轴心受压约束钢管柱温度应力试验研究

为揭示轴心受压钢构件温度应力的变化规律,利用自行研制的专用设备,采用恒载连续升温试验方法,设13级约束刚度,3级初应力,6种长细比,对215根Q345钢管柱进行试验研究。结果表明:①温度应力是最重要的作用效应,在钢结构耐火设计与评估中必须考虑。升温后期温度应力虽下降,但此前试件已经失效。②约束刚度和长细比越大,温度应力越大,试件的破坏温度越低,反之相反;约束刚度越大,长细比越小时,温度应力-温升曲线塑性平台越长。③长细比影响试件的破坏特征:长细比较大时,破坏后侧向残余变形较大,轴向变形较小,为失稳破坏;反之相反,为强度破坏。④不同的初应力下在温升初期曲线基本重合,斜率相同;初应力越低,温度应力越大,曲线从初始重合曲线上分离越晚,反之相反。⑤随温升增大,曲线呈现4个阶段:温升较小时,温度应力与温升呈线性关系;随后应力增长变缓,呈非线性关系;温升继续增大,温度应力保持不变,试件进入塑性阶段;最后随温升增大而温度应力变小,试件失效破坏。     

国产钢结构用Q345(16Mn)钢在恒载升温条件下的应变-温度-应力材料模型

为了对我国钢结构耐火设计与评估提供基础数据,利用微机控制电液伺服试验机及加温装置和特别设计的变形测量装置,采用恒载升温试验方法,对国产10个钢厂生产的钢结构用Q345(16Mn)钢进行424次试验研究.把钢材总应变分离成初始应变、自由膨胀应变和耦合应变,构造出钢材的应变-温度-应力材料模型.当结构的应力水平确定后,应变-温度-应力模型给出材料应变随温度上升的变化规律,为钢结构的高温变形计算提供支持;如果规定了结构的破坏应变,则可确定结构在给定应力水平下的临界温度用以钢结构保护层厚度计算;如果已确定结构的最高温度和破坏应变,可用该模型计算钢材的设计强度进行钢结构高温承载力复核.所建立的ε-T-k模型可直接应用于任何静定钢构件,也可近似直接应用于约束作用较小或初应力较大的超静定钢构件;当与恒温加载模型联合使用,可应用于火灾中任意力一热途径作用下钢结构的全时程分析.     

Q460高强角钢极限承载力的试验研究

将高强角钢放置在实际铁塔结构中,选取平面三角形桁架1∶1模型,采用不同端部连接形式,两种长细比,对Q460高强角钢进行极限承载力试验研究。根据试验结果分析Q460等边角钢的破坏形态、极限承载力、与连接腹杆的工作机理等指标。研究表明:子结构试验能真实反映构件在结构中的受力性能和实际端部约束条件;长细比为30、45的试件,其破坏模式介于整体弯曲和局部屈曲之间,局部稳定问题突出;长细比为60的试件,以整体弯扭变形为主。研究为Q460高强角钢的规范制订和工程应用提供了合理依据。     

Q460高强角钢极限承载力的试验研究

将高强角钢放置在实际铁塔结构中,选取平面三角形桁架1∶1模型,采用不同端部连接形式,两种长细比,对Q460高强角钢进行极限承载力试验研究。根据试验结果分析Q460等边角钢的破坏形态、极限承载力、与连接腹杆的工作机理等指标。研究表明:子结构试验能真实反映构件在结构中的受力性能和实际端部约束条件;长细比为30、45的试件,其破坏模式介于整体弯曲和局部屈曲之间,局部稳定问题突出;长细比为60的试件,以整体弯扭变形为主。研究为Q460高强角钢的规范制订和工程应用提供了合理依据。     

