飞机典型构件振动疲劳寿命分析

提出了一种随机振动疲劳寿命预计的简便数据处理方法。一般地 ,在求疲劳损伤量时 ,需要构件的平均频率 ,通常是取构件的第一阶共振频率。本文提出利用随机响应功率谱密度求出的特征频率作为平均频率 ,在数据处理时是较方便的一种方法。对一个典型构件的试验数据计算的结果表明本方法是可行的     

基于位置敏感探测器的六自由度精密位姿测量系统

位置敏感探测器(Position Sensitive Detector,PSD)是一种高精度的二维位移测量传感器,利用三片二维PSD的组合实现空间六自由度相对运动的位移和角度测量。测量系统主要包括三片PSD传感器(包括PSD光敏面和发光管)、低噪声的信号调理和AD采集电路,采用三片PSD正交布局方案,通过PSD光敏面的光点位置计算相对运动的位移和角度。设计了六自由度的PSD标定测试系统,用于PSD测量系统中心偏移和发光管安装误差的标定测试。测试结果表明,PSD测量系统的测量范围优于位移±10mm、角度±2.5°,标定后PSD测量系统的噪声误差为位移0.1mm、角度0.02°,测量系统的绝对位移误差小于0.5mm、角度误差小于0.14°,满足系统0.5mm和0.5°的指标要求。此外,对PSD传感器的环境适应性进行了评估。PSD测量系统具有量程宽、精度高、线性度好的优点,成功应用于天舟1号货运飞船微重力主动隔振装置的相对运动测量中。     

基于流固耦合的高压油管振动疲劳特性研究

以高压油管为研究对象,开展了基于流固耦合方法的振动疲劳特性研究。通过计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,简称CFD)仿真获取高压油管内部燃油脉冲压力,并建立高压油管流固耦合模型进行振动特性仿真分析,能更准确地预测高压油管的振动疲劳寿命。结合发动机振动激励功率谱密度(power spectral density,简称PSD)信号、材料S-N曲线和传递函数结果,通过疲劳损伤累积模型进行了两种高压油管模型的振动疲劳寿命预测,对比分析了考虑燃油脉冲压力对振动疲劳寿命的影响,为后期高压油管的优化设计提供了指导。     

结构声疲劳寿命估算的功率谱密度法

通过对现行传统声疲劳分析方法的回顾，以及对声疲劳学科所涉及的理论的深入研究。提出了进行声疲劳分析的功率谱密度法。它能够解决或部分解决传统声疲劳分析存在的问题，能够考虑多模态复杂结构的噪声响应，完成让许多科技工作者感到的频域到时域的转换。     

PSD在弦振动测量中的应用

振动的测量在工业生产过程中有着重要的意义,如设备的监测、故障的诊断、噪声的分析与消除等都离不开振动的测量．介绍了PSD位置敏感器的组成结构、工作原理、性能指标及信号处理电路。PSD是一种光学半导体传感器,能够根据光点在其表面位置的不同而输出不同大小的电流,对光点的位置进行快速、精确定位。用激光—琴弦—PSD传感器及相应的信号处理电路组成一个振动测试系统。通过对振动曲线进行分析处理总结出PSD传感器在振动测量领域有着广阔的应用前景。     

车下设备承载结构疲劳试验载荷谱编制方法*

提出多载荷时间历程的外推方法,给出车下设备承载结构疲劳试验载荷谱编制方法。基于载荷时间历程的雨流计数矩阵,利用二维核密度估计方法(Kernel density estimation, KDE),提出在多载荷时间历程输入条件下的外推方法;应用平均应力修正公式、累积损伤理论和等效损伤准则,根据外推载荷数据,给出疲劳试验程序谱的编制方法;结合动车组车下设备线路测试数据对外推方法进行验证,编制了车下设备承载结构疲劳试验程序谱,并分别使用疲劳试验程序谱和振动测试数据对承载结构进行疲劳强度计算。数据外推结果表明：多载荷时间历程外推方法计算的损伤与实际载荷损伤误差为3.6%,大的扩展倍数下KDE可以给出低周、大幅值载荷;疲劳强度计算结果表明：由于KDE外推产生了大幅值载荷,疲劳试验程序谱计算的损伤比振动测试数据计算的损伤增加了43.8%,所以,在进行疲劳试验载荷谱编制时,需要计算可能出现的大幅值载荷。此研究为其他结构程序载荷谱的编制提供借鉴案例。     

