Fabrication of a pencil-shaped fiber probe for near-field optics byselective chemical etching

We propose a novel method by chemical etching using hydrofluoric (HF) acid and a buffered HF solution (BHF) to fabricate a pencil-shaped fiber probe for near-field optics. We succeeded in producing such probes with high reproducibility using a dispersion-compensating fiber having the high GeO₂ doped core. The method involves tapering of the cladding, then sharpening of the core. The fabricated probe has a conical tip with a cone angle of 20° and an apex diameter of less than 10 nm     

基于金刚石的光纤近场探头和芯片表征

随着单片微波集成电路(MMIC)集成度和复杂度的提高,芯片功能模块之间的距离越来越近,特征线宽越来越窄,对于分析芯片内部的信号路径和信号的完整性,能够提供芯片表面的高分辨微波场成像显得尤为重要。为了解决准确检测芯片内部结构完整无损的问题,这项工作采用了一种基于光纤的近场扫描探头的方法,其中包含氮空位(NV)色心的金刚石颗粒固定在光纤的尖端,通过搭建光路并接收金刚石NV色心的荧光信号,从而推理出被测芯片的磁场强度。该实验选取一个微波低噪声放大器芯片内部的区域进行扫描成像,得到了较好的成像结果,并准确分析出芯片的信号线走势。这些结果为高度集成芯片和滤波器等集成器件的功能和失效分析提供了变革性的方法。     

基于小波函数的时域多分辨分析在近场光学中的应用

实现了基于双正交的Cohen Daubechies Feauveau（CDF）小波的时域多分辨分析（MRTD）,并将其用于近场电磁散射模拟中。结果表明,在相同的网格划分下基于小波的MRTD比基于尺度函数的MRTD具有更高的数值准确性。最后,对带纳米金属棒孔径光纤探针成像进行了数值模拟,结果显示其成像效果优于普通孔径探针。     

A modified geometrical optics method for scattering by dielectric bodies

A method based on ray optics is developed for calculating the scattering from dielectric bodies. The fields of geometrical optics are used except for two types of rays where the fields must be corrected from physical optics solutions. The customary advantages of ray techniques are realized, namely, a simplicity in the resulting formulas, a ready interpretation of the scattering mechanism and the possibility of extension to a wider class of problems through the inclusion of additional rays. The method has been applied to several lossless dielectric shapes: the circular cylinder, the sphere, the prolate spheroid and to a lossy dielectric shell. The relative dielectric constants considered range from 0.25 to 1.80, except in the case of the shell. The calculated results are compared with those obtained from boundary value solutions, with the exception of the spheroid where measured values are used. Good results are obtained for all sizes considered except those which are very small and behave as Rayleigh scatterers. The failure in the region of Rayleigh scattering is to be expected. Thus, for the class of dielectric scatterers treated here there is no region of scattering resonance corresponding to that of similar metallic shapes where the geometrical optics solution is no longer valid.     

粒子散射的几何光学模型中的多值散射角函数计算

对大颗粒散射特性分析通常采用物理意义清晰的几何光学近似模型(GOM)计算散射光强。本文分析了GOM,针对散射角的多值问题,提出一种基于MATLAB的遍历取值的求解方法,给出了球形大气泡粒子单一阶数散射光强和总散射光强分布图,并与Mie理论和Debye理论光强计算进行了比对,计算结果与Mie理论和Debye理论光强计算吻合很好,验证了算法的正确性。     

一种用于近场EMI测量的光电式可调频率探头

现如今印刷电路板(PCB)和电子设备的近场电磁干扰的精确测量是必不可少的。光电式探头可为近场测量提供较好的解决方案,通过结合覆铜箔层压板和电子组件、带状线嵌入到PCB基板的设计,并得到一个特定的频率响应。然而,考虑到空间电磁干扰以及从电源到探头的高频谐波干扰,提出一种光电式电源使得电源可调。模拟和分析了一种带状线结构,通过改变位于带状线和覆铜板间的贴片电容的电容值,得到三个固定谐振频率点分别位于327.046 MHz,1.699 GHz和2.439 GHz。     

A geometrical construction for Chebyshev Z-plane zeros

Chebyshev-sense equi-ripple response zeros for uniformly sampled antenna and digital-filter apertures may be obtained through means of a simple geometrical construction. This construction affords insight into the behavior of mapped Chebyshev polynomial zeros in thez-plane for both normal and oversampled, equiripple stop-band, "super-resolution" responses.     