Q460高强钢焊接箱形压弯构件极限承载力试验研究

为研究Q460高强钢中厚板焊接箱形压弯构件的整体失稳极限承载力,采用11mm厚国产Q460高强钢中厚板制作7个焊接箱形压弯试件,试件截面宽厚比分别为18、12、8,长细比分别为35、55、80。试验内容包括:Q460低合金高强钢的材性试验,三种焊接截面残余应力测试,各试件初始几何缺陷测量及极限承载力试验,从而进行了面内整体失稳压弯构件的极限承载力试验研究;并且把试验结果与我国现行钢结构设计规范计算值相比较。试验研究结果表明:Q460低合金高强钢材性具有高强度,塑性性能良好等特点;Q460高强钢焊接箱形截面残余应力分布形式与普通钢材箱形焊接截面分布基本相同,但是残余应力比降低;压弯构件极限承载力试验结果明显高于现行钢结构规范设计公式计算值,所以应对Q460高强钢焊接箱形压弯构件进行近一步参数分析研究,并得出其实用设计方法。     

高强度Q690钢柱耐火性能试验研究

为了获得高强度Q690钢柱的耐火性能,使用电炉对无防护足尺焊接H形Q690钢柱进行模拟ISO 834升温条件下耐火试验。测量得到不同荷载比下Q690钢柱温度、轴向位移、侧向位移与受火时间的关系,基于试验数据得到钢柱的临界温度和耐火极限。采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立钢柱耐火性能分析模型,考虑钢材高温蠕变和焊接残余应力的影响,模拟得到了钢柱的受火响应,其与试验结果吻合良好。利用验证的有限元模型分析了荷载比、长细比和升温速率对钢柱受力性能的影响。研究表明,无防护的Q690钢柱在受火20 min左右发生破坏,破坏模式为整体失稳破坏;荷载比对临界温度影响较大,长细比和升温速率影响较小; Q690钢柱的临界温度比GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》和欧洲规范EN1993-1-2的计算结果低60℃左右。最后提出了高强Q690钢柱抗火设计的简化方法。     

高强度Q690钢柱耐火性能试验研究

为了获得高强度Q690钢柱的耐火性能，使用电炉对无防护足尺焊接H形Q690钢柱进行模拟ISO 834升温条件下耐火试验。测量得到不同荷载比下Q690钢柱温度、轴向位移、侧向位移与受火时间的关系，基于试验数据得到钢柱的临界温度和耐火极限。采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立钢柱耐火性能分析模型，考虑钢材高温蠕变和焊接残余应力的影响，模拟得到了钢柱的受火响应，其与试验结果吻合良好。利用验证的有限元模型分析了荷载比、长细比和升温速率对钢柱受力性能的影响。研究表明，无防护的Q690钢柱在受火20min左右发生破坏，破坏模式为整体失稳破坏；荷载比对临界温度影响较大，长细比和升温速率影响较小；Q690钢柱的临界温度比GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》和欧洲规范EN 1993-1-2的计算结果低60℃左右。最后提出了高强Q690钢柱抗火设计的简化方法。     

基于输电塔架结构Q460等边角钢力学性能数值分析

在输电塔结构极限承载力试验研究的基础上,采用ANSYS有限元软件,分析了不同长细比、不同端部约束条件下Q460等边角钢的应力分布、失稳模式、极限承载力等指标。研究表明:破坏模式方面,有限元分析失稳模式与试验现象基本一致;承载力方面,对长细比为30、45的试件,数值分析结果与试验值相差4%左右,对长细比为60的试件,二者相差10%左右,吻合较好。研究结果可为Q460高强角钢的规范制订和工程应用提供合理依据。     

相邻两面受火的方钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱耐火极限

运用ABAQUS有限元软件建立相邻两面受火的方钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,两者吻合良好。通过模拟方钢管约束钢筋混凝土构件在相邻两面受火条件下的温度场和力学场,研究一定参数范围内长细比、含钢率、配筋率、荷载比、荷载偏心率等参数对构件耐火极限的影响,最后针对影响耐火极限的各项参数提出耐火极限简化计算式。研究表明:长细比、荷载比、荷载偏心率对试件耐火极限影响显著。含钢率与配筋率对构件耐火极限影响较小。     