Application of a diffraction grating and position sensitive detectors to the measurement of error motion and angular indexing of an indexing table

In this paper, two systems for the measurement of the error motion and angular indexing of a rotary indexing table have been developed. A laser diode, a laser holder and a position sensitive detector (PSD) are integrated as a simple measuring device for the measurement of the rotary error without using a precision reference artifact (a cylinder or a sphere), multiple probes or error separation methods. The laser diode is assembled in the laser holder and fixed on the rotary table. The PSD is set up above the laser holder to detect the position of an incident laser beam from the laser diode. When the rotary table rotates, the rotary error changes the direction of the incident beam and also the position of the spot on the PSD. For the measurement of the angular indexing, a reflective diffraction grating and two PSDs are integrated as a high-resolution angle measuring device without using an autocollimator or a laser interferometer system. The diffraction grating is set at the center of the rotary table and reflects an incident laser beam into several diffractive rays. Two PSDs were set up for detecting the positions of ±1st-order diffraction rays. A simple algebraic method is used to solve the angular indexing through an optical analysis. The experimental results showed the feasibility of the proposed test devices.     

随机振动环境下结构的疲劳失效分析

讨论了随机振动响应的统计特性分析、结构响应的动应力与常规疲劳载荷的关 系,如何将结构响应动应力等价为常规的静力疲劳载荷,利用Ｓ－Ｎ曲线和名义应 力法对结构寿命的估算方法等。完成了用功率谱密度表示的随机振动载荷作用下悬 臂板结构的响应分析以及疲劳寿命估计。     

随机载荷下焊接结构疲劳寿命的一种有效计算方法

随机载荷下的疲劳寿命估算方法通常涉及两个方面,循环计数和损伤累积。本文研究了一种用于随机载荷下焊接构件疲劳寿命预测的有效计算方法。按照这种方法,只要求已知应力历程的功率谱密度和常规疲劳试验数据,就可以对承受随机载荷的焊接构件作出疲劳寿命计算。利用结构系统的复频响应函数,可以由已知的输入功率谱求出结构响应的谱密度。这就使得结构设计者即使在设计阶段不知道结构承受的应力历程,而只知道结构系统的输入,也同样可以对所设计的结构作出疲劳寿命预测。本文所述方法被用于某超重型矿用汽车车架的疲劳寿命计算,计算结果与实际情况基本吻合。     

Fatigue behavior and damage mechanism of aluminum foam sandwich with carbon-fiber face-sheets

Aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) has been used in engineering field, where cyclic loading is in most of the applications. However, limited research has been done on the fatigue behavior of AFS. In the present study, fatigue performance of AFS made of aluminum foam core and carbon-fiber face-sheet was studied experimentally by a high frequency fatigue test machine and the damage mechanisms of the structure were studied by SEM. Results indicated that the fatigue life of AFS decreased with the increasing loading level. The S-N curve of AFS obeys three-parameter lognormal distribution in most of the cases. AFS was sensitive to cyclic loading level and the load capacity after cyclic loading improved significantly when the cyclic loading level was lower. The main life of AFS was its crack initiation stage. Three categories of damage mechanisms were observed. This study is of great significance to the design and application of AFS.

