有机朗肯循环低品位能回收技术

有机朗肯循环是回收低品位能的有效途径,对有机朗肯循环的工质、膨胀机等关键技术及实际应用情况进行了介绍。     

基于有机工质朗肯循环系统的低温余热发电技术简述

调整能源结构、推进节能减排是我国工业化的必经之路。我国工业生产产生的中高温余热发电技术较为成熟,而低品位余热发电尚在发展。以低沸点有机物为工质的朗肯循环低温发电技术是回收中低品位热能的有效手段,不仅节能降耗,还能为企业带来可观的经济效益。文中从技术原理、循环工质、关键设备等方面介绍有机工质朗肯循环低温发电技术,并对发展前景作出展望。     

有出口温度限制的热源亚临界有机朗肯循环最佳回热度定量准则的研究

我国的余热资源和可再生能源丰富,但部分余热资源和可再生能源分布比较分散,并存在温度和能量密度均较低的问题.基于传统能源转化技术,利用温度较低的余热资源和能量密度较低的可再生能源进行发电,会降低余热资源和可再生能源的热功转换效率.有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统可以有效利用低温热能进行发电.对于不同温度和形式的热源,采用合适的...     

基于Ebsilon的中低温地热发电系统分析

基于Ebsilon软件,对某中低温地热发电系统的闪蒸式发电、纯有机朗肯循环以及有机回热朗肯循环发电方式进行了计算与比较,通过筛选以R245fa作为有机朗肯循环工质的计算结果显示:纯有机朗肯循环比闪蒸式发电能源利用效率可以提高62.9%,而回热有机朗肯循环比纯有机朗肯循环的能源利用效率提高8.7%。计算结果可为中低温地热发电系统能源有效利用提供指导。     

涡卷热马达余热利用发电技术

以涡卷热马达作为发电系统的动力机构,利用低品位能源（烟气余热废热）驱动有机朗肯循环的热发电技术背景、工作原理、系统构成和应用前景。     

有机朗肯循环工质研究进展

有机朗肯循环是回收低品位热能的有效技术途径,而其所采用的有机工质是影响循环性能的关键因素之一.在简要介绍有机朗肯循环的组成以及理想有机工质的特征之后,针对利用工业余热、地热、太阳能和生物质能以及液化天然气冷能回收等五个方面,介绍了目前有机朗肯循环工质的研究进展.最后,在分析存在问题的基础上,讨论了今后仍需努力的研究方向.     

基于proⅡ的回热/无回热朗肯循环的流程模拟

文中介绍了有回热/无回热有机朗肯循环,并对其进行了理论分析和基于pro II软件对朗肯循环的流程模拟。并针对某化工厂80℃左右的热水,以丁烷为工质,探讨了蒸发器冷源的工质的状态为饱和态和过热态对有回热/无回热朗肯循环的膨胀机输出功和朗肯循环的循环热效率的影响。当工质的状态为饱和状态时,对有无回热的朗肯循环影响不大。但是,当工质的状态为过热态时,有回热的朗肯循环的膨胀机输出功和热循环效率比无回热的朗肯循环要大。这说明增加回热器是很有必要的,它可使能量的回收利用大大增加。     

浅谈利用中低品位热源的有机朗肯循环发电技术

中低品位热源数量多、范围广,若采用有机朗肯循环技术回收利用该部分能量用以发电,不但能缓解能源危机,还可减轻因为余热所引起的环境污染,从而实现节能减排。为了给初步进入有机朗肯循环研究的人员提供一些相关的必要知识,本文在介绍有机朗肯循环的技术原理和应用领域之后,列举了数位学者对其在有机工质、设备优选和系统改进等方面的研究。有机朗肯循环发电技术广阔的发展前景引发了大量学者的探索,但在实际的推广应用方面,还有许多的现实问题需要克服。     