钢管约束高强混凝土剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

高强混凝土剪力墙承载力高,刚度大,但变形能力较差。为改善此类构件的变形能力,在剪力墙边缘构件采用钢管约束形式代替普通箍筋,进行了钢管约束高强混凝土剪力墙低周反复加载试验,研究试件的破坏形态、破坏机理、延性、滞回特性、刚度退化及耗能性能。试验表明,通过约束边缘构件内设置钢管,试件水平承载力下降缓慢,在较大竖向压力作用下,试件仍可保持竖向承载能力,可明显提高高强混凝土剪力墙的变形能力;相同轴压比下,钢管约束高强混凝土剪力墙试件较普通配筋高强混凝土剪力墙试件,极限位移增大27%,耗能值增加81%。根据试验结果,建立了钢管约束高强混凝土剪力墙正截面承载力计算公式,建议在高强混凝土剪力墙底部加强区采取钢管约束构件的形式,以提高高强混凝土剪力墙抗震性能。     

考虑蠕变和残余应力释放的Q460钢柱抗火设计方法

承受荷载的钢结构在火灾下可发生明显的蠕变变形,钢结构中的焊接残余应力在火灾下也会一定程度地释放,因而高温蠕变变形和残余应力会对钢柱的耐火性能产生影响.为了准确地对高强度Q460钢柱进行抗火设计,有必要定量分析高温蠕变和残余应力释放对钢柱承载力的影响.采用电炉对2根焊接H形Q460钢柱进行耐火试验,得到无保护Q460钢柱...     

Numerical analysis on structural behaviors of concrete filled steel tube reinforced concrete (CFSTRC) columns subjected to 3-side fire

The structural behaviors of concrete filled steel tube reinforced concrete (CFSTRC) columns, which were exposed to a 3-side fire were discussed by using the non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS. Details of the temperature distribution, fire resistance, failure modes, redistribution of internal force, contact stress between the steel tube and the concrete (both inside and outside of the steel tube), and the development of stress and strain within the CFSTRC columns subjected to a 3-side fire were revealed. The factors that may have affected the fire resistance of the CFSTRC columns exposed to three-side fire were analyzed. Based on the above research, the present study observed uniaxial symmetry on the cross-sectional thermal distribution of the CFSTRC, wherein a significantly lower temperature on the unexposed side was observed as compared to the exposed side. The two side verges of the surface, which were not exposed to fire, exhibited the lowest temperature. Following the end of the heating, the maximum temperature difference reached about 1065oC. The large temperature difference would bring non-uniform thermal stress and strain, and accidental eccentricity. In addition, the existence of concrete inside and outside of the steel tube prevented the steel tube from occurring local buckling, and the failure modes of CFSTRC columns acted as overall bucking. Parameters such as the fire load ratio, sectional dimension, slenderness ratio, sectional core area ratio, and external concrete compression strength significantly influenced the fire resistance of the CFSTRC columns. Finally, a simplified calculating formula was proposed to calculate the fire resistance influence factors of the CFSTRC columns subjected to three-sid fire. The formula-calculated results were well in agreement with the finite element analysis results, thereby providing a simple and feasible method for evaluating the fire-resistance design of these types of components in practical engineering.     

An approach for evaluating fire resistance of high strength Q460 steel columns

To develop a methodology for evaluating fire resistance of high strength Q460 steel columns, the load bearing capacity of high strength Q460 steel columns is investigated. The current approach of evaluating load bearing capacity of mild steel columns at room temperature is extended to high strength Q460 steel columns with due consideration to high temperature properties of high strength Q460 steel. The critical temperature of high strength Q460 steel column is presented and compared with mild steel columns. The proposed approach was validated by comparing the predicted load capacity with that evaluated through finite element analysis and test results. In addition, parametric studies were carried out by employing the proposed approach to study the effect of residual stress and geometrical imperfections. Results from parametric studies show that, only for a long column (slenderness higher than 75), the magnitude and distribution mode of residual stress have little influence on ultimate load bearing capacity of high strength Q460 steel columns, but the geometrical imperfections have significant influence on any columns. At a certain slenderness ratio, the stability factor first decreases and then increases with temperature rise.     