     

振动加速因子试验方法研究

为了快速获得准确的加速因子,在对Palmgren-Miner疲劳累积损伤原理和随机振动宽、窄带应力作用下累积损伤分布特点研究的基础上,推导出随机振动应力作用下的加速因子计算方程,以此作为加速寿命方程同时结合加速寿命试验理论,设计并实施了样件的加速寿命试验。通过对试验数据的weillbull模型验证和最小二乘数据处理,获得了样件材料的振动加速因子。该试验方法为其他材料的加速因子的试验获取和环境振动试验条件的制定提供实践和理论指导。     

机载雷达结构随机振动疲劳破坏技术研究

振动疲劳破坏潜在巨大威胁,是航空结构破坏的一种主要形式.快速准确地预测结构随机振动条件下的薄弱环节是结构设计的关键技术之一.文中将有限元分析与振动试验进行了对比分析,对结构疲劳破坏的机理进行了探究,分析了模态振型与随机振动破坏的内在联系.除定性判断外,还引入了基于PSD的疲劳寿命分析理论方法,将MSC软件与当前流行的疲劳分析软件结合起来,对某分机安装架进行了疲劳寿命分析计算,分析结果与试验吻合度良好.对结构疲劳破坏规律的研究,为后续结构设计分析提供了理论支撑.     

基于非线性累积损伤的随机振动疲劳寿命分析

预测承受随机载荷结构件的疲劳寿命是一个复杂的问题,应用Miner线性损伤准则经常会得出偏于冒险的寿命预测。非线性累积损伤理论考虑了加载顺序对疲劳寿命的影响,精度更高,但计算繁琐,且未能用于频域寿命计算。文中给出了一种基于非线性累积损伤的随机振动疲劳寿命分析方法,该方法将频域疲劳寿命的预估结果平分为若干段,考虑顺序效应对每一段结果进行修正并叠加,得到修正的振动疲劳寿命结果,通过简单试验件试验验证了该方法的准确性,对于某加筋板结构在动力学准确建模、多轴应力等效的基础上进行寿命估算,结果证明了方法的有效性和工程可用性。     

基于振动信号的机械密封金属波纹管疲劳分析

针对"S"型金属焊接波纹管振动疲劳失效问题,采集相关工况下的振动信号,使用短时傅里叶变换编辑信号的方法识别损伤区间,并在区间端点等距插值拼接信号,得到用于零件疲劳分析的编辑信号。对原始信号和编辑后的信号用雨流计数法统计损伤循环次数,并求出信号的平均能量;将编辑信号加载至波纹管,通过仿真计算进一步验证,得到了编辑信号与原始信号影响下波纹管的疲劳损伤分布云图;并分析不同转速下,振动信号不同应力范围的能量循环次数。结果表明:通过信号缩减得到的编辑信号有效地保留了损伤片段并且缩减了信号的长度,表明基于短时傅里叶变换的缩减信号方法可以有效地缩短疲劳实验的时间,加速研发周期;低转速时波纹管径向应力较大、循环次数较高,更容易发生振动疲劳。     

高耸塔器风致疲劳寿命时域分析

针对沿海多风地区高耸塔器可能因长期风致振动导致的疲劳问题,以随机风致应力响应的时程模拟、风速风向联合分布模型、雨流法以及Miner疲劳累积损伤理论为基础,提出了基于时域法的高耸塔器风致疲劳寿命数值计算方法,并针对某一典型高耸塔器进行了相关分析。结果表明：长时间的空塔工况可能导致该塔器严重的疲劳损伤甚至失效,而操作工况下的风致疲劳寿命一般可以满足设计年限要求;横风向共振是引起该塔器空塔工况风致疲劳的决定性因素,而强风造成的顺风向振动是导致其操作工况下疲劳损伤的主要原因;该塔器空塔和操作工况下的疲劳分布曲线分别呈多峰型和单峰型,可见顺风向的疲劳损伤比横风向更为集中。     

Characterization of one-dimensional position sensitive detectors with improved efficiency and position resolution for neutron spectrometers

Development and characterization of one-dimentional (1D) position sensitive detectors (PSDs) with improved efficiency and position resolution for neutron scattering applications are reported. The PSDs are characterized for energy resolution, count rate capability, sensitivity, efficiency, position resolution, and uniformity of response over the sensitive length. The studies are carried out to verify the dependence of position resolution on detector geometry, electronic noise, and stopping power of the fill gas. One of the PSDs is mounted on the small angle neutron scattering spectrometer and spectra from CTAB micelle sample are recorded using 5.4 A neutrons. A gain of factors 1.1 and 1.2 is obtained compared to earlier in house made 1D PSD and LND-made 1D PSD, respectively. The diffraction patterns from standard vanadium, nickel, and silicon samples are recorded on a powder diffractometer using newly designed PSDs. Gain in efficiency obtained at shorter wavelength of 0.783 A is by a factor of 1.6. All high pressure PSDs show improvement in the position resolution by 2-3 mm. It is observed that 1D PSD filled with isobutane as stopping gas improves the gamma tolerance and position resolution at lower partial pressures as compared to Kr. It is advantageous to use two or more 36C-type PSDs stacked together. It is economic and gives better efficiency due to scanning more beam height.     

