中部出气的上吸式固定床气化炉及其自动控制的料斗供料系统设计

改进的固定床上吸式生物质气化炉,以锥形下料裙将气化炉分成气化室与储料室两部分,出气口设在下料裙死角处。输出的产出气温度在300℃以上、灰分少、热值高,气化效率高,兼具上吸式与下吸式气化炉的优点,有效解决了常规上吸式气化炉产出气中焦油含量高、热值低问题。自动控制的料斗供料方式保证了气化炉运行的可靠性与安全性,扩展了生物质木料的适用范围。实现产出燃气在蒸汽锅炉中代替煤、木材、油燃烧,可有效解决中小企业的用能问题,达到节能减排的目的。     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化的研究（I）以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂生产低热值燃气

在600kW流化床气化炉工业示范装置上以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂,将生物质／煤按不同比例进行了共气化的实验研究。在实验研究的运行条件下,得到了生物质／煤混合比例对气化炉工作温度、燃气热值、气体产率和气化效率等重要技术参数的影响。对玉米芯／煤的比例为81／19时的典型实验结果表明：气化炉工作温度869℃,空气当量比ER=0．21,S／B=0．20时,气体产率1．96m^3／kg,燃气热值6．4MJ／m^3,气化效率71．3％,燃气中焦油含量小于l0mg／m^3,该炉经过连续运行考核,运行平稳,工况稳定。     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉运行性能及污染物分析

为了对比分析生物质与燃煤直接燃烧和生物质气耦合燃煤对锅炉运行性能及污染物排放的影响,基于660 MW燃煤锅炉和30t/h生物质气化炉,搭建生物质气化耦合燃煤锅炉系统模型.在额定工况下,选取松木、木屑、污泥3种生物质,进行气化,对比分析生物质和生物质气与燃煤耦合燃烧2种情况下的锅炉运行性能及燃烧产物的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质直接掺烧提高了炉膛燃烧温度和排烟温度,锅炉热效率均低于纯煤燃烧的锅炉热效率.生物质气掺烧降低了炉膛燃烧温度,提高了锅炉热效率.松木气的炉膛燃烧温度降低了45.26℃,木屑气的排烟温度降低了为41.32℃.生物质气掺烧对NOx减排效果更为显著,木屑气掺烧生成的NOx质量浓度最低;生物质直接燃烧对SOx的减排效果更好,松木掺烧生成的SOx质量浓度最低.     

浅谈20 t/h生物质循环流化床气化锅炉系统的设计

对比分析了常用的生物质气化炉的优缺点,选取循环流化床气化炉和燃气蒸汽锅炉搭建20t/h生物质循环流化床气化燃气蒸汽锅炉系统,阐述了该系统的主要工艺系统、关键设备以及防磨、防结焦、防爆等关键设计特点,介绍了该系统的试运行情况,为今后生物质气化技术的发展与推广提供参考.     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉运行性能及污染物分析

为了对比分析生物质与燃煤直接燃烧和生物质气耦合燃煤对锅炉运行性能及污染物排放的影响,基于660 MW燃煤锅炉和30t/h生物质气化炉,搭建生物质气化耦合燃煤锅炉系统模型.在额定工况下,选取松木、木屑、污泥3种生物质,进行气化,对比分析生物质和生物质气与燃煤耦合燃烧2种情况下的锅炉运行性能及燃烧产物的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质直接掺烧提高了炉膛燃烧温度和排烟温度,锅炉热效率均低于纯煤燃烧的锅炉热效率.生物质气掺烧降低了炉膛燃烧温度,提高了锅炉热效率.松木气的炉膛燃烧温度降低了45.26℃,木屑气的排烟温度降低了为41.32℃.生物质气掺烧对NOx减排效果更为显著,木屑气掺烧生成的NOx质量浓度最低;生物质直接燃烧对SOx的减排效果更好,松木掺烧生成的SOx质量浓度最低.     

