 评价人纤维蛋白原干热病毒灭活效果及灭活前后的质量变化。方法 取3批人纤维蛋白原样品,按样品与病毒9∶1的体积比分别加入Sindbis病毒和脑心肌炎病毒（encephalomyocarditis virus,EMCV）,冻干后,于（99.5±0.5）℃下干热灭活30 min。96孔微量细胞病变法测定病毒滴度降低量,考察人纤维蛋白原干热灭活效果;并对干热前/后样品进行可见异物、稳定性、纯度、凝固活力、SDS-PAGE、高效液相分子排阻色谱（high performance liquid chromatography-size exclusion chromatography,HPLC-SEC）、圆二色光谱、荧光光谱、差示扫描荧光（differential scanning fluorimetry,DSF）分析,以评价其质量变化。结果 3批人纤维蛋白原样品干热30 min,Sindbis病毒滴度降低量分别为6.13、5.88、6.00 LgTCID50/0.1 mL,EMCV滴度降低量分别为≥4.94、≥4.68、≥5.00 LgTCID50/0.1 mL。3批人纤维蛋白原样品干热前/...     

联合应用S/D法和膜过滤法灭活/去除凝血酶病毒效果的验证

目的验证联合应用S/D法和膜过滤法灭活/去除凝血酶病毒的效果。方法采用S/D法灭活凝血酶中间体的乙脑病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)和伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV),膜过滤法去除猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)和呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型(reovirus3,Reo3),细胞病变法测定病毒滴度;参照《中国药典》三部(2010版)要求,测定聚山梨酯80和磷酸三丁酯的残留量,并检测样品病毒灭活/去除前后的效价、蛋白质含量及相对分子质量。结果 S/D法可有效灭活脂包膜指示病毒,膜过滤法可在一定过滤量范围内去除PPV和Reo3指示病毒。梨酯80和磷酸三丁酯残留量符合《中国药典》三部(2010版)限度要求;样品经灭活/去除病毒后,效价提高了8.5%,蛋白质含量提高了12.7%,灭活前后相对分子质量范围无明显变化。结论联合应用S/D法和膜过滤法可用于凝血酶及其他血液制品的病毒灭活/去除工艺,以提高制品的病毒安全性。     

Molecular Mechanisms to Control Post-Transplantation Hepatitis B Recurrence

Hepatitis B often progresses to decompensated liver cirrhosis requiring orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although newer nucleos(t)ide analogues result in >90% viral and hepatitis activity control, severely decompensated patients still need OLT because of drug-resistant virus, acute exacerbation, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Acute hepatitis B is also an indication for OLT, because it can progress to fatal acute liver failure. After OLT, the hepatitis B recurrence rate is >80% without prevention, while >90% of transplant recipients are clinically controlled with combined hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment. However, long-term HBIG administration is associated with several unresolved issues, including limited availability and extremely high cost; therefore, several treatment protocols with low-dose HBIG, combined with nucleos(t)ide analogues, have been investigated. Another approach is to induce self-producing anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies using an HBV envelope (HBs) antigen vaccine. Patients who are not HBV carriers, such as those with acutely infected liver failure, are good candidates for vaccination. For chronic HBV carrier liver cirrhosis patients, a successful vaccine response can only be achieved in selected patients, such as those treated with experimentally reduced immunosuppression protocols. The present protocol for post-OLT HBV control and the future prospects of newer treatment strategies are reviewed.     

High Risk of Viral Reactivation in Hepatitis B Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

HBV reactivation (HBVr) can occur in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and negative patients. Here, we determined the incidence of HBVr and its related hepatitis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). From 2000 to 2017, 3307 SLE cases were retrospectively reviewed for episodes of hepatitis. The incidence, long-term outcomes and risk factors associated with HBVr, including HBsAg reverse seroconversion (RS) were analyzed. Among them, 607 had available HBsAg status. Fifty-five (9.1%) patients were positive for HBsAg and 63 (11.4%) were HBsAg-negative/antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc)-positive (resolved hepatitis B infection, RHB). None of them received antiviral prophylaxis before immunosuppressive treatment. During a mean 15.4 years of follow-up, 30 (54.5%) HBsAg-positive patients developed HBVr and seven (23.3%) died of liver failure, whereas only two (3.2%) RHB cases experienced HBsAg reverse seroconversion (RS). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥ 40 years at diagnosis of SLE (HR 5.30, p < 0.001), receiving glucocorticoid-containing immunosuppressive therapy (HR 4.78, p = 0.003), and receiving glucocorticoid ≥ 10 mg prednisolone equivalents (HR 3.68, p = 0.003) were independent risk factors for HBVr in HBsAg-positive patients. Peak level of total bilirubin ≥ 5 mg/dL during HBVr was an independent factor of mortality (p = 0.002). In conclusion, the risk of HBVr was associated with glucocorticoid daily dose. Antiviral prophylaxis is mandatory for SLE patients diagnosed at age of ≥40 years who receive ≥ 10 mg daily dose of oral prednisone or equivalent.     

