真菌Simplicillium lanosoniveum DT06对雨生红球藻生长与脂类合成的影响

文章将雨生红球藻与抗生素合成真菌Simplicillium lanosoniveum DT06在不灭菌条件下混合培养（NM）以促进微藻脂类和虾青素的合成。实验结果表明：与灭菌单独培养（AH）和不灭菌单独培养（NH）的雨生红球藻相比,NM的雨生红球藻生物量（2.45 g/L）分别提高了56%和119%,脂类产量（0.837 g/L）分别提高了112.4%和279%,虾青素产量（88.84 mg/L）分别提高了74%和175%;平均生长速率[194.2 mg/（L·d）]分别提高了60.8%和133.1%,平均比生长速率（0.25 d-1）分别提高了19%和31.6%;平均脂类合成速率[69.75mg/（L·d）]分别提高了112.5%和278.66%,平均脂类比合成速率[28.47 mg/（g·d）]分别提高了36.15%和97%;NM的雨生红球藻细胞中适合生产生物柴油的C16～C18脂肪酸的含量达到了83.19%。     

微藻直接离子液体脂肪酶制备生物柴油

采用小球藻、甲醇为原料,脂肪酶为催化剂,离子液体为提取剂和反应介质,直接提取酯交换制备生物柴油。考察不同工艺条件对产率的影响,结果表明:甲醇用量和藻粉质量比为8∶1,离子液体[BMIM][DCA]和藻粉质量比为1∶1,脂肪酶用量为藻粉质量的12%,反应温度为50℃,酯交换反应时间为16 h条件下,生物柴油的转化率可达69.6%。采用微藻直接离子液体脂肪酶制备生物柴油无需从微藻粉中提取油脂,因此降低过程成本、缩短工艺,能实现含油微藻到生物柴油的一步转化。     

纤维藻培养及制备生物柴油的研究

探讨了纤维藻(Ankistudesmus sp)的低成本培养模式,考察了氮源和碳源以及反应器形式对纤维藻生物量、油脂积累以及油脂组成的影响。户外培养纤维藻在氮饥饿条件下油脂产率较高;通过槽式反应器和管式反应器的比较发现:槽式反应器更适合微藻的大规模培养;混养培养时能显著增加纤维藻的生物量和油脂含量,最佳添加条件下藻的生物量和油脂含量分别高达1.64 g/L和15.9%,1.41 g/L和11.9%。藻油经酸催化甲酯化制备生物柴油,经气相色谱分析,藻油主要成分为棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸。氮缺陷、流加葡萄糖培养得到的纤维藻油含有25.32%的棕榈酸、44.74%的油酸,其制备得到的生物柴油具有更好的氧化稳定性和低温流动性。     

微藻油脂制备生物柴油的研究

利用正己烷从异养生长的小球藻(脂类化合物含量高达细胞干重的55%,是自养藻细胞(14%)的4倍)细胞中提取获得了大量油脂。这些异养微藻油脂在30℃、醇油物质的量比为56∶1以及浓硫酸催化条件下经酯交换反应4h可形成高质量的生物柴油。微藻生物柴油的密度为0.864kg.L-1、粘度5.2×10-4(40℃)、热值高达41MJ.kg-1。这些特征与传统柴油相当,且微藻生物柴油具有更低的冷滤点(-11℃)及良好的发动机低温启动性能,因此其应用价值更高。     

斜生栅藻产微生物油脂的研究

微藻类微生物可以产生油脂,油脂可以转化为生物柴油。以废蔗渣中的含碳有机物作为原料培养斜生栅藻,通过对比实验和分析斜生栅藻的生长量、产油量、产油率,得出斜生栅藻产油率最高的水解液含量,通过正交实验,得出产油率最高的环境条件。实验结果表明,pH值对斜生栅藻产油的影响最大,当pH值为7.0、光照时长为18.0 h、氮含量100.0 mmol/L时斜生栅藻的产油脂率达到最大,为44.35%。     

