现代城市公共艺术“建筑化”的思考

现代城市公共艺术多元化的发展为公共艺术的理论和实践带来更多的发展空间。建筑化的公共艺术更是广泛的把艺术和城市建筑环境融合起来。本文通过对我国公共艺术的概念和发展的分析,从建筑艺术形态的角度,探析公共艺术与城市建筑环境的融合,以及建筑要素尤其是建筑表皮和空间形态对公共艺术语意表达的意义,希望为建筑创作和公共艺术实践提供更多的参考。     

建筑中的设计语言

艺术和建筑是息息相关,在现代城市的发展中,建筑的艺术形式越来越多样化,本文通过对上海世博会建筑的分析,从上海世博会的建筑中学到了很多艺术的新的形式,以及对现代新技术运用到建筑中的感受和启发,通过了解3D全息投影技术与建筑的结合的新的形式有了很深的感悟。     

论中国现代雕塑元素与建筑艺术的借鉴和融合

中国现代雕塑艺术是随着时代的进步而发展的,其中建筑艺术也需要一种新的定义诠释其艺术法则。文章从建筑艺术转向现代雕塑艺术的视角,重新审视雕塑艺术与建筑的关系;从雕塑创作元素角度展开,分析建筑艺术风格与创作形式;深刻阐述当代建筑艺术从早期单纯的模仿转化为现代雕塑构成艺术的演变过程。雕塑性作为现代建筑的基本特征,已经融入两种艺术的共性。当代雕塑艺术创作元素与创作特点越来越多地被运用到建筑创作中。现代雕塑构成了建筑的尊严,同时建筑对雕塑也产生了更深层次的创作影响。     

现代建筑与奇异建筑

二十世纪世界建筑环境已经发生了戏剧性的变化，现代建筑星罗棋布于世界各个城市，而且，由这些现代建筑组成的现代化城市像雨后春笋般兴起。旧城市的天际轮廓线得到改造，它们以铝合金、彩色玻璃、不锈钢等装饰材料为特色，呈现出明快开朗的城市空间景观。仅从技术方面说，任何时代都不可能创造这样的建筑物。更醒目的是现代建筑艺术造型体现了新的艺术观，以其简洁新颖的立面构图给人以美的艺术感受。现代建筑比其守旧的店统建筑靓进了一大步。而城币景观中的现代建筑已经成为二十世纪胄遍采用的新型建筑风格，由它装点着现代化的城币，真…     

我国城市建筑环境艺术的审美视界

分析了城市建筑环境艺术审美的期待视界和功利视界，详细探讨了现代城市中传统的建筑环境艺术观——“天人合一”的美学境界，以创造出高质量的环境艺术，充分展示民族文化的现代价值。     

浅析上海世博会的建筑艺术

2010年上海世博会以精彩纷呈的建筑艺术,向人们阐释了"城市让生活更美好"主题。文章分析了2010年上海世博会建筑艺术表达的三个方面,总结了世博会建筑艺术实际上表达了地域建筑特色。     

与技术的纠缠:建筑艺术的几次进化与近未来思考

随着大数据、人工智能等新技术的爆炸式发展,为重新思考建筑艺术和建筑科学技术之间的关系提供了新的纬度,回溯梳理建筑艺术史上的数次建筑艺术的进化,分析得到三个启示:看似是建筑艺术问题,实则是建筑技术问题;建筑技术的革新引领建筑艺术的创新,建筑艺术是技术成熟的标志;建筑艺术的核心是建筑技术的,但建筑技术并不等同于建筑艺术.基于对建筑艺术历史发展规律的认识,新技术的出现将会对人类建筑艺术的发展实现促进,在科技迅猛发展的新时代大背景下,人类应力求实现建筑艺术与建筑科学技术的进一步融合统一.     

