Practicing school psychologists: Their characteristics, activities, and populations served.

Administered the National School Psychology Questionnaire, which was developed for the present study, to a nationwide, random sample of 877 school psychologists. The measure was designed to assess demographic characteristics, actual and desired activities, and actual and desired amount of time spent with various student groups. Results indicate that the majority of time was spent in assessment (54%), followed by intervention (23%), consultation (19%), and research (1%). A reduction in assessment and increases in intervention, consultation, and research were desired. Ss devoted 84% of their time to exceptional students, whereas they wanted to spend more time with the general school population and less time with learning disabled and mentally retarded students. A regional analysis indicated a more clinical approach to school psychology in the northeastern US and a more assessment-oriented approach in the Southeast. Ss in schools with a student ratio of less than 1:1,500 devoted more time to intervention and less time to assessment than did Ss in schools where the student-to-psychologist ratio was higher. It is noted that, despite the documented desire by school psychologists to alter their roles and functions, few changes in recent practices have occurred. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sociologic study of food habits--a review. II. Differentiation, accessibility and solidarity

Syncope precipitated by sneezing in an adult male associated with an Arnold-Chiari type I malformation and basilar invagination presents a clinical problem in the differential diagnosis and pathological anatomy of Valsalva-related syncope. An abnormally acute clivoaxial angle, small foramen magnum, and type I Arnold-Chiari malformation appear to be a combination of features intolerant of Valsalva-induced changes in cerebral volume, brain-stem position, CSF fluid dynamics, or blood vessel relationships. Proposed mechanisms of pressure transmission to the area of intracranial pathology are discussed.     

Measurement of styrene oxide in polystyrenes, estimation of migration to foods, and reaction kinetics and products in food simulants

The concentration of styrene-7,8-oxide has been measured in nine base resins and 16 samples of polystyrene articles intended for food contact. The epoxide was not detected in the resins (limit of detection 0.5 mg/kg) but was found in 11 of the 16 packaging samples at up to 2.9 mg/kg. Assuming that the propensity of styrene oxide to migrate is the same as styrene monomer, and using existing survey data for styrene monomer in packaging and foods, the migration levels expected for styrene oxide were calculated. Estimates were from 0.002 to 0.15 microgram/kg styrene oxide in foods. The stability of styrene oxide in the four standard EU food simulants was studied at 40, 100, 150 and 175 degrees C, to establish the transformation products to be expected following migration testing. The half-life at 40 degrees C in distilled water, 15% aqueous ethanol, 3% aqueous acetic acid and olive oil was 15, 23, < 1, > 2000 hr, respectively. The principal product was the diol from hydrolysis of the epoxide group. Ring opening in aqueous ethanol simulant gave the diol and also the glycol monoethyl ether. It is concluded that this instability of styrene oxide will reduce concentrations in foods, from an already low migration level to even lower levels with the formation of hydrolysis products that are less toxic than the parent epoxide.     

Assessing food choice in school children: reliability and construct validity of a method stacking food photographs

Cigarette smoke of which the major component is nicotine plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. To study the effect of in vitro incubation of LDL with nicotine and its metabolite, cotinine on a copper-induced peroxidation, we monitored the formation of conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances production. The LDL studied were taken from six non-smokers (aged 41.5 years) and six smokers who consumed at least ten cigarettes per day (40.7 years). LDL oxidation with CuSO4 showed that cigarette smoking promotes LDL susceptibility to peroxidative modification. During the peroxidation of LDL with nicotine (O to 5 mmol/1) and CuSO4 (5 micromol/l), the formation of hydroperoxides decreased when nicotine concentrations increased and the production of TBARS increased in a concomitant manner. The results showed that the presence of nicotine destabilized the production of hydroperoxides in LDL and increased the formation of secondary oxidation products. On the other hand, cotinine had no effect on LDL oxidative susceptibility in smokers and non-smokers.     

Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and food products by using a single-enzyme, enzymatic-gravimetric method: interlaboratory study

A simplified enzymatic-gravimetric method for total dietary fiber (TDF) determination has been published and used in the Food Composition Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture since 1988. THis method gives comparable results to AOAC Official Methods 985.29 and 991.43 but the AOAC methods use 100 degrees C (water bath) to gelatinize the sample and a combination of alpha-amylase and an amyloglucosidase to hydrolyze starches, whereas the simplified method incorporates an autoclaving step (121 degrees C) for gelatinization followed by incubation with only amyloglucosidase. The simplified method omits protease hydrolysis and does not require any pH adjustment. Overall, the simplified method cuts cost and is less labor intensive. An interlaboratory study was conducted to validate this method. Blind duplicates of six sample (baked beans, corn bran, roasted peanuts, cooked potatoes, white bread with reduced calories, and cooked white rice) were sent to 11 laboratories. The reproducibility relative standard deviations of the TDF values (without outliers) ranged from 3.46 to 27.6%. The repeatability standard deviations ranged from 0.91 to 14.6%.     