微波辅助组合离子液体直接制备微藻生物柴油

采用小球藻、甲醇为原料,离子液体组合物作为提取催化剂,微波辅助原位一步法催化制备微藻生物柴油。考察微波功率、离子液体类型、离子液体用量、反应温度、反应时间、醇油物质的量之比等因素对酯交换率的影响,并与传统水浴加热机械搅拌法比较。结果表明:微波和离子液体对生物柴油的制备有协同促进作用,离子液体具有催化、提取与增溶的作用,能较好地消除醇油界面接触,微波的引入可强化传质传热过程,与传统加热方式水浴加热机械搅拌法相比,可缩短酯交换反应的时间,降低反应温度,减少离子液体、甲醇用量。离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]为提取剂,微藻油脂提取率最高;酸性离子液体催化效果明显高于碱性离子液体,离子液体[SO₃H-BMIM][HSO₄]为催化剂,微藻油脂转化率最高。在甲醇用量和藻粉质量比为6∶1,离子液体组合物和藻粉质量比为5∶1,[BMIM][HCOO]与[SO₃H-BMIM][HSO₄]体积比12∶1,微波功率400 W,反应温度为60℃,反应时间40 min条件下,生物柴油转化率可达93.3%。该方法将离子液体溶解提取性能、催化性能及微波的热效应相结合,将油脂的提取与油脂的酯化合二为一,能够实现微藻生物柴油的一步转化制备。     

杜氏盐藻在亚/超临界水中液化制生物油

在高温高压反应釜中进行亚/超临界水直接液化杜氏盐藻制生物油过程的研究。对杜氏盐藻的藻粉和藻渣两种原料的主要成分进行了分析。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂、料液比、反应压力等对盐藻粉和盐藻渣液化行为的影响。在此基础上通过正交试验表明:反应温度360℃,反应时间60min,催化剂K_2CO_3加入量2.5%是适合的条件。在上述条件下微藻在超临界水中的液化率为89.37%,产油率为29.04%。通过FT-IR、GC-MS等手段分析了生物油的特性和组分,表明生物油是组成复杂的酸性有机混合物。     

脂肪酶催化地沟油生产生物柴油的新工艺研究

试验研究了以地沟油为原料,在脂肪酶作用下与甲醇发生酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件,通过单因素试验和正交试验对该工艺的操作条件进行优化,得到最佳的工艺条件为醇油摩尔比为2∶1,脂肪酶催化剂用量按每克油脂90 U添加,正己烷和水添加量均为油重的10%,反应温度为20℃,反应时间为28 h,甲酯得率为97.12%。该新工艺与传统工艺相比,具有操作简单,转化率高,成本低,可重复性好等优点,有利于为酶法制备生物柴油的产业化发展提供一定理论基础。     

硅藻生长优化富集油脂的促进机理

为了促进硅藻生长富集油脂并转化制取生物柴油的能力,以纤细角毛藻和新月菱形藻为代表,研究了硅藻生长条件（pH值、氮浓度、硅浓度、收获时间）对其富集油脂的影响规律和促进机理,发现在缺硅缺氮条件下适当延长收获时间能够显著提高油脂含量,纤细角毛藻的油脂含量和产油能力明显高于新月菱形藻。当培养基中硅浓度（Na2SiO3.9H2O）由200 mg/L降低到0、氮浓度（NaNO3）由12.0 mmol/L降低到0.5 mmol/L、收获时间由8 d延长到32 d时,纤细角毛藻的干燥生物质中油脂含量由13.25%提高到31.74%（达到2.4倍）,细胞产油能力达到39.62 mg/L。     

生物柴油精细化学品-蔗糖酯合成技术研究

以生物柴油和蔗糖为原料,在N2保护下采用无溶剂法合成蔗糖酯,以活性炭负载的碳酸钾为催化剂,确定了蔗糖酯合成技术的各项工艺条件:生物柴油与蔗糖的物质的量比为2∶1,在N2保护下,催化剂活性炭负载碳酸钾加入量为总物料量的6%,助溶剂硬脂酸钾加入量为15%,在135℃下反应3h,采用溶剂萃取法纯化粗产物,精制后的蔗糖酯产率以蔗糖记为86.4%。     

Utilization of pyrolytic oil and hydrogen enriched syngas from single feedstock (delonix regia) through pyrolysis process and its influence on performance and emission characteristics in CI engine