现代殡葬建筑空间艺术

殡葬建筑是城市的一个重要组成部分，该文对现代殡葬建筑的空间气氛和艺术特色等问题进行了较为系统的探讨，着重强调了现代殡葬建筑作为”场所”的精神功能一提出了应该挖掘人们潜在的集体意识是现代殡葬建筑设计的灵感源泉。     

旧物艺术介入传统建筑的保护与更新

当前城市建设进入了发展的快车道,拆旧建新成为现代化城市建设的主要方式。在此背景下,传统建筑的处境岌岌可危,城市建设与传统建筑保护成为现代城市乃至乡村建设发展的矛盾双方。对此,需正确统筹协调传统建筑在现代社会与城乡建设发展中的作用、地位及其历史文化价值,通过旧物艺术介入传统建筑保护与更新的设计,赋予传统建筑新的功能,焕发传统建筑新的生命,顺应现代社会与城乡建设发展的需要。     

鼓楼的视野与睿思

古都南京是一座历史文化底蕴深厚的城市,在中国建筑史上,南京近现代建筑占有极其重要的一席之地。南京的近现代建筑特别是民国建筑凝聚了众多中外建筑大师的心血,展示了中国传统建筑向现代建筑的演变历程,是中国古代建筑艺术向近现代建筑艺术转化、     

移动荷载下弹性半空间地基上矩形薄板的动力响应解析研究

基于三维弹性理论,先对位移表示的地基动力方程进行Laplace变换,再进行双重傅里叶变换,获得直角坐标系下弹性半空间地基受任意竖向动荷载作用下的Laplace变换域中的位移解析表达式;然后对地基上有限大矩形薄板的边值问题进行Laplace变换,并求得地基板的Laplace变换域中的含有未知地基反力的挠度解析解;最后结合板与地基的变形协调方程,完全求得弹性半空间地基板在移动荷载作用下的Laplace变换域中的解析解。在此基础上,利用Laplace数值逆变换得到地基板时间域内的动力响应。算例结果表明本文的研究方法是切实可行的。用该文方法可精确分析地基板在任意移动载荷作用下的动力特性。     

Chemically-speciated on-road PM2.5 motor vehicle emission factors in Hong Kong

PM_2.5 (particle with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) was measured in different microenvironments of Hong Kong (including one urban tunnel, one Hong Kong/Mainland boundary roadside site, two urban roadside sites, and one urban ambient site) in 2003. The concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and up to 40 elements (Na to U) were determined. The average PM_2.5 mass concentrations were 229 ± 90, 129 ± 95, 69 ± 12, 49 ± 18 µg m^− 3 in the urban tunnel, cross boundary roadside, urban roadside, and urban ambient environments, respectively. Carbonaceous particles (sum of organic material [OM] and EC) were the dominant constituents, on average, accounting for ∼ 82% of PM_2.5 emissions in the tunnel, ∼ 70% at the three roadside sites, and ∼ 48% at the ambient site, respectively. The OC/EC ratios were 0.6 ± 0.2 and 0.8 ± 0.1 at the tunnel and roadside sites, respectively, suggesting carbonaceous aerosols were mainly from vehicle exhausts. Higher OC/EC ratio (1.9 ± 0.7) occurred at the ambient site, indicating contributions from secondary organic aerosols. The PM_2.5 emission factor for on-road diesel-fueled vehicles in the urban area of Hong Kong was 257 ± 31 mg veh^− 1 km^− 1, with a composition of ∼ 51% EC, ∼ 26% OC, and ∼ 9% SO₄⁼. The other inorganic ions and elements made up ∼ 11% of the total PM_2.5 emissions. OC composed the largest fraction (∼ 51%) in gasoline and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) emissions, followed by EC (∼ 19%). Diesel engines showed higher emission rates than did gasoline and LPG engines for most pollutants, except for V, Br, Sb, and Ba.     

