138例阿奇霉素致不良反应报告分析

目的了解阿奇霉素不良反应的临床表现,为临床安全、有效、合理用药提供参考。方法收集我院2004年1月至2011年2月上报的阿奇霉素不良反应报告138例,并对相关内容分类及分析。结果阿奇霉素最常见的不良反应为胃肠道反应、注射部位疼痛,此外,有过敏性休克、心血管系统损害等。结论应进一步合理使用阿奇霉素,减少不良反应的发生。     

138例阿奇霉素致不良反应报告分析

目的 了解阿奇霉素不良反应的临床表现,为临床安全、有效、合理用药提供参考.方法 收集我院2004年1月至2011年2月上报的阿奇霉素不良反应报告138例,并对相关内容分类及分析.结果 阿奇霉素最常见的不良反应为胃肠道反应、注射部位疼痛,此外,有过敏性休克、心血管系统损害等.结论 应进步合理使用阿奇霉素,减少不良反应的发...     

畜禽动物中阿奇霉素兽残检测的研究现状及发展趋势

目前国内还未公布阿奇霉素在动物性可食组织中的最高残留限量和检测标准,导致养殖单位一直违禁使用该药物,不利于维护社会公共卫生.通过对阿奇霉素兽药残留的应用现状及检测技术的研究,为制订和研究阿奇霉素在畜禽动物中的最高残留限量和残留检测标准奠定基础,加强对阿奇霉素等新型抗生素在动物性可食组织中残留的监管力度,以提高质量监管部门针对食品安全问题的应变能力.     

2006年青岛市海慈医疗集团门诊抗菌药物用药情况分析

目的了解海慈医疗集团抗菌药物的产品结构和使用情况,并进行临床使用评价,为临床合理、有效、经济地选用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法采用用药频度(DDDs)和药品限定日费用(DDDc)分析方法对我院2006年抗菌药物的使用情况进行统计分析。结果2006年用药频度排序和销售金额排序前10位的药品基本类同,为克拉霉素、盐酸洛美沙星、盐酸克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、门冬氨酸洛美沙星、马来酸阿奇霉素、加替沙星、阿莫西林钠克拉维酸钾、头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠、硫酸依替米星。结论我院抗菌药物的临床应用较为合理,但有些抗菌药物的DDDc较高。     

2006年青岛市海慈医疗集团门诊抗菌药物用药情况分析

目的了解海慈医疗集团抗菌药物的产品结构和使用情况,并进行临床使用评价,为临床合理、有效、经济地选用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法采用用药频度（DDDs）和药品限定日费用（DDDc）分析方法对我院2006年抗菌药物的使用情况进行统计分析。结果2006年用药频度排序和销售金额排序前10位的药品基本类同,为克拉霉素、盐酸洛美沙星、盐酸克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、门冬氨酸洛美沙星、马来酸阿奇霉素、加替沙星、阿莫西林钠克拉维酸钾、头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠、硫酸依替米星。结论我院抗菌药物的临床应用较为合理,但有些抗菌药物的DDDc较高。     

大豆磷脂阿奇霉素阳离子脂质体的制备及性质研究

利用大豆粉状磷脂,采用薄膜法结合冻融法制备阿奇霉素阳离子脂质体,以高效液相色谱法为分析手段,采用反透析法测定阿奇霉素脂质体的包封率.研究了阿奇霉素脂质体配方中不同成分的比例.阿奇霉素脂质体的最佳制备条件为:水浴温度为40℃,m(阿奇霉素):m(磷脂)=1:25,m(阿奇霉素):m(维生素E)=40:1,m(阿奇霉素):m(十八胺)=2.5:1,加入10%的麦芽糖水溶液为20mL,在此条件下,阿奇霉素阳离子脂质体的包封率为76.07%.从形态、粒径、体外释药特性等方而对阿奇霉素脂质体进行了质量评价,并研究在小鼠体内的分布.     