The main objective of the present investigation is to conduct the performance, combustion and emission analysis of CI engine operated using hydrogen enriched syngas (pyrolytic gas) and biodiesel (pyrolytic oil) as dual fuel mode condition. Both the pyrolytic oil and syngas is obtained from single feedstock delonix regia fruit pod through pyrolysis process and then pyrolytic oil is converted into biodiesel through esterification. Initially biomass is subjected to thermal degradation at various pyrolysis temperature ranges like 350–600 °C. During the pyrolysis process syngas, pyrolytic oil and char are produced. The syngas is directly used in the CI engine and pyrolytic oil is converted into biodiesel and then used in the CI engine. The pyrolytic oil and syngas is subjected to FTIR and GC/TCD analysis respectively. The syngas analysis confirms the presence of various gases like H₂, CH₄, CO₂, CO and C₂H₄ in different proportions. The various proportions of the syngas is mainly depending upon the reactor temperature and moisture content in the biomass. The syngas composition varies with increase in the temperature and at 400 °C, higher amount of hydrogen is present and its composition are H₂ 28.2%, CO is 21.9%, CH₄ is 39.1% and other gases in smaller amounts. The biodiesel of B20 and syngas of 8lpm produced from the same feedstock are considered as test sample fuels in the CI engine under dual fuel mode operation to study the performance and emission characteristics. The study reveals that BTE has slight increase than diesel of 1.5% at maximum load. On the another hand emission like CO, HC and smoke are reduced by 15%,25% and 32% respectively at full load condition, whereas NO_x emission is increased at all loads in the range of 10–15%. Therefore B20+syngas of 8lpm can be used as an alternative fuel in CI engine without any modification and major products from pyrolysis process with waste biomass is fully used as fuel in the CI engine.     

以市政污水为底物的微藻油脂积累和碳流分析

微藻培养的高成本阻碍了微藻生物柴油的工业化推广。文章以市政污水作为Chlorella vulgaris的培养基,分别在水力停留时间(HRT)24,48,96 h和间歇运行时对其进行培养。随着HRT的增加,C.vulgaris在系统生物群落中所占的比例增大,而且细胞密度和脂含量也分别由HRT 24 h时的0.088 g/L和8.4%提高到间歇时的0.164 g/L和14.3%。HRT对废水处理效果的影响较小,不同HRT时,COD和TP的去除率分别在66.1%~71.1%和37.6%~51.1%,TN的去除率则仅为5.9%~11.2%。对间歇污水处理过程碳元素流动分析表明,污水中的71.1%有机碳被微藻利用,其中94.6%被转化为微藻生物质,其余被代谢为CO2释放,废水中有机碳(COD)转化为微藻油脂的转化率为11.6 mg/(mg.L)。     

Biomass and lipid production of marine microalgae using municipal wastewater and high concentration of CO2

In order to reduce the cost of the production of microalgae for biodiesel, the feasibility of using the mixture of seawater and municipal wastewater as culture medium and CO₂ from flue gas for the cultivation of marine microalgae was investigated in this study. Effects of different ratios of municipal wastewater and 15% CO₂ aeration on the growth of Nannochloropsis sp. were examined, and lipid accumulation of microalgae was also studied under nitrogen starvation and high light. It was found that optimal growth of microalgae occurred in 50% municipal wastewater, and the growth was further significantly enhanced by aeration with 15% CO₂. When Nannochloropsis sp. cells were transferred from the first growth phase to the second lipid accumulation phase under the combination of nitrogen deprivation and high light, both biomass and lipid production of Nannochloropsis sp. were significantly increased. After 12 days of the second-phase cultivation, the biomass concentration and total lipid content increased from 0.71 to 2.23 g L⁻¹ and 33.8–59.9%, respectively. This study suggests that it is possible to utilize municipal wastewater to replace nutrients in seawater medium and use flue gas to provide CO₂ in the cultivation of oil-bearing marine microalgae for biodiesel.     

生物质结渣固体碱催化剂制备生物柴油

采用经气化炉烧结的生物质结渣为固体碱催化剂,催化油脂转化合成生物柴油.对固体碱催化剂进行表征,并考察物质的量之比、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对反应的影响.结果表明:生物质结渣固体碱催化剂主要成分(按质量分数计)为SiO2(40％～60％)、CaO(10％～20％)、K2O(10％～15％)、MgO(≤10％)、Al...     