Enhancing DPCD in Liquid Products by Mechanical Inactivation Effects: Assessment of Feasibility

The enhancement of standard dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) pasteurization by additional mechanical effects was assessed in this work. These effects were induced during pasteurization by the sudden depressurization in a narrow minitube. The high flow velocities, moderate pressures (40–80 bar) and low temperatures (25–45 °C) lead to intense degasification and shear stress. The inactivation of the test microorganism Escherichia coli DH5α (E. coli DH5α) was determined before and after depressurization in the minitube, representing entirely chemical DPCD via dissolved CO₂ and total inactivation comprising the effects of dissolved CO₂ and mechanical effects, respectively. Compared to conventional DPCD pasteurization, which is mostly attributed to chemical effects, the additional mechanical effects increased the inactivation efficiency considerably.     

ATP5B Is an Essential Factor for Hepatitis B Virus Entry

Elucidation of the factors responsible for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is extremely important in order to understand the viral life cycle and pathogenesis, and thereby explore potential anti-HBV drugs. The recent determination that sodium taurocholate co-transporting peptide (NTCP) is an essential molecule for the HBV entry into cells led to the development of an HBV infection system in vitro using a human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line expressing NTCP; however, the precise mechanism of HBV entry is still largely unknown, and thus it may be necessary to elucidate all the molecules involved. Here, we identified ATP5B as another essential factor for HBV entry. ATP5B was expressed on the cell surface of the HCC cell lines and bound with myristoylated but not with non-myristoylated preS1 2-47, which supported the notion that ATP5B is involved in the HBV entry process. Knockdown of ATP5B in NTCP-expressing HepG2 cells, which allowed HBV infection, reduced HBV infectivity with less cccDNA formation. Taken together, these results strongly suggested that ATP5B is an essential factor for HBV entry into the cells.     

Blood-Based Biomarkers in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma,Including the Viral Genome and Glycosylated Proteins

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and is a global public health issue. High performance biomarkers can aid the early detection of HCC development in HBV-infected individuals. In addition, advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of HBV infection and in clinical laboratory techniques have enabled the establishment of disease-specific tests, prediction of the progression of liver diseases, including HCC, and auxiliary diagnosis of HCC, using blood-based methods instead of biopsies of liver or HCC tissues. Viral factors such as the HBV genotype, HBV genetic mutations, HBV DNA, and HBV-related antigens, as well as host factors, such as tumor-associated proteins and post-translational modifications, especially glycosylated proteins, can be blood-based, disease-specific biomarkers for HCC development in HBV-infected patients. In this review, we describe the clinical applications of viral biomarkers, including the HBV genome and glycosylated proteins, for patients at a risk of HBV-related HCC, based on their molecular mechanisms. In addition, we introduce promising biomarker candidates for practical use, including colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), extracellular vesicles, and cell-free, circulating tumor DNA. The clinical use of such surrogate markers may lead to a better understanding of the risk of disease progression and early detection of HCC in HBV-infected patients, thereby improving their prognosis.     

A Pleiotropic Role of the Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein in Hepatocarcinogenesis

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most common factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the sixth most prevalent cancer among all cancers worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of HBV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is unclear. Evidence currently available suggests that the HBV core protein (HBc) plays a potential role in the development of HCC, such as the HBV X protein. The core protein, which is the structural component of the viral nucleocapsid, contributes to almost every stage of the HBV life cycle and occupies diverse roles in HBV replication and pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that HBc was able to disrupt various pathways involved in liver carcinogenesis: the signaling pathways implicated in migration and proliferation of hepatoma cells, apoptosis pathways, and cell metabolic pathways inducing the development of HCC; and the immune system, through the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, HBc can modulate normal functions of hepatocytes through disrupting human host gene expression by binding to promoter regions. This HBV protein also promotes HCC metastasis through epigenetic alterations, such as micro-RNA. This review focuses on the molecular pathogenesis of the HBc protein in HBV-induced HCC.     