An improved geometrical optics model for bistatic GPS scattering from the ocean surface

This paper is concerned with the properties of bistatic microwave scattering from a randomly rough surface, and specifically its application to the study of global positioning system (GPS) satellite signals reflected from the ocean. We present a discussion of some recent refinements of Kirchhoff-type models based on second-order iterations of the surface-current integral equation, and the relationship between these models and their high-frequency (geometric optics) limit. In particular, we show that use of these refinements can extend the domain of applicability of the standard geometrical optics (GO) model. It is found that GO can be nearly as accurate as a Kirchhoff-based model provided that the wavenumber cutoff, at which the surface wave spectrum must be filtered in computing the required slope moments, depends on the roughness of the ocean surface (i.e., wind speed) as well as the incident angle and frequency of the radiation. We use a GO model refined in this way to analyze GPS surface reflection data collected from an aircraft equipped with two down-looking antennas for receiving both left- and right-hand circularly polarized reflections. Concurrent measurements of the local wind and wave conditions were collected from a nearby research vessel. Measured waveforms and mean Doppler widths at both polarizations are compared with predictions from our refined GO model, and discussion is given concerning the sensitivity of the reflected radiation to various geophysical parameters and the utility of GPS reflections for remote sensing applications.     

Observation of polarization property in near-field optical imaging by a polarization-maintaining fiber probe

We fabricated an original near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) fiber probe made of polarization-maintaining and attenuation-reducing (PANDA)-type polarization-maintaining optical fiber, and observed the polarization property of propagation light in a polymer optical waveguide. The distribution of the transmission coefficient in polarization angles through this NSOM probe showed that the linear polarization is maintained in the two crossing directions: the fast and slow axes. The polarization degree parallel to the slow axis decreases from 1000:1 to 2:1 by bending the fiber probe and the decrease is independent of the bending direction. Using this PANDA-type NSOM probe, we investigated the polarization property of periodic intensity modulation. It was found that the intensity modulation was observed clearly with the electric vector parallel to the radius direction of the waveguide, but was observed vaguely with the electric vector perpendicular to the radius direction.     

接收式SNOM中的光纤探针的传输特性分析

扫描近场光学显微镜(SNOM)是新近发展起来的新型高分辨率光学显微镜,它可以对样品中纳米尺度区域的各种光学信息进行成像,将在生命科学、材料科学及信息产业有重要应用。接收式SNOM的光纤探针探测近场光信号的原理是:当针尖浸入样品表面的隐失场时,由偶极子组成的介质针尖受激产生辐射,从而将隐失波转变成传导波,由光纤探针传播到远处。因此,近场光学图像实际上是接收探针引入后形成的电磁场,对探针顶端作用而产生的散射光,通过光纤探针传输得到的光信号。因此,光纤探针的传输特性对近场光学显微镜的最终图像质量具有重要影响,研究光纤…     

球面近场测试高阶探头补偿算法及其在超宽带探头上的应用

为了提高基于超宽带探头的球面近场天线测试系统精度,相应的探头补偿算法需要考虑超宽带探头的高阶方位模式.文中采用文献[3]中基于球面波的迭代法方案实现了高效高精度的高阶探头补偿算法,并将其应用到一种工作在2~18 GHz的超宽带双脊喇叭探头中.同时以偶极子阵列为例,研究了本文算法相较于传统低阶算法的精度优势,测试了该算法在多种条件下的收敛性.结果显示:在相同条件下,高频端比低频端的高阶补偿效应更加明显;当待测天线完全落在该探头的主瓣6 dB宽度区域内时,算法均可以在几次(小于10)迭代后达到理想的精度.因此,本文算法可以有效地提高基于超宽带探头的球面近场测试系统的精度,并且具有较高的单机计算效率.     

基于扫描探针显微镜的近场超空间分辨指纹光谱技术研究现状

基于扫描探针显微镜的近场超空间分辨指纹光谱技术在分子识别及组分鉴别方面具有极大的应用前景.扫描探针显微技术与不同的光谱联合使用,发展出了不同的具有纳米级分辨的指纹光谱技术,其中包括针尖增强拉曼散射光谱技术、纳米级分辨率的傅里叶变换红外光谱技术及散射式的扫描近场太赫兹光谱技术.这三种散射式的扫描近场光学显微技术在实现方式上有所不同,在近场指纹识别方面可以相互补充.该综述主要对三种近场超空间分辨指纹光谱技术的特点进行了深入地分析和比较,并且对这三种技术的研究现状及应用进行了总结.     

NMOS multiplexer for fiber optics

The design, layout, and testing of a 5 Mb/s digital multiplexer using 2-/spl mu/m design rules for fiber-optic applications are described. Using a common 10-bit bus, the chip reads data from 16 sources in response to a DATA READY signal. Serial output includes a parity bit and is sent to an LED driver. Handshaking, sequential control, parity checking, and data formatting are covered.     