含焦油生物质气再燃还原燃煤锅炉NOx的试验研究

搭建了10kW上吸式生物质气化炉和20kW煤粉沉降炉组成的生物质气化再燃试验系统,分析了不同再燃条件下含焦油生物质气再燃还原燃煤锅炉NOx的特性．结果表明：气化过程中产生的焦油在再燃过程中会裂解生成高热值的烃类气体,这些烃类气体还原NOx的效果明显;当过量空气系数较小、再燃温度较高时,NOx的还原效率较高,试验中最高还原效率超过80％;采用生物质气化再燃的方式既可以解决焦油难处理的问题,又可以提高生物质能量的转化效率,同时可高效降低燃煤锅炉NOx的排放量．     

在流化床气化炉中生物质与煤共气化的研究(Ⅰ)以空气-水蒸汽为气化剂生产低热值燃气

在600kW流化床气化炉工业示范装置上以空气.水蒸汽为气化剂,将生物质/煤按不同比例进行了共气化的实验研究.在实验研究的运行条件下,得到了生物质/煤混合比例对气化炉工作温度、燃气热值、气体产率和气化效率等重要技术参数的影响.对玉米芯/煤的比例为81/19时的典型实验结果表明:气化炉工作温度869℃,空气当量比ER=0.21,S/B=0.20时,气体产率1.96m3/kg,燃气热值6.4MJ/m3,气化效率71.3%,燃气中焦油含量小于10mg/m3,该炉经过连续运行考核,运行平稳,工况稳定.     

户用型生物质气化炉主要技术性能的试验研究

在实验台上针对改进型户用生物质气化炉进行了主要技术性能的试验研究,其中包括生物质原料、鼓风量、气化强度等参数对气化性能的影响,净化装置的脱除效果研究以及焦油回流装置对气化指标的影响等。实验表明,生物质原料的有关参数对气化性能有明显影响;鼓风量是气化炉生产负荷最简单迅速的调节手段之一,鼓风量存在一个最佳运行的鼓风量范围;户用型气化炉设计的净化装置脱除效果显著;焦油回流装置设计合理,提高了燃气品质和气化效果。     

基于锅炉出口蒸汽压力的生物质气化热能转换一体化系统的自适应智能控制

本文描述了一个以上吸式生物质气化炉、生物质气燃烧器及蒸汽锅炉组成的一体化生物质能热转换系统的自适应智能控制方法。系统以PLC为工具,以锅炉出口蒸汽压力为控制参数,根据锅炉出口蒸汽压力的变化,自动调节气化炉的供料量与产气量,并随之调节燃烧器的空气供应量,最终实现随蒸汽压力的改变而自动调节锅炉供热量的目标。以生物质气化为基础的一体化供热及自适应智能控制系统已经在工业应用中得到可靠验证。     

生物质气化发电技术讲座(3)生物质焦油裂解技术

1生物质焦油的特性生物质气化的目标是得到尽可能多的可燃气体产物。但在气化过程中,焦炭和焦油都是不可避免的副产物。焦油在高温时呈气态,与可燃气体完全混合,而在低温(一般低于200℃)时凝结为液态。对于燃气需要降温利用的情况(如燃气用于内燃机发电时),焦油的分离问题显得尤为重要。焦油的存在对生物质气化及其利用会产生不利的影响。首先它降低了气化炉气化效率,气化气中焦油产物的能量一般占总能量的5%～15%,这部分能量在低温时难以与可燃气体一道被利用,大部分被浪费;其次焦油在低温时凝结为液态,容易和水、焦炭等结合在一起,堵塞输…     

生物质锅炉燃烧调整方法分析

生物质锅炉采用的炉排燃烧是新技术,它不同于煤粉炉的悬浮燃烧,因此生物质锅炉燃烧调整的目的是保证稳定的汽压、汽温和蒸发量的前提下使落渣1：7处尽量不出生料,以降低料耗。本文针对大唐邓州生物质能热电有限责任公司振动炉排锅炉,对影响燃烧调整的因素进行分析,并对生物质锅炉燃烧调整的方法进行了探讨。     

Hydrogen-rich gas production from biomass steam gasification in an updraft fixed-bed gasifier combined with a porous ceramic reformer

This paper investigates the hydrogen-rich gas produced from biomass employing an updraft gasifier with a continuous biomass feeder. A porous ceramic reformer was combined with the gasifier for producer gas reforming. The effects of gasifier temperature, equivalence ratio (ER), steam to biomass ratio (S/B), and porous ceramic reforming on the gas characteristic parameters (composition, density, yield, low heating value, and residence time, etc.) were investigated. The results show that hydrogen-rich syngas with a high calorific value was produced, in the range of 8.10–13.40 MJ/Nm³, and the hydrogen yield was in the range of 45.05–135.40 g H₂/kg biomass. A higher temperature favors the hydrogen production. With the increasing gasifier temperature varying from 800 to 950 °C, the hydrogen yield increased from 74.84 to 135.4 g H₂/kg biomass. The low heating values first increased and then decreased with the increased ER from 0 to 0.3. A steam/biomass ratio of 2.05 was found as the optimum in the all steam gasification runs. The effect of porous ceramic reforming showed the water-soluble tar produced in the porous ceramic reforming, the conversion ratio of total organic carbon (TOC) contents is between 22.61% and 50.23%, and the hydrogen concentration obviously higher than that without porous ceramic reforming.     

