Fixed-point and stratified analysis of the fine structure and composition of five gallstones with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) specular reflection spectroscopy

By investigating the identities, amounts, and distributions of the major components of human gallstones, the formation mechanism of calculi may be elucidated. Using FT-IR specular reflection spectroscopy, the compositions of five common types of gallstones, including cholesterol calculus, bile pigment calculus, cholesterol-bilirubin calculus, mixed calculus, and black stones, were positionally, qualitatively, and quantitatively analyzed. Several organic and inorganic substances were found in human gallstones, including cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium stearate. Among them, cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate were the main components. The amounts of these substances varied in different types of gallstone. The distributions of cholesterol and calcium salts (with the exception of calcium bilirubinate) were also closely associated with location. In the various calculi, the amounts of cholesterol and calcium bilirubinate in the cores, the layered structures outside the cores, and the outer shells were higher than those of other substances. The identities of the major components of calculi were similar in different types of gallstones, but their amounts and distributions were significantly different. The analytical method used in this study, which was able to accurately determine the location, quality, and quantity of the major components of gallstones, would be an effective tool to study the formation mechanism of calculi.     

ICP-MS顺次分析鸡蛋壳中微量元素

本研究基于顺次电离质谱分析技术,发展了一种直接质谱分析方法分析鸡蛋蛋壳中微量元素。在仅需少量样品预处理的条件下,分别用水和5%稀硝酸作为洗脱液,对鸡蛋壳中水溶性微量元素组分和酸溶性微量元素组分进行顺次提取,然后在线传输至ICP-MS进行分析。该方法可在10 min内实现单个样品中15种微量元素水溶性组分和酸溶性组分的顺次分析,具有仅需少量样品预处理、分析速度快、样品消耗量小等优点。采用顺次电离质谱分析方法考察了赣州土鸡蛋、赣州营养鸡蛋、赣州草鸡蛋、毛庵村毛氏土鸡蛋、吉安泰和土鸡蛋的蛋壳小头、中部和大头3个部位上15种微量元素的水溶性和酸溶性组分信息。结果表明,鸡蛋蛋壳上微量元素的含量、形态和分布可构成一个完整的“指纹谱”,不同种类鸡蛋壳的微量元素“指纹谱”具有显著区别,该“指纹谱”在鉴别鸡蛋种类、判定鸡蛋质量方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

智能机床发展现状与技术体系框架

智能机床成为机床装备发展的趋势。在介绍国内外智能机床的研究现状的基础上,分析目前智能机床技术研究的三个问题,提出智能机床的狭义和广义定义;给出智能机床的包括人计机的协同性、整体与局部的协调性、智能的恰当性与无止性、自学习及其能力持续提高性、自治与集中的统一性、结构的开放性和可扩展性、制造和加工的绿色性、智能的贯穿性八个智能技术特征;阐述包括以人为中心的人计机动态交互功能、三个基本功能——执行智能功能、准备智能功能、维护智能功能的智能功能特征,以及功能之间的相互关系;建立八个理论与技术的智能机床技术理论框架,包括人计机一体化融合理论与技术、多源信息的感知理论与技术、智能决策理论与技术、智能执行理论与技术、智能维护理论与技术、智能机床综合能力评价理论与技术、智能机床标准化技术、智能机床支撑技术等,形成了智能机床的技术体系框架,同时指出上述内容将随着技术的进步和应用的深入不断充实和丰富。     

Distribution curves of sectional areas through some families of convex particles

We outline the results of a computer program which calculates frequency distributions of functions of cross-sectional regions of convex planar-faced polyhedra, ‘sphero-polyhedra’, and populations of perturbed polyhedra. This is done by ‘cutting’ a computer representation of the figure by a large number of random planes. The procedure is applied to cubes, dodecahedra, truncated octahedra, and approximate β-tetrakaidecahedra. Certain aspects of the shape of the object, e.g. sharpness of corners, angularity, compactness, and degree of symmetry are related to aspects of the shape of the distribution curves, e.g. beginning and ending points of the curves, rate of rise of the peak, relative location of the peak, and height and width of the peak.     

Discussion on advanced manufacturing

Advanced manufacturing consists of continuity of manufacturing, its broad sense, and the core of the manufacturing process. The technology of continuous manufacturing is discussed according to both historical and modern perspectives. The relationship between human development and manufacturing technology is also discussed. Manufacturing is a continuously evolving topic. It is not only the foundation and means of imagination, conception, the science, and the technology of material change, but also the expression of national economy, national defense, and the support industries. The broad sense of manufacturing theory, which extends the concept of manufacturing, is an important development in the 20th century. The sense is analyzed in connection with design, material forming theory, synthesis of manufacturing technology, manufacturing modes, life cycle of product, hardware and software, and support environment, etc. At the same time, the core action and the development of the theory and technology of process is also discussed. At the end of this paper, the development directions of mechanical manufacturing science and technology are mentioned.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定茶叶中42种元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法（IcP—Ms）标准模式和优化的碰撞池模式（CCT）结合同时测定茶叶中Li、Be、Mg、Al、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Se、Sr、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sn、Sb、Cs、Ba、Tl、Pb、Bi和16种稀土元素共42种元素的方法。样品经过微波消解,以Ge、In、Re为内标消除基体干扰,通过碰撞池技术消除多原子质谱干扰测定上述元素。对于所测元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0．9990,回收率范围为90％-110％,相对标准偏差为0．22％-3．97％,大部分元素检出限均小于0．5μg·kg^-1。该方法简便、省时、准确、灵敏度高,适用于实际样品的检测。     