超高强混凝土型钢组合柱抗火性能试验研究

为研究型钢保护层厚度、柱截面尺寸、荷载比、长细比和箍筋间距对超高强混凝土型钢组合柱高温承载力的影响,开展了14根纤维增强120MPa混凝土型钢组合柱在ISO 834标准升温曲线下的承载力试验。组合柱高温破坏现象和竖向位移历程表明：体积掺量0.15%的聚丙烯纤维能够有效防止超高强混凝土的高温爆裂;随着长细比的增加,组合柱从截面强度破坏转变为屈曲破坏。总体上,竖向位移历程曲线可分为受火初期膨胀阶段、后继的压缩变形稳定增长阶段和破坏前的压缩变形急剧增长阶段。纤维增强120MPa混凝土型钢组合柱的耐火极限随着长细比和荷载比的增加而降低;随着截面尺寸和型钢保护层的增加而增长;双肢箍间距在80~150mm范围变化,对耐火极限的影响较小。对比耐火极限的试验值和EN 1994-1-2及规程DBJ/T 15-81—2011简化计算方法的建议值发现,EN 1994-1-2的计算值低于试验值30%~186%,规程DBJ/T 15-81—2011的计算值与试验值偏差为-49%~16%。因此,现行规范不适用于预测120MPa混凝土型钢组合柱的耐火极限。     

Investigation of concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures

This paper presents a nonlinear 3-D finite element model investigating the behaviour of concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures. The composite columns were pin-ended axially loaded columns having different cross-sectional dimensions, different structural steel sections, different coarse aggregates and different load ratios during fire. The nonlinear material properties of steel, concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect of concrete confinement at ambient and elevated temperatures were considered in the finite element models. The interface between the steel section and concrete, the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars, and the reinforcement bars and concrete were also considered allowing the bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the column. The initial overall (out-of-straightness) geometric imperfection was carefully included in the model. The finite element model has been validated against published tests conducted at elevated temperatures. The time–temperature relationships, deformed shapes at failure, time–axial displacement relationships, failure modes and fire resistances of the columns were evaluated by the finite element model. It has been shown that the finite element model can accurately predict the behaviour of the columns at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the variables that influence the fire resistance and behaviour of the composite columns comprising different load ratios during fire, different coarse aggregates and different slenderness ratios were investigated in parametric studies. It is shown that the fire resistance of the columns generally increases with the decrease in the column slenderness ratio as well as the increase in the structural steel ratio. It is also shown that the time–axial displacement relationship is considerably affected by the coarse aggregate. The fire resistances of the composite columns obtained from the finite element analyses were compared with the design values obtained from the Eurocode 4 for composite columns at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the EC4 is conservative for all the concrete encased steel composite columns, except for the columns having a load ratio of 0.5 as well as the columns having a slenderness ratio of 0.69 and a load ratio of 0.4.     

Experimental study of fire-resistant steel H-columns at elevated temperature

This paper presents the experimental studies of axially loaded fire-resistant steel columns under elevated temperature. With the advancement of metal production, fire-resistant steel with enhanced mechanical properties at elevated temperatures has been developed recently. However, extensive research work is needed in order for the application of fire-resistant steel in building structures. In this study, a series of fire-resistant steel columns was loaded to their ultimate states at specified temperature. The effects of width-thickness ratios, slenderness ratios and residual stress on the performance of fire-resistant steel H-columns are examined. Based on this study, it is found that the section property of fire-resistant H-columns should be at least a non-compact section in order to prevent local buckling. Column strength is sensitive to slenderness ratio at elevated temperature. The strength of a slender column decreased sharply especially for temperatures above 600 ^°C. It is also found that the failure mode of steel columns changed from inelastic global buckling at room temperature to local buckling at elevated temperature, due to the release of residual stress in fire. An analytical model is proposed which is able to predict the behavior of fire-resistant steel H-columns under elevated temperature. Design guidelines are also proposed for the design of fire-resistant steel columns in fire conditions.     

