环氧树脂增强氨基聚丁二烯/氨基丁腈的低温性能

用环氧树脂、氨基聚丁二烯(ATB)和氨基丁腈(ATBN)、三乙烯四胺制备了软段含量从59%至82%的ATB/ATBN系列试样。利用动态力学分析、应力-应变、扫描电镜等方法研究了系列试样的低温性质,并且在恒应变下进行了动态力学分析验证。结果表明,环氧树脂与ATB/ATBN能在广泛的比例反应,具有两相结构。软段Tg不随软段含量变化,而硬段Tg随硬段含量变化。ATB系列在宽温域模量为一个平台,在低温(可达-70℃)仍能保持弹性材料的特征。环氧增强的ATB和ATBN都可以作为低温弹性材料使用。     

液晶聚氨酯/环氧树脂复合材料的合成及应用

以对苯二酚二对苯甲酸酯(HQB)、N,N'-二(ω-羟乙基)苯均四甲酰二亚胺(BHDI)、甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)为单体, 利用溶液缩聚方法, 合成了一种含有亚氨基的新型液晶聚氨酯(HBLCP), 并将该液晶聚氨酯与环氧树脂(E-51)共混制备液晶聚氨酯/环氧树脂复合材料(HBLCP/E-51)。采用FTIR、DSC、POM和WAXD等方法对HBLCP的结构和液晶相转变行为进行了表征, 并利用SEM观察复合材料断裂形貌, 探讨其增韧机制。结果表明, 加入质量分数为3%的HBLCP, 可使HBLCP/E-51复合材料的冲击强度提高2.3倍, 拉伸强度和弯曲强度也有不同程度的提高, 呈现出典型的韧性断裂, 热分解温度提高12~20 ℃, 出现最大分解速率时的温度提高12~15 ℃。      

原儿茶酸环氧树脂的制备与应用性能测试

环氧树脂质脆需要增韧才能满足应用要求,以天然原儿茶酸(Protocatechuic acid,PA)和环氧氯丙烷为原料,通过两步法反应合成原儿茶酸环氧树脂(PA-EP),并将其作为特种环氧树脂用于双酚A环氧树脂(E-51)的改性研究。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、核磁共振(1HNMR)、电位滴定仪和黏度仪对产物进行结构表征和性能测试。FTIR和1HNMR分析表明成功合成目标产物,环氧值为0.73 eq/100 g,25℃下黏度为43.2 Pa·s。力学性能分析表明,当PA-EP与E-51质量比为10%时,PA-EP/E-51固化物的力学性能最佳,拉伸强度、弯曲强度和冲击强度比纯E-51分别提升了37.4%、17.2%和82.9%。冲击断面的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明,10%PA-EP/E-51固化物呈现良好的韧性断裂特征。动态机械分析(DMA)和热重分析(TG)结果表明,随着PA-EP含量的增加,固化物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)由纯E-51的116.0℃提高到12.5%PAEP/E-51的137.3℃,失重10%的温度和最大分解速率的温度都略微下降,但800℃残渣量由纯E-51...     

环氧树脂-脲醛树脂@2-甲基咪唑微胶囊/环氧树脂复合材料的制备及自修复性能

以一步原位聚合法制备芯材为环氧树脂（E-51）,壁材为脲醛树脂（UF）的E-51-UF微胶囊。采用FTIR、SEM、TG、粒度分析仪等分别对E-51-UF微胶囊结构、表面形貌、耐热性和粒径分布进行了表征。以E-51-UF微胶囊为核,固化剂2-甲基咪唑（2-MI）为壳通过共混复合,得到E-51-UF@2-MI复合微胶囊。将E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊填充到E-51基体中,制备了E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊/E-51复合材料拉伸试样、弯曲试样和梯形双悬臂梁（TDCB）修复试样,并采用电子万能试验机测试其性能。分析了填充E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊质量分数对E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊/E-51复合材料力学性能及自修复性能的影响。结果表明:制备的E-51-UF微胶囊呈现规整球形结构,平均粒径为130 μm,耐热温度达364℃;E-51-UF@2-MI复合微胶囊质量分数为10wt%时,E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊/E-51复合材料拉伸强度达到最大值,为31.17 MPa,弯曲强度为66.77 MPa,最大修复率为90.1%。      

PVC／PP共混体系的亚微形态研究

通过扫描电镜(SEM)对PVC/PP共混物的微观结构进行观察,发现共混物在高PVC和高PP共混组成时,其亚微形态属于典型的“海-岛”结构。在两相逆转的中间,经历了一个两相连续交错“互锁”的相转变区域。5份增容剂CPE使PVC/PP体系的相转变区域明显变宽。PVC/PP共混体系的“互锁”结构随剪切速率的提高逐渐被破坏,直至消失。     