Biochemical oxygen demand and nutrient processing in a novel multi-stage raw municipal wastewater and acid mine drainage passive co-treatment system

A laboratory-scale, four-stage continuous flow reactor system was constructed to test the viability of high-strength acid mine drainage (AMD) and municipal wastewater (MWW) passive co-treatment. The synthetic AMD had pH 2.60 and 1860 mg/L acidity as CaCO₃ equivalent with 46, 0.25, 2, 290, 55, 1.2 and 390 mg/L of Al, As, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. The AMD was introduced to the system at a 1:2 ratio with raw MWW from the City of Norman, Oklahoma USA containing 265 ± 94 mg/L BOD₅, 11.5 ± 5.3 mg/L PO₄⁻³, and 20.8 ± 1.8 mg/L NH₄⁺-N. During the 135 d experiment, PO₄⁻³ and NH₄⁺-N were decreased to <0.75 and 7.4 ± 1.8 mg/L, respectively. BOD₅ was generally decreased to below detection limits. Nitrification increased NO₃⁻ to 4.9 ± 3.5 mg/L NO₃⁻-N, however relatively little denitrification occurred. Results suggest that the nitrogen processing community may require an extended period to mature and reach full efficiency. Overall, results indicate that passive AMD and MWW co-treatment is a viable ecological engineering approach for the developed and developing world that can be optimized and applied to improve water quality with minimal use of fossil fuels and refined materials.     

Immediate and long-term impacts of UV-C irradiation on photosynthetic capacity, survival and microcystin-LR release risk of Microcystis aeruginosa

In this study, the immediate and long-term impacts of shortwave ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation on photosynthetic capacity, survival, and recovery of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated. The risk of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) release during irradiation was also estimated. The cell density was determined by a flow cytometry, and typical chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including the effective quantum yield, photosynthetic efficiency and maximal electron transport rate, were measured by a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer. Under various UV-C dosages (140-4200 mJ cm⁻²), photosynthetic capacities were reduced, to different degrees, accompanied by slight cytoclasis and complete degradation of extracellular MC-LR immediately after irradiation. In a 6-d cultivation following UV-C irradiation, cell density and extracellular MC-LR in the samples treated by 140 mJ cm⁻² UV-C irradiation increased from 4.0 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹ and 8 μg L⁻¹ to 5.1 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹ and 20 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Significant M. aeruginosa cytoclasis (cell density from 4.0 × 10⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁶ cells mL⁻¹) and MC-LR release (2-25 μg L⁻¹) occurred when the UV-C dosage reached 350 mJ cm⁻². Cell cytoclasis and MC-LR release were enhanced in the cultivated samples under higher UV-C dosages. Results revealed that photosynthetic parameters were useful tools to predict the recovery profiles of M. aeruginosa cells, and the MC-LR release risk should be considered after UV-C inactivation.     

Accumulation of gas‐phase methamphetamine on clothing,toy fabrics,and skin oil

To better understand methamphetamine exposure and risk for occupants of former residential clandestine methamphetamine laboratories, we measured the dynamic accumulation of methamphetamine in skin oil, cotton and polyester (PE) clothing, upholstery, and toy fabric (substrates) exposed to 15–30 ppb (91–183 μg/m³) neutral methamphetamine in air for up to 60 days. The average equilibrium partition coefficients at 30% RH, in units of μg of methamphetamine per gram of substrate per ppb, are 3.0 ± 0.2 for a PE baby blanket, 5.6 ± 3.5 for a PE fabric toy, 3.7 ± 0.2 for a PE shirt, 18.3 ± 8.0 for a PE/cotton upholstery fabric, and 1200 ± 570 in skin oil. The partition coefficients at 60% RH are 4.5 ± 0.4, 5.2 ± 2.1, 4.5 ± 0.6, 36.1 ± 3.6, and 1600 ± 1100 μg/(g ppb), respectively. There was no difference in the partition coefficient for a clean and skin‐oil‐soiled cotton shirt [15.3 ± 2.1 μg/(g ppb) @ 42 days]. Partition coefficients for skin oil may be sensitive to composition. ‘Mouthing’ of cloth is predicted to be the dominant exposure pathway [60 μg/(kg body weight*ppb)] for a toddler in former meth lab, and indoor air concentrations would have to be very low (0.001 ppb) to meet the recommended reference dose for children.     