Expectancies, values, and achievement in junior high school.

Many theorists have suggested that students' motivation to achieve in school depends on their expectancies for success and the value they attach to success. There are few data, however, on the relation between expectancies and values or their relative contribution to achievement. To examine these issues, we asked 153 seventh graders to complete multiple measures of academic expectancies and values. We used students' report card grades and academic track placements in English and math as indicators of their achievement. Covariance structure analyses showed that students' expectancies were more strongly related to their achievement than were their values. Nevertheless, both expectancies and values made significant, independent contributions to achievement. In addition, the constructs for expectancies and values were positively correlated. Boys and girls had similar expectancies, but boys appeared to value academic success less than did girls. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cancer mortality correlation studies. II. Regional associations of mortalities with the consumptions of foods and other commodities

The age-corrected mortalities from cancer at 17 sites were correlated with the consumptions of 12 major food items and the apparent consumptions of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, beer, coffee, tea and solid fuel, in different countries. Significant direct and inverse correlations with food consumption variables were observed: the results are in essential accord with those of other workers employing different methods of statistical analysis. A modification of the diet in western industrialized nations is proposed as a means of lowering the human cancer risk. For cancers of the mouth and neck, and for liver in males, significant associations with the wine alcohol consumption were observed. Statistical evidence for liver cirrhosis as liver-cancer, and for stomach ulcer as stomach-cancer-predisposing conditions was obtained.     

Women who served in Iraq seeking mental health services: Relationships between military sexual trauma, symptoms, and readjustment.

Eighteen women who served in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) sought mental health services at a Veterans' Affairs (VA) medical center. Ten of the 18 women (56%) reported military sexual trauma (MST) while serving in OIF/OEF. All 10 with MST reported sexual harassment, 6 of the 10 (33% of the sample) reported unwanted physical advances, and 3 (17%) reported completed assault or rape. Fifteen women also completed a questionnaire about their experiences and the Iraq Readjustment Inventory (IRI) developed for this study. High reliability and high correlations with clinician ratings make the IRI a promising measure for future research. A comparison between those with and without MST revealed that those with MST had higher clinician ratings and IRI scores, suggesting greater difficulty with readjustment. And, while MST was significantly correlated with clinician ratings and readjustment scores, the variables "being injured" and "witnessing others injured or killed" were not. These preliminary data suggest that MST OIF/OEF women seeking mental health services is a critical factor for predicting symptoms and difficulty with readjustment to civilian life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

论理想成本、目标成本和责任成本在成本管理中的应用

理想成本是企业的终极目标成本，是衡量目标成本是否先进的尺度，是企业不断追求的成本目标；目标成本是阶段化的理想成本，是当前生产技术水平发挥程度的体现；责任成本是目标成本的基本单位，是完成企业制定的目标成本的控制中心。从理想成本、目标成本和责任成本三者的概念及其关系，以氧化铝生产企业为例，探讨目前目标成本制定的缺陷，如何以理想成本为基础制定目标成本；如何将目标成本划分成若干个责任成本；如何建立责任中心，进行责任成本控制和考核。     

Magnesium, calcium and phosphorus contents in daily food rations in primary school children: questionnaire and analytic studies

Aims of the performed studies included working out a technique of determining representative rations on the basis of questionnaire studies on school children in Wielkopolska west region of Poland. The reconstructed representative daily food rations provided grounds for analytic studies. The studies were performed in the four seasons of the year. The studied food rations failed to cover the recommended daily intake of Mg and Ca. On the other hand, the daily intake of P transgressed the food norms. The inadequate Ca to Mg and Ca to P ratios were interpreted as deserving special concern when confronted with the market situation in Poland and as creating particular health hazards for the studied school children. The employed statistical analysis demonstrated that the suggested technique of determining representative rations may be employed in evaluation of Mg, Ca and P intake.     

Development of food recognition in young chicks: II. Learned association over long delays.

Reports that the pecking rate of 3-day-old Burmese Red Junglefowl chicks (n = 60) increased markedly 40-80 min after they had ingested their first food. Varying the amount of food ingested by Ss (n = 80) in a 2nd experiment had no effect on the time when increased pecking appeared. Ss with prior experience with food (n = 45) did not show an increase in pecking. Results indicate that satiation and hunger are not responsible for the delayed increase in pecking and, taken together with previous results, provide strong support for the hypothesis that the increased pecking seen in these experiments is an example of learning that occurs with a delay of reinforcement of about 1 hr. (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contrast and convergence effects in ratings of foods.