环氧树脂E-51改性聚氨酯弹性体的制备与性能研究

采用预聚体法合成了以4,4′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯(HMDI)、聚醚多元醇等为主要原料,1,4-丁二醇(BDO)为扩链剂,环氧树脂E-51为改性剂的聚氨酯弹性体(PUE),通过万能材料试验机、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、动态力学分析仪等表征手段,对HMDI型PUE力学性能、阻尼性能、热稳定性等进行研究,重点讨论了环氧树脂E-51的添加量对弹性体拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、微相分离结构、热稳定性等性能的影响规律。结果表明,环氧树脂(EP)中的环氧基团发生开环反应,能有效地改善聚氨酯(PU)和EP分子间的相容性及相互贯穿;随EP添加量的增加,拉伸强度、微相分离程度先增加后减少、断裂伸长率逐渐减小的趋势;热失重分析表明,EP的加入,可以提高聚氨酯的热稳定性。     

耐高温聚氨酯改性TDE-85/E-51环氧树脂胶粘剂的制备和性能

以混合芳胺为固化剂,通过聚氨酯(PU)对4,5-环氧环己烷-1,2-二甲酸二缩水甘油酯(TDE-85)与二酚基丙烷缩水甘油醚(E-51)环氧树脂的改性,制备了一种高强高韧的耐高温环氧树脂结构胶粘剂。通过改变E-51、TDE-85、PU及固化剂之间的配比,探讨了各个组分对胶粘剂力学性能的影响。通过SEM分析,研究了PU增韧环氧树脂的机理。结果表明,TDE-85和E-51的配比为1∶1,PU添加量为环氧树脂的19%,芳胺固化剂添加量为20%时,胶粘剂具有最佳的耐热性和力学性能。制备的PU改性TDE-85/E-51结构胶粘剂室温拉伸剪切强度达到25.81 MPa,160℃高温拉伸剪切强度为12.85 MPa,剥离强度达到51.68 N/cm。     

聚氨酯改性E-51/MeTHPA的工艺与性能

本体法制备了聚氨酯接枝及互穿网络改性环氧树脂,研究了酸酐为固化剂的条件下,制备工艺及聚合物结构对聚氨酯(PU)改性E-51环氧树脂(EP)性能的影响。实验确定了异氰酸酯的官能度、聚丙二醇(PPG)的分子量及聚氨酯预聚体含量等对改性产物冲击强度、微观形貌及热性能的影响。结果表明,改性材料冲击强度随PPG分子量的增高而增大;互穿网络(IPN)结构改性E-51的抗冲击性能优于接枝改性,冲击断裂面上阻碍裂纹发展的点明显多于后者;支化PU改性E-51热稳定性高于线形PU改性,280℃热失重接近未改性环氧树脂。     

酚化酶解木质素-环氧树脂/环氧树脂复合材料的合成及性能

以酶解木质素(EHL)为原料,采用苯酚-硫酸法对其进行酚化改性,所得酚化木质素(PL)在碱性条件下,与环氧氯丙烷(ECH)合成木质素-环氧树脂(L-EP),利用FT-IR对产物进行表征。探讨单因素反应条件对酚化工艺的影响。结果表明:反应时间3.0h、反应温度95℃、2mol/L H_2SO_4用量为4mL/g时,木质素的酚化效果最佳,其酚羟基含量达到4.632mmol/g,较EHL提高42%。研究了不同L-EP添加量对L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料力学性能和热性能的影响。结果显示:L-EP的添加量为5%时,L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料的拉伸强度最好,较纯E-51提高26%;随着L-EP添加量的增加,L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料的热稳定性增强。采用非等温法分析环氧E-51和L-EP/环氧E-51复合材料的固化动力学,结果证明:L-EP对复合材料固化有一定的促进作用。     

茂金属聚乙烯/茂金属乙烯-丙烯共聚物共混微观相结构与力学性能

采用密炼机制备了不同组成的茂金属聚乙烯/茂金属乙烯-丙烯共聚物(mPE/mEP)共混体系,利用在线取样-显微分析的方法研究了不同组成mPE/mEP共混体系的微观相态结构,在研究相态结构的基础上,研究了体系的力学性能。结果表明,mPE/mEP共混物呈现明显的两相结构,当mPE体积含量在50%~60%范围内,共混体系形成双连续相,其他组分含量时,形成"海-岛"结构形貌。共混物的拉伸强度与共混体系微观相形态的变化有关,断裂伸长率随着mPE含量的增加由2360%降至550%,拉伸模量随着mPE含量的增加由3.5MPa增至102MPa。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...