阿奇霉素联合头孢曲松钠治疗重症社区获得性肺炎

目的观察阿奇霉素联合头孢曲松钠治疗重症社区获得性肺炎的临床疗效。方法随机将112例患者分为3组,A组32例,阿奇霉素针500mg/d;B组41例,头孢曲松钠针2～3g/d;C组39例,阿奇霉素针500mg/d和头孢曲松钠针2～3g/d。观察临床有效率,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果C组有效率明显高于对照组A、B。结论阿奇霉素联合头孢曲松钠治疗重症社区获得性肺炎优于上述单种抗生素。     

大豆磷脂阿奇霉素脂质体的制备及渗漏率研究

利用大豆粉状磷脂,用薄膜法制备阿奇霉素脂质体,以高效液相色谱法为分析手段,采用反透析法测定阿奇霉素脂质体的包封率.研究了阿奇霉素脂质体配方中不同成分的比例以及水合介质对脂质体包封率的影响.阿奇霉素脂质体的最佳制备条件为:温度38℃,m(阿奇霉紊):m(磷脂)=1:25,m(阿奇霉素):m(胆固醇)=1:2.5,m(阿奇霉素):m(十八胺)=5:1,加入的磷酸盐缓冲溶液为20mL,在此条件下,阿奇霉素脂质体的包封率为75.68%.该方法准确,可用于大豆磷脂阿奇霉素脂质体的制备,并且制备的脂质体稳定.     

阿奇霉素治疗成人呼吸道感染的临床观察

目的:观察阿奇霉素治疗成人呼吸道感染的临床效果。方法:将我院在2017年7月至2018年7月收治的65例成人呼吸道感染患者作为临床观察资料,并将其命名为实验组,观察阿奇霉素治疗成人呼吸道感染的效果。结果:实验组65例患者治疗总有效率为96.92%,不良反应率为9.23%。结论:成人呼吸道感染使用阿奇霉素治疗,既可以取得较好的临床治疗效果,又可以保证患者治疗的安全性,是临床上值得推荐和使用的药物。     

大豆磷脂阿奇霉素脂质体的制备及稳定性研究

利用大豆粉状磷脂,采用逆相蒸发结合冻融法制备阿奇霉素脂质体,以高效液相色谱法为分析手段,采用反透析法测定阿奇霉素脂质体的包封率。研究了阿奇霉素脂质体配方中不同成分的比例,以及水合介质对脂质体包封率的影响。阿奇霉素脂质体的最佳制备条件为：温度38℃,阿奇霉素：磷脂为1：20（质量比）,阿奇霉素：胆固醇为1：2．5（质量比）,最佳的水合介质是pH6．8的磷酸盐缓冲溶液,加入的磷酸盐缓冲溶液为20ml。在此条件下,阿奇霉素脂质体的包封率为72．86％。该方法准确,可用于大豆磷脂阿奇霉素脂质体的制备,并且制备的脂质体稳定。     

抗耐药性大肠杆菌乳酸菌的筛选及抑菌机制

筛选对耐药性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)拮抗活性较强的乳酸菌,并探究其作用机制.采用牛津杯打孔法筛选对耐药性E.coli具有抑制活性的乳酸菌,并通过生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列对其进行鉴定.通过测定阿奇霉素、乳酸菌粗提物、乳酸菌粗提物和阿奇霉素共同作用对耐药性E.coli电导率、胞外蛋白、紫外吸收...     

高效液相紫外法检测肉鸡组织中的阿奇霉素残留

目的：研究建立反相液相色谱法监控肉鸡组织阿奇霉素的残留。方法：采用C18 柱(4.6mm × 250mm,5μm),乙腈- 异丙醇-0.002mol/L 磷酸氢二钠(60:15:25,V/V)为流动相,紫外检测波长210nm,样品用氯仿- 异丙醇(95:5,V/V)提取,氮气流吹干,加流动相溶解后进样。结果：阿奇霉素在0.05～5.0μg/g 范围内与峰面积呈线性相关,r ＞ 0.990;血清中最低检测限为0.02μg/ml,组织最低定量限为0.05μg/g,血清回收率＞ 83%,组织回收率＞ 77%,RSD ＜ 5%。结论：该方法快速、精确、重复性好,符合肉鸡组织中阿奇霉素残留检测的要求。     