R245fa有机朗肯循环余热发电系统火用分析

以低品位热能驱动的有机朗肯循环发电系统,是实现将低品位热能转变为电能,进而提高热力系统总体热效率,降低污染排放的有效途径之一。本文建立了低品位热能发电系统火用分析模型,对以R245fa为工质的温度低于383.15 K的低品位热能有机朗肯循环余热发电系统进行了火用分析,得到了各环节的能量转换效率并确定了对系统性能影响最大的环节;通过改变蒸发器和冷凝器的压降和传热系数值,分析了主要换热设备的设计和运行性能参数对系统火用效率、热效率和发电量的影响趋势,提出了低品位热能发电系统的优化方向。     

有机朗肯循环回收直接空冷机组排气余热系统的热力性能研究

空冷机组汽机排汽热损失巨大,而有机朗肯循环是利用中低温热源的重要技术之一。提出采用有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热的技术方案,建立空冷机组和有机朗肯循环的物理模型,编制有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热技术的模拟程序,并将模拟计算结果与厂家提供的某型号有机朗肯循环机组的性能数据进行对比。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟某典型600 MW机组为对象,探究汽机乏汽温度、环境温度、ORC机组过热度等关键参数变化对系统热力性能的影响规律。结果表明,ORC机组净出功和ORC机组热效率随着汽机乏汽温度的升高而增大,而随着环境温度和ORC机组过热度的增大而减小。     

Nuclear energy-driven Kalina cycle system suitable for Indian climatic conditions

Kalina cycle (KC) has been contemplated as one of the energy-efficient power generation cycles. It is suitable for various waste heat recovery applications. It is one of the competitors to Organic Rankine Cycle, Transcritical Cycle, Supercritical Cycle, and Rankine cycle. Kalina cycle system (KCS) is a binary mixture system that utilizes ammonia-water as working fluid. In this work, a parametric study has been made with a low-temperature Kalina cycle system (LTKCS) and a high-temperature Kalina cycle system (HTKCS). The LTKCS utilized the hot source energy from solar energy, whereas for HTKCS the hot stream of energy was received from a pressurized water nuclear reactor. The output and efficiencies (energy, exergy, and relative) were noted for a range of limits for the parameters considered. Separator temperature and turbine concentration have been considered as common parameters for the two KCSs. For LTKCS and HTKCS, the optimum working conditions for separator temperature and turbine concentration exist in the range 110?150°C, 60?100°C and 0.85–0.97, 0.50–0.80, respectively. The optimized values for LTKCS and HTKCS have been derived. Among the two KCSs, HTKCS produces high specific power (675 KW). The optimum value of exergy efficiency results for LTKCS (74%) pertaining to low exergy losses. Energy is recovered more efficiently in LTKCS. This study suggests that KCS is well suited for low-temperature applications.     

Application of modified Kalina cycle in biomass chp plants

This paper presents alternatives to Kalina cycles typically used in place of the organic Rankine cycle in biomass power plants. Overviews of both Rankine and Kalina cycles are given alongside the possibilities of using biomass as a viable energy source and recommended guidelines from the engineering practice for selection and management of these cycles. Benefits of Kalina novel bottoming cycle (and the alternative cycles presented herewith) over the Rankine cycle are the higher thermodynamic cycle efficiency and lower capital expenditures combined with the possibility of using low-grade heat sources, such as biomass or waste heat from exhaust gases. Analysis of ammonia-water binary system under various operating conditions has been performed for all the proposed cycles based on the published references and it has been shown that the proposed alternative models prove to be simpler and to have similar or even greater thermodynamic efficiency compared with the Kalina novel bottoming cycle.     