"A set of assumptions was made that led to the hypothesis that preference ratings for poor quality food will be lower when preceded by a good quality food than when preceded by another poor quality item (contrast effects). It was also hypothesized that preference for a good quality food will be higher when preceded by another good quality item than when preceded by a poor quality product (convergence effects). The other predictions were that preference will increase with successive presentations of the same quality item, provided no opposite quality intervenes. The predictions concerning preference for the poor quality foods were clearly confirmed, but those involving the good quality foods were not substantiated." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Lipid, protein, and calorie content of different Atlantic and Mediterranean fish, shellfish, and molluscs commonly eaten in the south of Spain

We undertook a systematic evaluation of the lipid, protein, calorie, and fatty acid composition in 35 species of fish, shellfish and molluscs commonly consumed throughout the four seasons of the year in Andalusia, Spain. Using a portion of muscle tissue the following were measured in each study unit: total lipids (extraction using Folch's method and gravimetry), protein concentration (Kjehldal's method), total calories (direct calorimetry), and composition of fatty acids (gas chromatography). The lipid, protein, and different fatty acid concentrations found are presented in table form. There was a high degree of inter-species variability in the concentration of lipids and the various fatty acids. There was also a high degree of intra-species seasonal variability in some cases. The relative proportion of fatty acids was not independent of the total concentration of lipids, independently of the season studied. This systematic study of a large group of species shows that the cataloguing of fish as 'white' or 'blue' depends especially on the time of year they are captured. For example, in spring the mackerel (Scomber scombrus), a fish considered traditionally to be 'blue' (fatty), has the same lipid concentration as the dover sole (Solea vulgaris), commonly considered to be 'white' (little fat), and the sea pike (Merluccius merluccius) has a higher lipid concentration in autumn than the jack mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Even greater differences existed when the fish were classified according to their richness in n-3 fatty acids. These differences in the total lipid concentration and the composition of fatty acids, as well as the inter-relations between them, may, under certain circumstances, be important for the calculation of dietary calories and nutritional values, and may explain the differences found between the various tables of food composition, as well as the divergent results in epidemiological studies on the association between fish in diets and various diseases, such as diabetes or ischaemic cardiopathy.     

Clients, roles, and functions of the school psychologist.

The basic credo held by American school psychologists is that of child advocacy. Yet, with most school psychologists being employed by local school systems—where administrators often place institutional needs over individual student needs—the practitioner role is usually conflict-laden. Even though the preferred practitioner role is generally direct service to children through counseling or indirect student help via teacher consultation or parent counseling, at this time the school practitioner's major role in many settings is that of "gate keeping," which involves testing and certifying pupil eligibility for special education. If we look forward to the time when inappropriate gatekeeping—that is, formally labeling the mildly handicapped as eligible for special education—is eliminated, other functions performed must be strengthened and made more desirable to make the role of the school psychologist more viable. In addition to competent counseling skills, the ability to provide effective teacher consultation within schools is essential, not only for dealing with behavior, but instruction as well. The upgrading of school psychologists' skills is essential to ensure that, regardless of possible conflicts engendered, there will be at least one highly skilled child advocate working in the schools. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of concomitant injections in separate locations of M-M-R II, VARIVAX and TETRAMUNE in healthy children vs. concomitant injections of M-M-R II and TETRAMUNE followed six weeks later by VARIVAX

OBJECTIVES AND STUDY DESIGN: The primary objectives of this study were to compare immunologic responses, antibody persistence, safety and varicella breakthrough rates when VARIVAX (varicella vaccine) is given at the same time as M-M-R II (measles, mumps, rubella vaccine) and TETRAMUNE (conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b, diphtheria, tetanus and whole cell pertussis vaccine) at separate injection sites (Group A) vs. VARIVAX given 6 weeks after M-M-R II and TETRAMUNE (Group B). Six hundred nine healthy children, 12 to 23 months of age, were randomized to one of two treatment (immunization) groups (Group A and Group B). Blood for antibody titers was drawn on the day of immunization, 6 weeks after each injection and 1 year later. Local and systemic adverse reactions were recorded. Exposure and cases of varicella were documented through a 1-year follow-up period. RESULTS: Measles, mumps and rubella seroconversion rates and geometric mean titers (GMTs) were similar for both treatment groups. Varicella seroconversion rates were also similar between groups. However, varicella GMTs and percent with a varicella-protective level [> or =5.0 glycoprotein (gp) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units] did not meet the prespecified criteria for similarity were lower for Group A (GMT 10.5; 82.8% > or =5.0 gp ELISA units) than for Group B (GMT 14.5; 91.2% > or =5.0 gp ELISA units). The GMTs between groups for other antibodies were similar. At the 1-year follow-up antibody titers were comparable in both groups and breakthrough varicella cases appeared generally similar. There were fewer local adverse events (AEs) at the VARIVAX injection sites (9.8% and 2.9%, Group A and B, respectively) than at the TETRAMUNE sites (27.9% and 24.0%). Systemic AEs were not statistically different when M-M-R II was administered alone (8.6%) or concomitantly with VARIVAX (8.9%). When VARIVAX was given alone AEs were 1.8%. The rate of fever > or =102 degrees F after M-M-R II and TETRAMUNE administered together was 10.7% on Days 0 to 3 and 23.7% on Days 7 to 21. When VARIVAX was administered alone, the rate of fever was 5.4% on Days 0 to 3 (P = 0.018) and 10.8% on Days 7 to 21 (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Because the varicella titers were comparable and varicella breakthrough rates generally similar at 1 year in both groups, we expect that the concomitant administration of VARIVAX with M-M-R II and TETRAMUNE has clinical effectiveness similar to that with VARIVAX 6 weeks after the administration of these other two vaccines. VARIVAX appears to be less reactogenic than M-M-R II and TETRAMUNE.     