A method of determining test load for full-scale wind turbine blade fatigue tests

Full-scale fatigue test is an effective method for validating the fatigue performance of wind turbine blade. Its primary problem is how to design the test load. The conventional approach to determine test load requires a complicated and time-consuming process. Thus, a simplified method for directly converting load spectrum of blade into test load is proposed in this paper. Firstly, beam theory is used to obtain the relationship between stress, strain and bending moment of blade cross section. Based on the assumption of local stress concentration and linear relationship between stress and strain, M-N curves (applied moment vs. allowable number of cycles to failure) is defined. Secondly, based on Miner's linear cumulative damage theory and constant life diagram, the equivalent fatigue cumulative damage of load spectrum which is equal to the damage of full-scale fatigue test is obtained. Then, in the case of the selected test load ratio and cycles, the mean and amplitude of test load can be solved. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by an illustrative example. The result indicates that the error of the calculated results between this method and the traditional method is close to 5 %, and it can be used for fatigue test and improve the efficiency of test load design.     

汽车燃油分配管加速振动试验研究

应用Miner线性累积损伤理论，对汽车燃油分配管加速振动试验进行分析和试验。以试件上应力薄弱部位的响应幅度变化作为控制点，当振动幅度变化为稳态振幅的85％．90％时，作为判定试件振动疲劳寿命的依据，从而确定试件的寿命与载荷强度的关系。通过对某型东风轻卡汽车燃油分配管实例的试验研究，获得加速试验的强化系数K。试验表明，所施加的载荷幅值，完全符合由累积损伤理论给出的加速振动试验公式。该强化系数K的获得，对指导燃油分配管规范试验，具有一定的参考价值。     

交通环境振动测试数据中暗振动去除的ANFIS法

轨道交通引起的环境振动测试数据中混杂着暗振动的成分。提出了一种去除暗振动的自适应神经模糊推理系统(adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system,简称ANFIS)法,阐述了其基本原理,给出了该法的具体实现步骤。通过一条列车引起的地面振动加速度时程与一条暗振动加速度时程叠加得到现场实测振动加速度时程,采用提出的ANFIS法及其他几种已有方法对该算例进行了去除暗振动的计算,并进行了对比分析。几种方法计算的时程均方根误差分别为:谱幅值修正法0.414mm/s~2,自功率谱法0.363mm/s~2,自互功率谱法0.261mm/s~2,ANFIS法0.074mm/s~2,可见,ANFIS法均方根误差最小;几种方法计算的加权振级VLz分别为:振动级修正法63.842dB,谱幅值修正法62.894dB,自功率谱法63.859dB,自互功率谱法63.802dB,ANFIS法63.805dB,ANFIS法计算结果与真实交通振动值63.815dB最接近。结果表明,在时程、傅里叶谱、功率谱密度及振动级的计算上,ANFIS法计算结果都与真实交通振动值非常接近,产生的误差比其他已有方法更小。     

考虑平均应力效应的Tovo-Benasciutti疲劳寿命预测模型

为了考虑平均应力对循环载荷作用下结构振动疲劳寿命的影响,对Tovo-Benasciutti疲劳损伤模型进行了平均应力修正。采用径向基函数法构造平均应力修正系数与随机应力带宽系数之间的近似模型,建立了考虑平均应力的Tovo-Benasciutti疲劳损伤模型。利用所建立的模型对某简单梁进行了疲劳寿命估计。结果表明：考虑平均应力效应的Tovo-Benasciutti模型能得到与试验更一致的结果。