不同实验条件对静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)多聚体含量的影响

目的考察不同实验条件对静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)多聚体含量的影响及多聚体含量增加对家兔存活状态的影响。方法取静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4),经干热破坏试验、湿热加速试验、紫外线照射试验、X射线照射试验及冰冻破坏试验,观察不同实验条件对其多聚体含量的影响;并取湿热加速试验和冰冻处理的样品注射家兔,观察多聚体含量增加对家兔存活状态的影响。结果静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)的多聚体含量随贮存温度的升高、时间的延长而增加,紫外线、X射线照射及冰冻处理均不影响多聚体含量;多聚体含量愈高,家兔存活状态愈差,多聚体含量达80%以上时,可致家兔死亡。结论高温可显著影响多聚体含量,多聚体含量增加与家兔存活状态呈负相关。     

病毒类疫苗Vero细胞宿主蛋白残留量检测试剂盒的适用性验证

目的对病毒类疫苗Vero细胞宿主蛋白残留量检测试剂盒进行适用性验证。方法将不同细胞基质制备的乙型脑炎灭活疫苗、人用狂犬病病毒疫苗共16批编盲后,每批疫苗均质等量分为44份,分别分发给3个实验室,用同批ELISA-Vero细胞宿主蛋白检测试剂盒进行检测,对试剂盒进行适用性验证,考核试剂盒的专属性、精密性、线性和范围等指标。结果3个实验室检测每批样品44次,原代地鼠肾细胞和鸡胚细胞为基质的疫苗检测结果均为阴性,以Vero细胞为基质的疫苗检测结果均为阳性。16份样本44次检测结果的变异系数在7.34%～14.77%之间,均低于15%;相对线性范围在12.5～400 ng/ml之间。16份疫苗中6批Vero细胞乙脑疫苗和5批人用狂犬病病毒疫苗检出的细胞宿主蛋白残留量分别在153.3～5 850.9 ng/ml和1 895.7~40 625.1 ng/ml之间。结论疫苗中Vero细胞宿主蛋白残留量检测试剂盒具有较好的专属性、精密性和线性,可用于Vero细胞为基质的病毒类疫苗宿主蛋白残留量的检测。     

小鼠H-2~q型基因与重组乙型肝炎疫苗免疫应答的相关性

目的分析小鼠DNA中H-2q型基因及其与重组酿酒酵母、CHO、汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗免疫应答的相关性。方法重组酿酒酵母、CHO、汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗免疫近交系BALB/c、DBA/1和封闭群NIH小鼠,4周后取血、脾脏和尾,分别采用PCR法和微量细胞毒法检测小鼠H-2q单倍型基因,ELISA法检测小鼠ED50,并分析H-2q型基因概率与ED50的相关性。结果DBA/1小鼠H-2q型基因概率100%,BALB/c小鼠H-2d型基因概率100%。NIH小鼠H-2q型基因概率分别为96%、56%,42%和30%。随着H-2q型基因概率的升高,免疫应答敏感性递增。结论H-2q型基因对重组乙肝疫苗免疫应答敏感,敏感程度与H-2q型基因概率密切相关。     

Therapeutic Potential of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) and Cationic Polymers for Chronic Hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major health problem worldwide. Because current anti-HBV treatments are only virostatic, there is an urgent need for development of alternative antiviral approaches. In this context, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and cationic polymers, such as chitosan (CS), appear of particular interest as nonviral vectors due to their capacity to facilitate cellular delivery of bioactive cargoes including peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) or DNA vaccines. We have investigated the ability of a PNA conjugated to different CPPs to inhibit the replication of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), a reference model for human HBV infection. The in vivo administration of PNA-CPP conjugates to neonatal ducklings showed that they reached the liver and inhibited DHBV replication. Interestingly, our results indicated also that a modified CPP (CatLip) alone, in the absence of its PNA cargo, was able to drastically inhibit late stages of DHBV replication. In the mouse model, conjugation of HBV DNA vaccine to modified CS (Man-CS-Phe) improved cellular and humoral responses to plasmid-encoded antigen. Moreover, other systems for gene delivery were investigated including CPP-modified CS and cationic nanoparticles. The results showed that these nonviral vectors considerably increased plasmid DNA uptake and expression. Collectively promising results obtained in preclinical studies suggest the usefulness of these safe delivery systems for the development of novel therapeutics against chronic hepatitis B.