Degradation of bromoxynil and trifluralin in natural water by direct photolysis and UV plus H2O2 advanced oxidation process

The degradation of two pesticides, bromoxynil and trifluralin, was investigated in ultrapure and natural water solutions under ultraviolet (UV) light and a combination of UV and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The effect of pH on the photooxidation of the pesticides was also studied. The results indicated that under direct photolysis with monochromatic light at 253.7 nm and different conditions, the photochemical rates followed first-order kinetics, with fluence-based rate constants ranging from 9.15 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.37 × 10⁻³ cm² mJ⁻¹ and 7.63 × 10⁻³ to 1.47 × 10⁻² cm² mJ⁻¹ for bromoxynil and trifluralin, respectively. Quantum yields, in the range of 0.08-0.25 for bromoxynil and 0.12-0.72 for trifluralin, were observed in experiments using ultrapure water. The study also found that the UV/H₂O₂ process enhanced the oxidation rate in comparison to direct photolysis. A 90% degradation with UV dose of 333 and 188 mJ cm⁻² was achieved for bromoxynil and trifluralin, respectively, in natural water, in presence of 8.8 × 10⁻⁴ M H₂O₂. To assess the aquatic toxicity, the Microtox^® 81.9% screening test protocol was used before and after treatment. The test results indicated a decrease in the acute toxicity of the samples after treatment for both pesticides.     

Prevalence and predictors of exposure to multiple metals in preschool children from Montevideo, Uruguay

The extent of children's exposure to multiple toxic metals is not well described in many developing countries. We examined metal exposures in young children (6-37 months) from Montevideo, Uruguay and their mothers (15-47 years) participating in a community-based study. Hair samples collected from 180 children and their mothers were analyzed for: lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and arsenic (As) concentration using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Median metal levels (μg/g) were: Pb 13.69, Mn 1.45, Cd 0.17, and As 0.09 for children and Pb 4.27, Mn 1.42, Cd 0.08, and As 0.02 for mothers. Of the child and maternal samples, 1.7% and 2.9% were below the limit of detection (LOD) for Cd, and 21.3% and 38.5% were below the LOD for As, respectively. Correlations between maternal and child levels ranged 0.38-0.55 (p < 0.01). Maternal hair metal levels were the strongest predictors of metal concentrations in children's hair. Girls had significantly lower As levels than boys (p < 0.01) but did not differ on other metals. In addition, in bivariate logistic regressions predicting the likelihood that the child would be exposed to multiple metals, hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL (OR = 2.12, p < 0.05), blood lead (OR = 1.17, p < 0.01), and the mother being exposed to two or more metals (OR = 3.34, p < 0.01) were identified as significant predictors of increased likelihood of multiple metal exposure. Older child age (OR = 0.96, p < 0.05), higher maternal education (OR = 0.35, p < 0.01), and higher number of household possessions (OR = 0.83, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with decreased likelihood of multiple metal exposure. Preschool children in Uruguay are exposed to multiple metals at levels that in other studies have been associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits. Sources of exposure, as well as cognitive and behavioral consequences of multiple metal exposure, should be investigated in this population.     

Catchment condition as a major control on the quality of receiving basin sediments (Sydney Harbour, Australia)

The current work aimed to compile existing information to better understand the source, fate and effects of metallic contaminants in one catchment-receiving basin system (Iron Cove) in Sydney Harbour (Australia). Copper, Pb and Zn concentrations of potential source materials, i.e. soils (mean 62, 410 and 340 µg g^− 1, respectively) and road dust (mean 160, 490 and 520 µg g^− 1, respectively) and in materials being transported to the estuary, i.e. in gully pots (mean 110, 200 and 260 µg g^− 1 for Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively), in bedload (mean 210, 880 and 1700 µg g^− 1, respectively) and particulates in canals draining the catchment (mean 325, 290 and 1865 µg g^− 1, respectively) were highly enriched. Estuarine sediments in the receiving basin are enriched 20 times over pre-anthropogenic concentrations and are toxic to benthic animals at the canal mouths. Stormwater remediation is required to reduce metal loads to the adjacent estuary.     