Proximity of food, sex, and access to running wheels: Effects on food intake in rats.

To test the hypothesis that the addition and withdrawal of a running wheel affects food intake because of a manipulation of the proximity of the rat to the food dish, a 2nd source of food was made available to the rat when in the running wheel. Ss were 24 male and 24 female ARS/Sprague-Dawley albino rats. Results fail to support the hypothesis. Additional findings were that both sexes showed the reduction in food intake when given access to running wheels, but only the males showed an increase in food intake when deprived of access to running wheels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evidence-based interventions in school psychology: Opportunities, challenges, and cautions.

Describes opportunities, challenges, and cautions in response to T. R. Kratochwill and K. C. Stoiber's vision and other critical issues for the evidence-based intervention (EBI) movement in school psychology. The authors' position can be summarized as follows: (1) the EBI Task Force in School Psychology presents the field with an unparalleled opportunity to influence school psychology training and practice; (2) the challenges presented by the actual coding of existing studies will spur improvements in the research methodology training of school psychology students and improvements in the design of future school-based research; and (3) the field is cautioned to consider carefully the unique context presented by the schools when evaluating intervention effectiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Peer harassment, psychological adjustment, and school functioning in early adolescence.

The relations between peer harassment, psychological adjustment, and school functioning were investigated with an ethnically diverse sample of middle school students. A conceptual model, which proposed that self-perceived peer harassment predicts psychological adjustment (loneliness, depression, and self-worth), which in turn predicts school outcomes (GPA and attendance), was tested using concurrent data (n?=?244). Structural equation modeling supported the proposed model. Longitudinal analyses with a subsample (n?=?106) of students revealed that subjective self-views of victimization were moderately stable across a 1-year period. Comparisons across stable and unstable victim groups suggested that concurrent (rather than earlier or chronic) perceptions of victimization predicted loneliness and self-worth. Finally, changes in subjective perceptions of victimization, self-worth, and loneliness across the 1-year period predicted subsequent GPA, absenteeism, and teacher-rated social adjustment. Findings are discussed in terms of the short- and long-term effects of peer harassment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Training and supervision practices in clinical, counseling, and school psychology programs.

This study surveyed the training directors of counseling, clinical, and school psychology programs accredited by the American Psychological Association on training and supervisory practices and perceptions of various modalities of supervision. Response rates were 74%, 56%, and 45%, respectively. Clinical and counseling psychology training directors reported that videotape review was the most used modality of supervision; school psychology training directors reported that self-report only was the most frequently used. The amount of time involved in conducting live supervision and cotherapy as supervision was seen as a moderate barrier to their use. Cotherapy as supervision was rated as having the most strengths by all program directors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Age appropriateness and motivation, engagement, and performance in high school: Effects of age within cohort, grade retention, and delayed school entry.

The present study examined the relative salience of age within cohort, grade retention, and delayed school entry (3 dimensions of age appropriateness) in 3,684 high school students' academic motivation, engagement, and performance. Structural equation modeling revealed that after the effects of demographic characteristics and grade retention were taken into account, little significant variance was explained by the linear effects of age within cohort. However, subsequent modeling incorporating nonlinear effects showed that the markedly older-for-cohort students (i.e., over the "standard" 12-month age range for a given cohort) and delayed-entry students (i.e., academic "red shirts") experienced some academic disadvantage in motivation, engagement, and performance while the age-appropriate students (particularly the younger ones) fared best. Over and above demographic and age-within-cohort effects, the effects of grade retention were consistently negative. Taken together, data suggest that there appear to be little or no motivation, engagement, or performance advantages to being markedly older-for-cohort, having delayed-entry status, or being retained in a grade. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)