A physical optics version of the geometrical theory of diffraction

The authors derive a diffraction coefficient which is suitable for calculating the filed diffracted by the vertices of perfectly conducting objects. This diffraction coefficient is used to calculate the field scattered by the corner of a metallic sheet. Two diffraction coefficients, one for edges and one for vertices, are derived by solving the appropriate canonical problems using the physical optics (PO) approximation. The diffraction coefficients are calculated by first using the PO approximation which consists of calculating the total field on the surface of an object from the incident field according to the laws of geometrical optics, and then calculating the scattered field by employing this total surface field in a vector diffraction integral. The validity of the diffraction coefficients has been investigated by comparing their predictions with experimental measurements of the scattered field from a single corner of a rectangular metal sheet, and good agreement was found     

A plane-polar approach for far-field construction from near-field measurements

It is well-known that the far field of an arbitrary antenna may be calculated from near-field measurements. Among various possible nearfield scan geometries, the planar configuration has attracted considerable attention. In the past the planar configuration has been used with a probe scanning a rectangular geometry in the near field, and computation of the far field has been made with a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT). The applicability of the planar configuration with a probe scanning a polar geometry is investigated. The measurement process is represented as a convolution derivable from the reciprocity theorem. The concept of probe compensation as a deconvolution is then discussed with numerical results presented to verify the accuracy of the method. The far field is constructed using the Jacobi-Bessel series expansion and its utility relative to the FFT in polar geometry is examined. Finally, the far-field pattern of the Viking high gain antenna is constructed from the plane-polar near-field measured data and compared with the previously measured far-field pattern. Some unique mechanical and electrical advantages of the plane-polar configuration for determining the far-field pattern of large and gravitationally sensitive space antennas are discussed. The time convention exp (j omega r) is used but is suppressed in the formulations.     

Measurements in fiber optics

Recent advances in optical-fiber technology dictate that attention must be given to establishing accurate and precise measurement techniques. In this paper measurements currently employed to determine the characteristics of optical fiber waveguides are reviewed. Included in the review are techniques for measuring attenuation, delay distortion, refractive-index profile, fiber diameter, and mechanical strength. Since establishment of accurate measurement procedures cannot be accomplished without some knowledge of the physical mechanisms controlling the parameters to be measured, a brief review of the dominant causes of attenuation and modal delay in fibers is also included.     

MIMO雷达的近场模型DOA估计

MIMO(Multiple input multiple output)雷达为实现目标角度分集,系统的天线阵一般分布式布阵,有效孔径比较大,目标一般处于天线的近场.该文从近场DOA估计的原理出发,利用MIMO的有源特性将距离参数作为已知,建立了多输入多输出系统的近场DOA估计模型,从原理上克服了传统时延定位方法存在的多目标时延对应难题.与一般近场DOA估计需要进行距离和角度的二维搜索不同,文中方位向估计只需要角度维的一维搜索,提高了运算速度.该文给出了系统可分辨最大目标数,并在理论上分析了方位向估计的CRB.     

基于雨衰雪衰影响的空间信道统计模型

针对某些特殊的移动通信环境中信号的到达角度( TOA)、到达时间( AOA)等信道参数估计的复杂性,提出一种基于散射体均匀分布室外统计信道模型。该模型将树木中的树冠层作为散射体呈均匀分布在移动台与基站周围的椭圆形区域内,通过树冠层在雨雪环境中的相对介电常数来分析降雨降雪量对信号传输带来的影响,可以方便地估计出此室外微小区的空时信道参数,如AOA概率密度分布函数、TOA概率密度分布函数以及到达角度/到达时间( AOA/TOA )联合概率密度分布函数。仿真结果表明,信号的到达时间TOA以及到达角度AOA随着降雨降雪量的增大而增大,尤其当降雪量增大使得树冠层相对介电常数达到4.5时,信号的传输将被阻塞。该模型的信道参数估计结果符合理论与经验,扩展了移动无线通信信道模型的研究与应用。     

Cube probe structures for integrated near-field scanner module

Two new miniature near-field 'cube probe' structures for EMC/EMI measurements are proposed. Their performances are compared to those of the classical H-field loop probe in two orthogonal planes. The single cube probe effectively replaces three conventional orthogonally oriented loops. An array of cube probes is also proposed to form a near-field scan module dedicated to the characterisation of integrated circuit radiated emissions.     

单模光纤中PMD的动力学方程与几何模型

文章从产生偏振模色散（PMD）的机理出发，对单模光纤中PMD的动力学方程及其几何模型进行了研究。