Influence of Certain Vapors and Liquids on the Frictional Properties of Molybdenum Disulfide

The influence of certain vapors and liquids on the coefficient of friction of molybdenum disulfide has been studied under boundary conditions. The vapors investigated were those of water, butanol, benzene, and heptane. The liquids used were water, glycol, glycerol, dodecanol, dodecylamine, dodecane, hexadecane, ocladecane, white paraffin oil with and without additions of nonanoic acid and nonyl alcohol, and commercial mineral oil. The tests were performed on various friction testing machines, viz., on the LFW-1, LFW-2, Almen-Wieland, and Reichert machines. The test results show that the coefficient of friction of molybdenum disulfide is lowest in absence of the vapors or liquids studied, and under these conditions is independent of load. With increasing polarity of the vapor or liquid the coefficient of friction of molybdenum disulfide increases.     

超低能耗电子电路系统设计原则

超低功耗电子电路系统设计,需要对电路的整个功耗进行仔细的分析研究,影响电路系统功耗的因素有负载能力、电源电压、工作频率、集成度、输出电平等,加强对这些因素的软件、硬件控制,通过分析影响功耗的因素,从而仔细分析设计超低功耗电子电路系统的设计原则,有效实现降低整个系统功耗的目的。     

双列调心凹面滚子轴承接触载荷分析

在考虑滚子与套圈、滚子与保持架以及保持架与引导套圈作用力的条件下,建立双列调心凹面滚子轴承动力学模型。以某双列调心凹面滚子轴承为研究对象,与静力学分析模型滚子最大接触载荷计算结果对比,验证了模型的正确性。并分析了工况条件(轴向载荷、径向载荷、倾覆力矩、转速)和结构参数(滚子数量、滚子长度、径向游隙)对滚子最大接触载荷的影响,结果表明:随轴向载荷增大,一列滚子受力增大,另一列滚子受力减小;随径向载荷增大,滚子最大接触载荷增大;随倾覆力矩增大,2列滚子接触载荷几乎不变;随转速增大,滚子最大接触载荷增大;随滚子数量增多和滚子长度增加,滚子最大接触载荷减小;随径向游隙增大,滚子最大接触载荷呈先减小后增大趋势。     

一种实用的激光盘煤系统设计

为了解决发电厂测量存煤量,提出了一种实用、便捷的激光盘煤系统方案,给出了盘煤系统的硬件组成及工作原理.软件设计部分包括数据预处理、三维重建以及体积计算.详细给出了煤堆的数据采样方法,建煤堆观测网和空间坐标系,三维重建Delaunay实现算法,计算体积的方格网算法.通过VC和OpenGL编程实现了盘煤系统.     

Mice embryology: A microscopic overview

In this work, we studied the embryology of mice of 12, 14, and 18 days of gestation by gross observation, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Grossly, the embryos of 12 days were observed in C‐shaped region of the brain, eye pigmentation of the retina, first, second, and third pharyngeal arches gill pit nasal region on the fourth ventricle brain, cervical curvature, heart, liver, limb bud thoracic, spinal cord, tail, umbilical cord, and place of the mesonephric ridge. Microscopically, the liver, cardiovascular system and spinal cord were observed. In the embryo of 14 days, we observed structures that make up the liver and heart. At 18 days of gestation fetuses, it was noted the presence of eyes, mouth, and nose in the cephalic region, chest and pelvic region with the presence of well‐developed limbs, umbilical cord, and placenta. Scanning electron microscopy in 18 days of gestation fetuses evidenced head, eyes closed eyelids, nose, vibrissae, forelimb, heart, lung, kidney, liver, small bowel, diaphragm, and part of the spine. The results obtained in this work describe the internal and external morphology of mice, provided by an integration of techniques and review of the morphological knowledge of the embryonic development of this species, as this animal is of great importance to scientific studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于约束理论的制造单元管理与控制研究

综述了基于约束理论的制造单元管理与控制问题。首先,从瓶颈辨识、瓶颈／非瓶颈调度、缓冲、批量、物料投放控制等方面系统阐述了国内外研究现状;然后,依据研究现状导出当前需要研究的问题;最后,针对我国国情,指出了今后应从指标体系建立、约束理论科学量化研究、系统集成方式和系统实现技术等4个方面进行重点研究,并就其中的关键问题进行了讨论。     