高强度Q690钢柱受火后受力性能试验研究

为了获得高强度Q690钢柱受火后的受力性能,采用电炉将2根高强度Q690钢焊接H形截面柱升温至800℃后自然冷却至常温,对受火后钢柱进行受压试验,得到钢柱的承载力和破坏模式。为考察受火对钢柱承载力的影响,对2根同尺寸不受火钢柱也进行受压试验。使用ABAQUS软件建立了试验钢柱有限元模型,考虑钢材受火后力学性能的退化和截面残余应力的影响,模拟试验构件的结构响应,并与试验结果进行对比。研究表明:钢柱均发生了绕弱轴的整体失稳破坏;经800℃受火作用后的钢柱承载力与不受火相比降低30%左右;有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合良好。进而采用有限元模型分析受火温度、冷却方式、长细比等参数对受火后Q690钢柱整体稳定系数的影响,有限元分析发现:受火后Q690钢柱稳定系数随受火温度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,转折点为800℃左右;受火温度较低时冷却方式对Q690钢柱稳定系数影响较小,受火温度高于800℃后影响显著;受火后Q690钢柱稳定系数随长细比增大而降低,长细比小于80时,降低幅度较大,长细比超过80时,降低幅度减小。     

Performance of axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures

The structural performance of axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures is investigated in this study. An efficient nonlinear 3-D finite element model was presented for the analysis of the pin-ended axially loaded columns. The restraint ratios varied from 20% to 100% of the axial stiffness of the composite columns at ambient temperature. The finite element model was verified against published test results on axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns at elevated temperatures. The columns investigated had different cross-sectional dimensions, different coarse aggregates and different load ratios during fire. The nonlinear material properties of steel, concrete, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars as well as the effect of concrete confinement at ambient and elevated temperatures were considered in the finite element model. The interface between the steel section and concrete, the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars, and the reinforcement bars and concrete were also considered allowing the bond behaviour to be modelled and the different components to retain its profile during the deformation of the column. The initial overall geometric imperfection was carefully included in the model. The time-temperature relationships, deformed shapes at failure, time-axial displacement relationships, failure modes and fire resistances of the columns were evaluated by the finite element model and compared well against test results. Furthermore, the variables that influence the fire resistance and behaviour of the axially restrained composite columns comprising different axial restraint ratios, different load ratios during fire, different coarse aggregates and different slenderness ratios were investigated in a parametric study. It is shown that axially restrained composite columns behave differently in fire compared to the unrestrained columns since the typical “runaway” failure was not predicted from the finite element analysis. The fire resistances of the composite columns obtained from the finite element analysis were compared with the design values obtained from the Eurocode 4 for composite columns at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the EC4 is generally conservative for all the axially restrained concrete encased steel composite columns, except for some columns with higher load and slenderness ratios.     

内置高强角钢的方钢管再生块体混凝土柱轴压及耐火性能试验研究

为了在不增加用钢量的前提下,明显改善钢管混凝土柱的耐火性能,同时确保其常温轴压性能基本不降低,针对内置高强角钢的方钢管再生块体混凝土柱,开展了6根短柱(边长300 mm、高度900 mm)的轴压试验以及3根足尺柱(截面边长320 mm、高度3 770 mm)的耐火试验,研究了废旧混凝土块体取代率(0、30%)、角钢强度等级(Q345、Q690)、角钢至钢管净距(10、20、30 mm)等因素对柱轴压性能的影响,分析了内置高强角钢、角钢至钢管净距(10、30 mm)等因素对柱耐火性能的影响。研究表明:在总用钢量基本不变的情况下,通过适当减薄钢管并在管内设置高强角钢且二者之间预留一定净距,可使方钢管再生块体混凝土柱的耐火极限提高了200%以上;同时,其轴压承载力和延性指标都有所提高,初始刚度基本不变或有所提高;在用钢量完全相同的情况下,适当增加高强角钢至钢管内壁的净距可使柱的耐火极限进一步提高,而轴压承载力变化不大;针对该类柱改进的轴压承载力实用计算方法,计算结果与试验结果之间的偏差较小。