清热解毒软胶囊、维胺酯、安体舒通联用治疗面部寻常痤疮的临床疗效观察

目的观察清热解毒软胶囊、维胺酯、安体舒通胶囊联用治疗面部寻常痤疮的临床疗效.方法随机将300例寻常痤疮患者分为2组,治疗组250例,口服清热解毒软胶囊、维胺酯和安体舒通.对照组50例,口服阿奇霉素、维胺酯.2组均以10 d为1个疗程,4个疗程后观察疗效.结果治疗组总有效率96.0%,对照组总有效率74.0%,2组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论清热解毒软胶囊,维胺脂,安体舒通联用治疗面部寻常座疮疗效显著,临床症状改善快.     

石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节弯曲菌污染状况及耐药分析

目的了解石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节中弯曲菌的污染状况及对12种抗生素的耐药谱和耐药特征。方法采集屠宰前肉鸡肛拭子、鸡酮体涂抹拭子标本和市售鸡肉、鸡肝脏样品,参照GB 4789.9—2014《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验空肠弯曲菌检验》和多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法进行弯曲菌的分离和鉴定,用K-B纸片法对分离弯曲菌进行6类12种抗生素药敏测定。结果在439份标本/样品中共有17份检出弯曲菌,总检出率为3.9%(17/439)。空肠弯曲菌对萘啶酸、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和四环素的耐药率均为85.7%(6/7),对庆大霉素、链霉素、丁胺卡那、阿奇霉素、氟苯尼考全部敏感。结肠弯曲菌除对阿奇霉素、多西环素、氟苯尼考的耐药率小于50.0%外,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、萘啶酸、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那、四环素、链霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均高于80.0%。17株弯曲菌多重耐药率为70.6%(12/17),呈11种耐药谱型,市售环节分离株耐药谱型多于屠宰环节分离株,并具有各自不同的优势耐药谱型。结论石家庄市肉鸡屠宰和市售环节均有一定程度的弯曲菌污染,分离株多重耐药情况严重,呈多种耐药谱型。     

内蒙古牧区传统乳制品中潜在益生植物乳杆菌的药物敏感性研究

采用纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法),对从内蒙古牧区传统乳制品中分离到的16株对pH3及0.3%牛胆酸钠有一定耐受性的植物乳杆菌的药物敏感性进行了测定。结果显示,所测试的16株植物乳杆菌均对青霉素G、万古霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星不敏感;对头孢哌酮、乙酰螺旋霉素中度敏感;对哌拉西林、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉、克林霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、利福平、呋喃妥因敏感;对其他抗生素的敏感性因菌株不同而有差异。所有菌株对阿奇霉素、新霉素表现为敏感或中度敏感;多数菌株对氨苄青霉素敏感(11/16),对头孢噻肟敏感(8/16)或中度敏感(6/16),对多黏菌素B不敏感(10/16)。     

An evaluation of the OECD 308 water/sediment systems for investigating the biodegradation of pharmaceuticals

In recent times, trace levels of pharmaceuticals detected in wastewater effluents and surface waters have raised the level of attention around the ultimate fate and the potential persistence of pharmaceuticals in the environment. We have seen the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicines (EMEA) recently include more rigorous environmental fate testing in European Union (EU) Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) guidance to assess the ultimate fate in water/sediment systems. Yet to date, there is little data available that covers the fate of pharmaceuticals in the water/sediment compartment, and little that assess whether current aerobic and anaerobic methods are appropriate for pharmaceuticals. In this study, the biodegradation profiles of 3 Pfizer products were investigated following the latest ERA guidance and its recommendation for OECD 308 water/sediment biodegradation testing. Experiments included 14C-labeled exemestane, azithromycin, and varenicline representing neutral and cationic pharmaceuticals with average K(oc) values of 3704, 49 400, and 10 483 respectively. Specific HPLC/radioactive monitoring (RAM) methods were used to profile water and sediment samples for biotransformation products. Binding to sediment, as "non-extractables", was considerable for all three pharmaceuticals, though most notable for the cationic pharmaceuticals varenicline and azithromycin ranging from 52% to 94% at study termination, respectively. In general, for all 3 pharmaceuticals studied, the anaerobic conditions demonstrated less biotransformation and mineralization than the aerobic; though their biotransformation profile (number of metabolites) and amount bound to sediment were similar. Based on these findings and our current understanding of anaerobic biodegradation, we would recommend a tiered approach to the OECD 308 water/ sediment test: with default testing just for aerobic conditions; and then if needed, anaerobic testing only for those compounds potentially amenable to typical anaerobic processes. We suggest that as a simulation test would be better suited in later tier testing under EU ERA guidance. Inherent biodegradation or die-away tests seem better suited to derive biodegradation rate constants for subsequent environmental modeling of water and sediment compartments.     

Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario

Campylobacterjejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infection in the United States, and there are reports of resistance of Campylobacter spp. to antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of gastroenteritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario. The agar dilution method was performed to measure antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from hogs (n = 401), beef (n = 21), and chicken (n = 435) to ampicillin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and tetracycline was determined. Resistance of chicken, hog, and beef isolates was 14.3, 18.2, and 9.5% to ampicillin; 17.9, 67.3, and 38.1% to azithromycin; 0, 0.5, and 0% to chloramphenicol; 3.7, 1.2, and 0% to ciprofloxacin; 2.3, 46.6, and 4.8% to clindamycin; 6.7, 43.6, and 4.8% to erythromycin; 0.2, 0, and 0% to gentamicin; 5.1, 10.7, and 0% to nalidixic acid; 13.6, 57.4, and 4.8% to streptomycin; and 52.6, 44.1, 42.9% to tetracycline, respectively. The hog isolates had the greatest resistance to seven of the ten antimicrobials tested. Results of this study confirm the existence of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to various antimicrobial agents,especially ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, commonly used for treatment of campylobacteriosis in humans.     

印度食品安全监管体制简介

介绍印度食品安全和标准局的职能,以及有关法律的执行程序和对食品违法犯罪的处罚情况,深入分析印度在新的食品安全法律框架下进行食品安全监管体制改革的特点,对照我国当前的食品安全管理现状,对比研究中印2国食品安全管理体制的改革进程,提出了从立法、体制、机制上进一步优化我国食品安全管理模式的建议。     

大豆磷脂克拉霉素脂质体制备及性质研究

采用薄膜冷冻法制备了克拉霉素脂质体,以高效液相色谱法为分析手段,采用反透析法测定克拉霉素脂质体的包封率,并通过正交实验确定了最佳制备条件为:水浴温度为45℃,m(克拉霉素):m(磷脂)=1:35,m(磷脂):m(胆固醇)=4:1,m(有机相):m(水相)=4:1,水合介质为pH6.8的磷酸盐缓冲溶液。在此条件下,克拉霉素脂质体的包封率达到81%,并从形态、粒径、渗漏率等方面对克拉霉素脂质体进行了质量评价。     

Distribution of macrolides, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim in tropical waters: ubiquitous occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in the Mekong Delta

We investigated the distributions of 12 antibiotics (viz., sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim) in the water from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and compared them with those in the Tamagawa River, Japan. In Vietnam, only a few antibiotics (viz., sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, and erythromycin-H2O) were detected in the river and canals from urban and rural sites, at concentrations of 7-360 ng/L. This contrasts with the results from the Japanese urban river, where more antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, trimethoprim, erythromycin-H20, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin) were detected at concentrations ranging from 4to 448 ng/L. The concentrations of sulfonamides in the Mekong Delta were comparable to those in the Tamagawa River, whereas macrolide concentrations were lowerthanthose in the Tamagawa River. The ubiquitous occurrence of sulfamethazine, used as a veterinary medicine, in the waters in Vietnam at relatively high concentrations (15-328 ng/L) was unique. Extremely high concentrations of sulfamethazine [(18.5-19.2) x 10(3) ng/L] were detected in pig farm wastewaters, and relatively high concentrations were observed in canals near chicken and pig farms. All these data suggested the potential utility of sulfamethazine as a molecular marker of livestock-source contamination. The present study demonstrated widespread inputs of veterinary medicines to waters in Vietnam.