地热资源发电技术特点及发展方向

地热资源是一种清洁无污染、可再生的新型能源,对于发展低碳经济、实现可持续发展具有积极的作用.目前地热发电技术主要包括干蒸汽发电、扩容式蒸汽发电、双工质循环发电和卡琳娜循环发电等.其中干蒸汽发电系统工艺简单,技术成熟,安全可靠,循环效率可达20％以上,是高温地热田发电的主要形式;扩容式发电技术已在地热发电领域得到广泛应用,尤其是中高温地热田,二级扩容系统循环效率约为15％～20％;针对中低温地热资源,双工质循环发电技术是较为适用的,它由地热水系统和低沸点介质系统组成,循环效率较扩容式蒸汽发电技术可提高20％～30％;卡琳娜循环在低温地热资源应用领域中有其独特的优越性,通过调整氨和水的比例,可以适应低温地热水的发电特性,卡琳娜循环发电技术的循环效率比朗肯循环的效率高20％～50％.在低温地热资源的开发利用过程中,双工质循环和卡琳娜循环技术具有广阔的发展前景.作为一种新型地热资源,干热岩具有很高的开发利用价值.新型的联合循环发电技术是地热发电技术的发展方向.在浅层地热能得到大规模开发后,中深层地热资源和干热岩资源将成为地热发电技术新的资源,我国应注重中深层地热资源和干热岩资源的开发.     

A preliminary study of the kalina power cycle in connection with a combined cycle system

Combined cycle systems have been recognized as efficient power systems in which exhaust gas from the topping cycle provides the available energy to the bottoming cycle. Since most heat sources available to the bottoming cycle are sensible-heat sources, there may be a better thermal match, and an increase thermodynamic efficiency, on reducing the entropy generation of the simple combined cycle. To increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle working with sensible heat, two conventional methods have been proposed: one is to incorporate a multipressure boiler; the other is to implement a supercritical cycle. An alternative method is to use a multicomponent working fluid boiling at a variable temperature with a change in the liquid composition of the components, and yielding a better thermal match with the sensible-heat source than the constant temperature boiling process. The Kalina cycle is an implementation of this concept, where ammonia/water mixtures are used as the working fluid. The purpose of this study is to conduct a preliminary study of the Kalina power cycle system in connection with a combined cycle system, comparing the Kalina cycle and the Rankine cycle. This study is performed using new thermodynamic properties of ammonia/water mixtures developed by the authors.     

我国太阳能有机朗肯循环研究现状

太阳能具有易转化为低温热源的特性,而有机朗肯循环是利用低温热源或工业余热发电的理想方式,两者相结合形成基于太阳能的有机朗肯循环发电技术。综述了我国光热太阳能发电技术和市场现状以及针对有机朗肯循环的研究现状。经分析发现,目前研究中理论分析或计算机模拟较多,缺乏实际应用的验证。论述了有机朗肯循环工质的选择、循环性能分析方法以及所面临的问题和改善方法。     

A comparative thermodynamic analysis of Kalina and organic Rankine cycles for hot dry rock: a prospect study in the Gonghe Basin

Hot dry rock is a new type of geothermal resource which has a promising application prospect in China. This paper conducted a comparative research on performance evaluation of two eligible bottoming cycles for a hot dry rock power plant in the Gonghe Basin. Based on the given heat production conditions, a Kalina cycle and three organic Rankine cycles were tested respectively with different ammonia-water mixtures of seven ammonia mass fractions and nine eco-friendly working fluids. The results show that the optimal ammonia mass fraction is 82% for the proposed bottoming Kalina cycle in view of maximum net power output. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that wet fluids should be supercritical while dry fluids should be saturated at the inlet of turbine, respectively. The maximum net power output of the organic Rankine cycle with dry fluids expanding from saturated state is higher than that of the other organic Rankine cycle combinations, and is far higher than the maximum net power output in all tested Kalina cycle cases. Under the given heat production conditions of hot dry rock resource in the Gonghe Basin, the saturated organic Rankine cycle with the dry fluid butane as working fluid generates the largest amount of net power.     