High temperature steam-only gasification of woody biomass

We have studied a high temperature steam gasification process to generate hydrogen-rich fuel gas from woody biomass. In this study, the performance of the gasification system which employs only high temperature steam exceeding 1200 K as the gasifying agent was evaluated in a 1.2 ton/day-scale demonstration plant. A numerical analysis was also carried out to analyze the experimental results. Both the steam temperature and the molar ratio of steam to carbon (S/C ratio) affected the reaction temperature which strongly affects the gasified gas composition. The H₂ fraction in the produced gas was 35–55 vol.% at the outlet of the gasifier. Under the experimental conditions, S/C ratio had a significant effect on the gas composition through the dominant reaction, water–gas shift reaction. The tar concentration in the produced gas from the high temperature steam gasification process was higher than that from the oxygen-blown gasification processes. The highest cold gas efficiency was 60.4%. However, the gross cold gas efficiency was 35%, which considers the heat supplied by high temperature steam. The ideal cold gas efficiency of the whole system with heat recovery processes was 71%.     

生物质炭催化裂解焦油的实验研究

通过实验方法研究了生物质炭对生物质热解焦油的催化特性。通过分析焦油裂解率在催化剂及其重量、蒸汽加入量和加入方式、氮气流量等条件下的变化可知:在蒸汽条件下,生物质炭对焦油有显著的催化裂解效果,最高焦油转化率可达96.1%。通过对实验条件下裂解产物、裂解气体积分数的分析可知,生物质炭和蒸汽可以促进热解产物里面的可凝结相转化为不可凝结的气体,并且导致气体组分体积分数的变化。裂解气中氢气产量增加较快,最高可达裂解气体积的50.2%。     

Catalytic steam reforming of tar for enhancing hydrogen production from biomass gasification: a review

Presently, the global search for alternative renewable energy sources is rising due to the depletion of fossil fuel and rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among alternatives, hydrogen (H₂) produced from biomass gasification is considered a green energy sector, due to its environmentally friendly, sustainable, and renewable characteristics. However, tar formation along with syngas is a severe impediment to biomass conversion efficiency, which results in process-related problems. Typically, tar consists of various hydrocarbons (HCs), which are also sources for syngas. Hence, catalytic steam reforming is an effective technique to address tar formation and improve H₂ production from biomass gasification. Of the various classes in existence, supported metal catalysts are considered the most promising. This paper focuses on the current researching status, prospects, and challenges of steam reforming of gasified biomass tar. Besides, it includes recent developments in tar compositional analysis, supported metal catalysts, along with the reactions and process conditions for catalytic steam reforming. Moreover, it discusses alternatives such as dry and autothermal reforming of tar.     

10 MW生物质气化耦合超临界燃煤锅炉系统火用平衡分析

为有效评价生物质气化耦合燃煤锅炉系统能量转换过程,分析该系统的节能潜力,以某10 MW循环流化床生物质气化炉耦合大型超临界燃煤机组为例,建立了该耦合系统的火用分析控制体模型,利用Aspen plus平台对该系统实际运行过程进行火用平衡分析。结果表明：当前运行工况下,生物质气化过程火用损失是耦合系统最大的火用损失,达到42.28%,其次是可燃气体在燃煤锅炉内的燃烧及传热过程,为25.32%。因此系统运行过程中应采取优化运行措施,减小气化过程火用损失,同时气化炉应尽量与高参数的大型机组耦合运行,可燃气体选取在燃煤锅炉合适位置输入,以保证充分燃烧。     

发展户用生物质气化炉

讨论了户用生物质气化炉的炉体、炉膛、气体回流装置及净化器的结构设计和技术特点,分析了推广使用存在的问题,并提出了户用生物质气化炉的产业化发展思路。