GC/MS法同时分析液体制剂及口服液型保健品中31种防腐剂和抗氧化剂

为满足药品监管需要,建立了气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）联用方法测定以水、醇等液体为基质的药品及保健品中的防腐剂和抗氧化剂。采用选择离子监测（SIM）技术,同时检测滴眼液、注射液、滴剂、涂剂、口服液型保健品中的三氯叔丁胺、苯酚、苯甲醇、山梨酸、苯甲酸、2-甲基异噻唑啉酮、脱氢乙酸、乙氧基喹啉、己基间苯二酚、对羟基苯甲酸酯等28种防腐剂及TBHQ、BHA、BHT等3种抗氧化剂。结果显示,31种物质在0.005~1 mg/L范围内具有较好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998 5~0.999 9;在0.02～0.30 mg/L加标范围内,回收率为73.6%～109.9%,相对标准偏差（RSDs）为1.2%～13.6%;检出限（LODs,S/N ≥3）为0.001～0.008 mg/L,定量下限（LOQs,S/N ≥10）为0.003～0.020 mg/L。应用该方法进行了多个批次的实际样品分析,结果表明,此方法灵敏、准确、稳定、可靠,且应用范围广泛。     

基于多维力传感器的风速测量方法研究

风速是气象、环保、工农业生产、建筑、军事诸多领域的基本测量参数.目前的风速测量仪受结构、原理、量程等因素制约,存在通用性较差的问题,特别不适合用于野外长期无人值守的自动气象站.该文基于风载荷原理,提出了一种基于多维力传感器的新型风速测量仪,它由2个正交的弹性应变梁组成,采用应变片测量弹性梁的风载荷,达到风速、风向测量的...     

基于SLP的CH油泵厂布局优化

以CH油泵厂的现状为研究对象,运用设施规划中的系统化设施布置规划原理方法,通过生产工艺分析、物流分析和非物流分析、物流强度分析、物流路线分析以及作业单位相互关系分析,在原有厂区的基础上通过调整设施间的位置而达到优化油泵厂布局的目的,达到减少搬运量,缩短搬运距离,缩短生产周期,提高油泵产量,降低成本的目标。为企业厂区布局优化提供了新思路,在不扩建厂区的基础上,通过设施单位对位置的调整,实现其年产量提高的目标。     

离散型装备制造企业数据中心的构建与实现

目前离散型装备制造企业各类信息化系统、数控设备和高架库等产生海量的数据,但如何实现数据的有效管理、分析及利用,使数据成为核心资产是企业面临的一大难题。从数据管理、数据治理、数据资源和数据存储等多个维度进行分析,立足企业数据现状和业务发展需求,采用“统一规划、统一部署”的设计理念,以业务为链条、数据为核心、数据资产管理为依托开展数据中心建设工作。面向企业执行层、管理层和决策层多方位呈现各类业务应用场景,实现“业务数据化、数据资产化、资产价值化”的管理目标,为企业数字化转型,迈向数字化工厂建设奠定基础。     

有关《缺陷汽车产品召回管理条例》的解读

汽车召回,指由缺陷汽车产品制造商进行的消除其产品可能引起人身伤害、财产损失的缺陷的过程,包括通知、修理、更换、收回等具体措施.缺陷汽车召回制度最早源于美国.2012年10月22日,国务院公布《缺陷汽车产品召回管理条例》(以下简称《条例》),自2013年1月1日起施行.相对2004年发布的《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》(以下简称《规定》),该《规定》在召回程序、监管措施上进一步完善,尤其是对隐瞒汽车产品缺陷、不实施召回等违法行为加重了处罚力度.     

基于大数据技术的水电行业企业级数据中心建设的研究

目前水电企业在构建数据中心时大多采用传统技术,存在扩展性不强,建设成本极高,计算处理及分析挖掘能力有限的缺点。为满足企业大数据环境下全类型数据存储、处理、分析及应用的需求,该文提出采用大数据技术构建水电企业级数据中心。大数据技术拥有在数据存储、并行计算、大规模数据分析挖掘、线性扩展、全类型数据支持等方面的优点,能实现全流域、全业务、全层级、全类型数据资源的集中整合、存储、分析,具有很好的应用价值。     

流动注射式水质在线测控系统的研究

以工业用水主要水质成分为研究对象,应用水质成分化学反应原理、新型化学流路设计理念、光电传感技术、计算机技术,研制了流动注射式水质在线测控系统。该系统除了具有传统水质监测的功能,还可控制有关的各类机械和电器硬件,实现了测控合一的水质分析自动化处理。相对传统水质分析仪器来说,结构简单、精度高、可靠性好、通用性强,提高了水质分析的速度、精度和自动化程度。