Integrating small power plants into agricultural projects

The integration of small geothermal power generation projects (<5 MWe) with agribusiness and agriculture product production, processing, distillation or dehydration facilities is rapidly growing in popularity. This trend is a result of advancements in the generation of electricity from low- to moderate temperature geothermal resources (100–150 °C) and the economic advantage that full use of the resource, once pumped from the well(s), provides. Developers are evaluating or building projects that use both topping as well as bottoming cycles. Generation technologies include Organic Rankine Cycle, Kalina Cycle and low temperature flash steam.     

Thermodynamic performance analysis of a copper–chlorine thermochemical cycle and biomass based combined plant for multigeneration

The primary objective of this work is to investigate a comprehensive thermodynamic assessment of the biomass-assisted multigeneration plant for electrical energy, hydrogen, heating-cooling, drying, and hot water production. The suggested multigeneration plant includes the biomass gasification process, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle, organic Rankine cycle, and cascade refrigeration plant, which is to produce heating and cooling loads, drying system, hydrogen generation with copper–chlorine thermochemical process, and hydrogen liquefaction process. Based on the thermodynamic laws, the total irreversibility rate and performance assessment of the examined study is conducted. Moreover, the impact of various factors such as reference temperature, biomass gasifier temperature, and mass flow rate of biofuel, on the effectiveness and useful outputs of planned plant are examined. The outcomes of the proposed study show that 18 626, 3948 and 1037 kW electrical energy are generated by using the Brayton, Kalina, and organic Rankine cycle. Furthermore, the total cooling and heating capacities and hydrogen generation rates are 2392, 2864 kW and 0.068 kg s⁻¹. Finally, energetic and exergetic effectiveness of the examined model are calculated as 56.71% and 53.59%.     

Heat recovery from Diesel engines: A thermodynamic comparison between Kalina and ORC cycles

In the context of heat recovery for electric power generation, Kalina cycle (a thermodynamic cycle using as working fluid a mixture of water and ammonia) and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) represent two different eligible technologies. In this work a comparison between the thermodynamic performances of Kalina cycle and an ORC cycle, using hexamethyldisiloxane as working fluid, was conducted for the case of heat recovery from two Diesel engines, each one with an electrical power of 8900 kWe. The maximum net electric power that can be produced exploiting the heat source constituted by the exhaust gases mass flow (35 kg/s for both engines, at 346 °C) was calculated for the two thermodynamic cycles. Owing to the relatively low useful power, for the Kalina cycle a relatively simple plant layout was assumed. Supposing reasonable design parameters and a logarithmic mean temperature difference in the heat recovery exchanger of 50 °C, a net electric power of 1615 kW and of 1603 kW respectively for the Kalina and for the ORC cycle was calculated.Although the obtained useful powers are actually equal in value, the Kalina cycle requires a very high maximum pressure in order to obtain high thermodynamic performances (in our case, 100 bar against about 10 bar for the ORC cycle). So, the adoption of Kalina cycle, at least for low power level and medium–high temperature thermal sources, seems not to be justified because the gain in performance with respect to a properly optimized ORC is very small and must be obtained with a complicated plant scheme, large surface heat exchangers and particular high pressure resistant and no-corrosion materials.     

Bottoming cycles for electric energy generation: Parametric investigation of available and innovative solutions for the exploitation of low and medium temperature heat sources

Many industrial processes and conventional fossil fuel energy production systems used in small-medium industries, such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines, provide low or medium temperature (i.e., 200–500 °C) heat fluxes as a by-product, which are typically wasted in the environment. The possibility of exploiting this wasted heat, converting it into electric energy by means of different energy systems, is investigated in this article, by extending the usual range of operation of existing technologies or introducing novel concepts. In particular, among the small size bottoming cycle technologies, the identified solutions which could allow to improve the energy saving performance of an existing plant by generating a certain amount of electric energy are: the Organic Rankine Cycle, the Stirling engine and the Inverted Brayton Cycle; this last is an original thermodynamic concept included in the performed comparative analysis.