Comparative performance analysis of diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen enriched edible and non-edible biodiesel

In the present study, a comparative analysis of enrichment of hydrogen alongside diesel fuel and two different sources of biodiesel namely rice bran oil is an edible oil, and karanja oil being non-edible is tested. Hydrogen at a fixed flow rate of 7 lpm is inducted through the intake manifold. A total of six fuel samples are considered: diesel (D), hydrogen-enriched diesel (D + H₂), hydrogen-enriched 10, and 20% rice bran biodiesel blend (RB10 + H₂ and RB20 + H₂), and hydrogen-enriched 10 and 20% karanja biodiesel blend (KB10 + H₂ and KB20 + H₂). Results indicate that enrichment of hydrogen improves combustion and results in 2.5% and 1.6% increase in the brake thermal efficiency of diesel fuel and rice bran biodiesel, respectively. For karanja biodiesel the increment is negligible. Fuel consumption of the D + H? is 6.35% lower and for RB10 + H? and KB10 + H? it is decreased by 2.9% and 1.3%, respectively. The Presence of hydrogen shows the 4–38% lower CO emissions and 6–14% lower UHC emission due to better combustion. The blends RB10 + H? and KB10 + H? produce up to 6–13% higher NOx emission and that for the blends RB20 + H? and KB20 + H? it goes up to 25%. Overall rice bran oil is found to provide better performance than karanja biodiesel.     

基于铁矿石载氧体的生物质化学链气化机理研究

在单批次进料小型流化床上,以稻壳为生物质燃料,研究了床料、气化温度、水蒸气体积分数以及载氧体载氧量与生物质含碳量的摩尔比(O/C)对生物质化学链气化反应特性的影响,并考察了铁矿石的长期交替氧化还原过程中的反应特性,分析了在小型流化床,水蒸气气氛气化条件下,铁矿石载氧体在反应过程中主要的反应以及反应后的铁矿石的床料变化。研究表明:在载氧体条件下,生物质的碳转化率显著增大,随着反应温度的升高,合成气中的H_2和CO的体积分数也相应升高。在温度不变情况下,随着水蒸气比例的升高,CO_2和H_2的体积分数显著上升。伴随着O/C摩尔比的升高,CO和H_2均显著下降。因此,在不同的反应条件下,铁矿石在生物质化学链气化过程中对反应速度、合成气比例等均有明显的作用,对研究生物质的综合利用具有一定的意义。     

Effect of outdoor conditions on the growth and lipid accumulation of six green algae

Microalgae are considered as an alternative feedstock for producing biodiesel. In this study, six oil-producing algae were cultivated with natural sunlight outdoors. The highest lipid content, biomass productivity, and lipid productivity were 29.99%, 208.42 mg/l/d, and 69.84 ml/d, respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm) was kept high during the cultivation and the preferred fatty acids (C16–C18) for producing biodiesel were more than 95% of total fatty acids for all of the strains.     

生物柴油发动机的催化型连续再生系统的仿真研究

建立了CCRT系统模型,并根据试验参数对模型进行了标定。分别比较了不同工况下,燃用B20、BD50、BD100时DOC对常规排放气体的转化效率以及CPF的颗粒物再生情况。发现:DOC对NO的转换效率各工况差别较大,主要受排气温度影响;对CO及HC整体转化效率处于较高水平,去除效果较为理想。平衡时CPF内残留的颗粒物质量随转速升高而增加,随负荷增加而减少;低负荷、高转速工况是CPF再生效果最差的工况。随着生物柴油掺混比例的上升,DOC的NO_2出口浓度及NO转化效率上升,而对DOC的HC和CO去除效果影响较小; CPF残留颗粒物质量在高转速区域有所下降,而在中低负荷区域有所上升。主要原因是燃用生物柴油引发的排气温度降低和颗粒物排放降低。低负荷、高转速工况下,燃用BD50时CPF的再生效果最佳。     

稻壳连续热解特性研究

在自行研制的生物质连续热解反应装置上进行稻壳连续热解和二次裂解实验研究。随着稻壳热解温度的提高,炭产率降低,气体产率增加,液体产率先增加后减少;随着滞留时间的减少,炭产率、液体产率增加,气体产率减少。稻壳热解气以CO2和CO为主,且二者为竞争关系,热解温度提高,CO2产量降低,CH4、H2、C2H4、C2H6产量增加,CO的产率变化不大;滞留时间对热解气组分影响不大。二次裂解温度提高,裂解气中的H2、CH4、C2H4含量明显增加,二次裂解温度为800℃时,H2产率达到12%。稻壳500℃热解挥发物600℃二次裂解木醋液中醋酸含量高达49.44%,焦油中检测到的物质主要为丙酮和异丙醇。