Migration behavior of landfill leachate contaminants through alternative composite liners

Four identical pilot-scale landfill reactors with different alternative composite liners were simultaneously operated for a period of about 540 days to investigate and to simulate the migration behaviors of phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-CP, 2-MP, 3-MP, 4-MP, 2-NP, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, 2,4-DCP, 2,6-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,6-TCP, 2,3,4,6-TeCP, PCP) and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni) from landfill leachate to the groundwater. Alternative landfill liners of four reactors consist of R1: Compacted clay liner (10 cm + 10 cm, k = 10⁻⁸ m/sn), R2: Geomembrane (2 mm HDPE) + compacted clay liner (10 cm + 10 cm, k = 10⁻⁸ m/sn), R3: Geomembrane (2 mm HDPE) + compacted clay liner (10 cm, k = 10⁻⁸ m/sn) + bentonite liner (2 cm) + compacted clay liner (10 cm, k = 10⁻⁸ m/sn), and R4: Geomembrane (2 mm HDPE) + compacted clay liner (10 cm, k = 10⁻⁸ m/sn) + zeolite liner (2 cm) + compacted clay liner (10 cm, k = 10⁻⁸ m/sn). Wastes representing Istanbul municipal solid wastes were disposed in the reactors. To represent bioreactor landfills, reactors were operated by leachate recirculation. To monitor and control anaerobic degradation in the reactors, variations of conventional parameters (pH, alkalinity, chloride, conductivity, COD, TOC, TKN, ammonia and alcaly metals) were also investigated in landfill leachate samples. The results of this study showed that about 35-50% of migration of organic contaminants (phenolic compounds) and 55-100% of migration of inorganic contaminants (heavy metals) to the model groundwater could be effectively reduced with the use of bentonite and zeolite materials in landfill liner systems. Although leachate contaminants can reach to the groundwater in trace concentrations, findings of this study concluded that the release of these compounds from landfill leachate to the groundwater may potentially be of an important environmental concern based on the experimental findings.     

Particle deposition fluxes of BDE-209, PAHs, DDTs and chlordane in the Pearl River Delta, South China

Year-round bulk air deposition samples were collected at 15 sites in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) on a bimonthly basis from Dec 2003 to Nov 2004, and the particle-phase deposition of BDE-209, PAHs, DDTs and chlordane was measured. The annual deposition fluxes of BDE-209, total PAHs (15 compounds), total DDT (sum of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, and o,p′-DDT ), and chlordane (sum of trans-chlordane and cis-chlordane) varied from 32.6 to 1970 μg m^− 2 yr^− 1, 22 to 290 μg m^− 2 yr^− 1, 0.8 to 11 μg m^− 2 yr^− 1, and 0.25 to 1.9 μg m^− 2 yr^− 1, respectively. Spatial variations were higher in the centre of the PRD and lower at the coastal sites for all compounds. The seasonal variations of deposition were found to be compound-dependent, influenced by a number of factors, such as the timing of source input, temperature, and precipitation etc. In particular, source input time affected the deposition fluxes of BDE-209 and high-weight PAHs, while temperature-dependent gas-particle partitioning was a key factor for DDT and light-weight PAH deposition. During the whole sampling period, the atmospheric deposition of BDE-209, ΣPAHs, ΣDDTs, and chlordane onto Hong Kong reached about 93, 86, 2.1 and 2.1 kg yr^− 1, respectively, and onto the PRD reached about 13,400, 2950, 82, and 63 kg yr^− 1. By comparing the calculated total air deposition with the burden in the soils, the half residual time of BDE-209 in soils was estimated to be 3 years.